Class 6

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities

HBSE 6th Class History In the Earliest Cities Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Archaeologists know that the people in the Harappan civilization use cloth because they have found pieces of cloth attached to the lid of a silver vase. They have also found spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience. They were used to spin thread.

Question 2.

Copper	Gujarat
Gold	Afghanistan
Tin	Rajasthan
Precious Stones	Karnataka

Answer:

Copper	Rajasthan
Gold	Karnataka
Tin	Afghanistan
Precious Stones	Gujarat

Question 3.
Why were metals, writing, the wh.ee! and the plough important for the Harappans?
Answer:
(i) Metals: Metals were important for the Harappans, because metals were used for making ornaments and seals.
(ii) Writing: They know the art of writing and their script was pictographic. They used this sign (pictographic script) to convey their idea (message).
(iii) Wheel: Wheel was used for making carts (bullock-carts, ox-carts). It was also used for disigning pottery.
(iv) Plough: Plough was used for digging the earth for turning the soil and planting seed s. Early plough were made of wood.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 4.
Make a list of all the Terracotta toys shown in. the lesson. What do you think children would have enjoyed playing with the most?
Answer:
The Terracotta toys shown in the lesson are other Terracotta toys used were dolls, puppets, marbles, whistles, jewellery articles etc. We think children would have preferred toy carts instead of toy ploughs. Girls would have enjoyed dolls and puppets the most.

(a) Toys of dog.

(b) A toy plough.

(c) Toy cart.

Question 5.
Make a list of what the Harappans ate, and put a tick mark against the things you eat today.
Answer:
Harappans ate the following things:
(a) wheat
(b) barley
(c) pulses
(d) peas
(e) rice
(f) sesame
(g) linseed
(h) mustard
(i) fruits like her
We eat almost all the things mentioned in the list today.

Question 6.
Do you think that life of farmers and herders who supplied food to the Harappan cities was different from that of the farmers and herders you read about in chapter 3? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Some points of difference between the lives of farmers and herders who supplied food, to the Harappan cities, and those of the previous chapter:
(i) Tools:
Harappan farmers and herders used a wooden tool called plough which was used for turning the soil and planting seeds. The earlier farmers and herders used mortars and pestle for grinding grain. Their tools were also made of bone.

(ii) Irrigation: Harappan farmers and herders used irrigation for better produce while the earlier ones did not.

(iii) Storage: The Harappan farmers stored food in well-built granaries and not in clay pots, baskets, etc.

(iv) Residence:
Harappan farmers lived on the outskirts of cities, whereas there were no settled cities in the time of the farmers and herders in Chapter 3.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
Describe three important buildings in your city or village. Are they located in a special part of the settlement (e.g. the centre)? What are the activities that take place in these buildings?
Answer:
The three important building in my city, Delhi, are:
(i) Rashtrapati Bhavan: It is the official residence of the President of India.
(ii) Parliament House: Here the elected representatives of the people meet and discuss all important issues regarding the country.
(iii) Supreme Court: It is the highest court of the country where all the cases are decided. The building is called the supreme court building.

Question 8.
Are there any old building in your locality? Find out how old they are and who looks after them.
Answer:
There are many old buildings near my locality. They are
(i) Red Fort
(ii) Jama Masjid
(iii) Ferozeshah Kotla.
Red Fort was constructed in the 17th century.
Jama Masjid was also constructed in the 17th century.
Ferozeshah Kotla was built in the 15th century.
The Archaeological survey of India looks after the ancient buildings

HBSE 6th Class History In the Earliest Cities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a citadel?
Answer:
Citadel is the higher part of the city. Usually, the part to the west was smaller but higher.

Question 2.
Name some the important site of this culture.
Answer:
The important sites of this culture were Harappa and Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan) Kalibangan and Lothal (in Rajasthan and Gujarat) respectively.

Question 3.
What was lower town?
Answer:
Lower town was part to the east of Harappan city which was larger but lower.

Question 4.
Where was cotton grown?
Answer:
It was grown at Mehrgarh about 7000 years ago.

Question 5.
What was done at fire altars?
Answer:
Sacrifices were performed at fire altars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about the economic life of the people of Harappa Culture?
Answer:
The main occupation of the people of Indus Valley Civilization was agriculture. They grew wheat, barley and rice. Other occupations were animal rearing, the spinning and weaving of cotton and wool. Their most important industry was pottery. Jewellers made wonderful jewellery of gold, silver and stones. There were traders who carried on trade with foreign countries like Egypt and Sumer. Foodgrains were exported to foreign countries and gold, copper and tin were imported from abroad.

Question 2.
Write about the drainage system in the Harappan cities.
Answer:
Many of the cities had covered drains. They were carefully laid down in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that the water could flow through it. Very often drains in the houses were connected to those in the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them.

Question 3.
Write how were the fields cultivated by the farmers?
Answer:
Farming:
(i) A new tool, the plough was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. The plough was made of wood.
(ii) As this region does not receive heavy rainfall, some form of irrigation may have been used. This means water was stored arid supplied
to the fields when plants were growing.

Question 4.
List at least two differences between the houses of the Harappa and the earlier houses.
Answer:
In Harappa, the house were either one or two storeys high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most house had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water.

Earlier house:
The archaeologists have found the remains houses Mehrgarh, a site in the fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. Here the houses were either square or rectangular in pattern. Each house had four or more compartments, some of them may have been used for storage.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the people living in the Harappan cities.
Answer:
There were mainly the following kinds of people living in Harappan Cities:
Rulers : They were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. They sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones, and other things that they wanted.
Scribes: Scribes were people who knew how to write. They prepared seals and also wrote on the other things that have not survived.
Crafts-persons: They were people who made all kinds of things. Besides, there were other people who were farmers or herders.

Question 2.
What factors indicated that Harappan culture was declining around 3900 years ago?
Answer:
The following factors indicated that Harappan culture was declining:
(а) People stopped living in many of the cities.
(b) Writing, seals and weights were no longer used.
(c) Raw materials brought from long distances became rare.
(d) The garbage was found piled up in the streets of Mohenjodaro.
(e) The drainage system broke down.
(f) The new, less impressive houses were built, even over the streets

Question 3.
What were the factors responsible for the decline of the Harappan City?
Answer:
(i) Floods: Some historians say that regular floods destroyed the Indus Valley Civilization.
(ii) Epidemic: Some historians think that an epidemic might have killed that people.
(iii) Change in Climate: Some other historians say that rapidly the climate began to change and the region became dry like a desert.
(iv) Attacked by the Aryans or some other people: Historians believed that Aryans or some other people attacked the Harappan cities and destroyed them.
(v) Loss of Control: Rulers might have lost control. Consequently, people abandoned sites in Sind and Punjab and moved to newer, smaller settlements to the east and the south.

Question 4.
How was Harappa discovered?
Answer:
Nearly a hundred and fifty years ago when railway lines were laid down for the first time in Punjab, engineers found the site of Harappa in present Pakistan. They thought, it was a big mound, which was a source of ready made, high quality bricks. So they carried off thousands of bricks from the walls of old buildings of the city to build railway lines.

Then about eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site and realised that it was one of the ancient cities in the subcontinent. As this was the first city to be discovered, all other si ties from where similar buildings were found were described as Harappan. The cities developed about 4700 years ago.

In the Earliest Cities Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Civilization: That stage of man’s development when he used to live in cities and looks for more than just the satisfaction of material needs.
• Culture: Develpoment of the body, mind and spirit by training and experience. It also includes the development of arts, science etc., in human society.
• Citadel: Fortress for protecting a town place of refuge or safety.
• The Harappan Culture: The culture which existed in Sindh, Punjab, Northern Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is also known as Indus Valley Civilization, after the principal river of the region.
• Pictographs: Pictures like signs to represents letters or words.
• Seal: A stamping tool made of clay with a design on one side.
• Four Valley Civilizations: Indus Valley Civilization, the Egyptian Civilization. The Chinese Civilization and the Sumerian Civilization.
• Lothal: The port from where the Harappan traders shipped their merchants.
• The Great Public Bath: The best-known building in the Harappan citadel.
• Granaries: Grain was stored in granaries.
• Pillared Hall: Hall whose roof stands on pillars.
• Dockyard: An area where ships are loaded and unloaded and place also used for repairing ships.
• Grid System: Intersection of roads at right angles to each other.
• Outskirts: A part of the city that is further away from its centre.
• Decipher: It means to make out of meaning.
• Armlets: Ornament worn in the arm known as armlets.
• Idol: An image used for worshipping and worship is called idol worship.
• Terracotta: Hard and reddish-brown baked clay is called Terracotta.
• Faience: Artificially produced gum used to shape sand or powdered quartz into an object.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food

HBSE 6th Class History From Gathering to Growing Food Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?
Answer:
People who grow crops have to stay at one place for a long time because the fields had to be looked after, the plants had to be watered and plants had to be protected from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds would ripen.

Question 2.
Look at the table given below. If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she should have visited.

Grain and Bones	Sites
Wheat, barley, sheep, goat, cattle	Mehrgarh (in present day-Pakistan)
Rice, fragmentary animal bones	Koldihwa (in present-day Uttar Pradesh)
Rice, cattle (hoof marks on clay surface)	Mahagara (in present-day Uttar Pradesh)
Wheat and lentil	Gufkral (in present-day Kashmir)
Wheat and lentil, dog, cattle, sheep, goat, buffalo	Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir)
Wheat, green gram, barley, buffalo, ox	Chirand (in present-day Bihar)
Millet, cattle, sheep, goat, pig	Hallur (in present-day Andhra Pradesh)
Black gram, millet, cattle, sheep, pig	Paiyampalli (in present-day Andhra Pradesh)

Answer:
If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, she should have visited Koldihwa and Mahagara (both in present day are the part of Uttar Pradesh).

Question 3.
Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later?
Answer:
Archaeologists think many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters because they have found bones of many kinds of animals from earliest levels. These included bones of wild animals such as deer and pig. In later levels they found more bones of sheep and goat and in still later levels, cattle bones are more common.

Question 4.
State whether true or false:

1. Millets have been found at Hallur.
2. People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses.
3. Chirand is a site in Kashmir.
4. Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading may have been brought from China.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
List three ways which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers.
Answer:

Farmers herders	Hunterers-gatherers
1. Farmers herders stay at once place because they had to lend the plants and look after the fields.	The hunter had to migrate to those places where game was plentiful.
2. Farmers could much more than was needed by his family.	The hunterers- gatherers collected that was needed by them.
3. They stored the surplus food or sold them in the market.	They could not store food or sell them in the market.

Question 6.
Make the list of all animals mentioned in the table (Question No.2). For each one describe what they may have been used for.
Answer:
List of animals:

1. sheep
2. goat
3. cattle
4. dog
5. buffalo
6. ox
7. pig.

1. sheep: meat and wool.
2. goat: milk and meat.
3. cattle: for diary and milk products.
4. dog: to look after the fields.
5. buffalo: milk giving animal.
6. ox: for ploughing the field and pulling the carts..
7. pig: for meat.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
List the cereals that you eat.
Answer:
Some cereals eaten by us are listed below:

1. Bajra
2. Wheat
3. Barley
4. Rice
5. Millet
6. Maize
7. Lentil
8. Jowar.

Question 8.
Do you grow the cereals you have listed in answer no. 7? If yes, draw a chart to show the stages in growing them. If not, draw a chart to show how these cereals reach you from the farmers who grow them.
Answer:
The farmers grow the cereals. The various steps involve are :
(1) Ploughing the field and putting manure.
(2) Sowing the seeds.
(3) Looking after the tender plants and saving them from pests.
(4) Watering the fields when necessary.
(5) Harvesting the crop.
(6) Storing them in the sheds.
The cereals reach to the people from the farmers. The chart given below show it.

The crops are purchased by the middle man from the farmers. They bring it to the cities.
↓

They sell them to the wholesale merchant or a retailer.

↓

We buy it form the shops, either from the wholesale merchant or retailer.

HBSE 6th Class History From Gathering to Growing Food Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the different conditions needed for survival of plants and animals.
Answer:
Animals and plants need different conditions grow and survive e.g.
(i) Rice requires more water than wheat and barley.
(ii) Sheep and goat can survive more easily than cattle in dry mountains environment.

Question 2.
Give one difference between domesticated animals and wild animals.
Answer:
The teeth and horns of wild animals are usually much larger than those of domesticated animals.

Question 3.
Name the first animal that was tamed.
Answer:
Dog was the first animal to be tamed.

Question 4.
How are animals useful as a ‘store’ of food?
Answer:
Domesticated animals like cow, goat, hen if looked after carefully; provide milk, meat and eggs. Hence, animals that are reared can be used as a ‘store’ of food.

Question 5.
Define domestication.
Answer:
Domestication is the name given to the process in which people grow plants and look after animals.

Question 6.
How are tribes different from other form of societies?
Answer:
In the tribal set-up land, forests, grasslands and water are regarded as the wealth of the entire tribe and everybody shares and uses these together. There are no sharp differences between the rich and the poor.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did domestication take place? Name the earliest plants and animals to be domesticated.
Answer:
Domestication was a gradual process that took place in many parts of the world. It began about 12000 years ago. Some of the earliest plants to be domesticated were wheat and barley. The earliest domesticated animals include sheep and goat.

Question 2.
How did people become farmers?
Answer:
Men, women and children observed many things like:

• the places where edible plants were found.
• how seeds broke off stalks, fell on the ground and new plants sprouted from them.

They began looking after plants protecting them from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds could ripen. In this way, people became farmers.

Question 3.
What are burials? Write about the burial in Mehrgarh.
Answer:
When people die their relatives and friends generally pay respect to them, people look after them in the belief that there is form of life after death. Burial is one such arrangement. In one kind of burial, found at Mehrgarh, the dead person was buried with goats, which was probably meant to serve as food in the next world.

Question 4.
Describe the features of pit houses found in Burzahom.
Answer:
(a) Pit-houses were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them.
(b) These houses may have provided shelter in cold weather.
(c) There were cooking houses both inside and outside the huts so that depending on weather people could cook food inside or outside the houses.

Question 5.
What types of tools were used by farmers and herders ?
Answer:
Stone tools have been found from many sites. They are often different from the Palaeolithic tools and are called ‘Neolithic’. There were tools that were polished so as to give a fine cutting edge, and mortars and pestles were used for grinding grain and other plant produce. However, Palaeolithic tools were still used for some purposes. Some tools were also made of bone.

Question 6.
Where is, Daojali Hading ? Write about the life of the people.
Answer:
Daojali Hading is a site on the hills near the Brahamputra valley, close to the routes leading to China and Myanmar. Here stone tools, including mortars and pestles have been found.

It indicated that people were probably growing grain and preparing food. They also used tools made of fossil wood (ancient wood that has hardened into stone) and pottery. Other finds include jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the lives of people in a tribe ?
Answer:
The lives of people in a tribe can be described as follows:
(a) Members of a tribe follow occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and. fishing.
(b) Usually, women do most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain.
(c) Children often look after plants, driving away animals and birds that might eat them.
(d) Men usually lead large herds of animals in search of pasture.
(e) The cleaning of animals and milking is done by both men and women.
(f) The members of the tribe make pots, baskets, tools and huts.
(g) They also take part in singing, dancing and decorating their huts.

Question 2.
Describe the life in site of Mehrgarh.
Answer:
Mehrgarh is a site located in a fertile plain, near the Bolaun Pass, one of the most important routes into Iran. It was one of the first places where people grew barley and wheat, and reared sheep, and goat. In fact, it is one of the earliest known villages.

Archaeologists have found evidence of animal bones here on excavation. They have found remains of houses here. Most houses were square or rectangular. They usually had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage. Several burial sites have also been found in Mehrgarh.

Question 3.
Describe the tools and pots and other crafts of the Neolithic times.
Answer:
Many of the stone tools are different from the earlier times, which belonged to the Palaeolithic period. The new tools are called Neolithic. They include tools that were polished to give a fine cutting edge and mortars and pestles used for grinding grains. Many kinds of earthen pots have also been found. They were sometimes decorated and used for storing things. People began using pots for cooking food like rice, wheat, lentils. They also began to weave cloth using cotton that was now grown.

Question 4.
Make a list of all the activities performed by men and women in tribal societies.
Answer:
The activities which were performed by men and women in tribal societies were
(i) Occupation:
People followed different occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and fishing. Most of the agricultural work was done by women, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. Men usually took the animals for grazing. Women also thresh, husk and grind grain. The cleaning and milking was done both by men and women. Both men and women made pots, baskets, tools and huts. They also took part in singing and dancing.

(ii) Leaders of the society: Some men who were old and experienced or young brave warriors or priests were leaders.

(iii) Cultural traditions: The tribes had rich and unique cultural traditions including language, music, stories and painting. They also had their own gods and goddesses.

From Gathering to Growing Food Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Farmer: One who cultivates a land.
• Herder: One who tends herds of cattle or a keeper of herds of animals.
• Neolithic age: The last stage of the Stone Age.
• Tribes: Usually two or three generations live together in small settlements or villages most families are related to one another and groups of such families form a tribe.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Match the following:

Muvendar	Mahayana Buddhism
Lords of the- Dakshinapatha	Buddhacharita
Ashvaghosha	Satavahana rulers
Bodhisattvas	Chinese pilgrim
Xuan Zang	Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas

Answer:

Muvendar	Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas
Lords of the- Dakshinapatha	Satavahana rulers
Ashvaghosha	Buddhacharita
Bodhisattvas	Mahayana Buddhism
Xuan Zang	Chinese pilgrim

Question 2.
Why did the kings want to control the Silk Route?
Answer:
The kings wanted to control the silk route so that they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route.

Question 3.
What kinds of evidence do historians use to find out about trade and trade routes?
Answer:
The remains of the merchandise like pottery, especially bowls and plates have been found at various places. They were taken by the traders. South India was famous for gold, spices and previous stones. Traders carried these goods to Rome in ships across the sea and by land in caravans. Gold coins have been found at the trading posts.

Question 4.
What were the main features of Bhakti?
Answer:

• Bhakti refers to a person’s devotions to his or her chosen deity.
• Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.
• The followers of bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaborate sacrifices.
• ‘Bhakti’ literally means to divided or share.
• Bhakti suggests an intimate two-way relationship between the deity and the devotee.

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Discuss the reasons why the Chinese pilgrims came to India.
Answer:
The Chinese pilgrims who came to India were Fa Xian, Xuan Zang, I-Qing. They were Buddhist pilgrims. They came to visit the places associated with the life of Buddha. They visited famous monastries and collected statues of Buddha.

Question 6.
Why do you think ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti?
Answer:
Ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti because it was a devotion to a particular deity, e.g., Shiva, Vishnu, etc. The people did not need to perform elaborate temple or religious ceremonies.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
List five things that you buy from the market. Which of these are made in the city / villages in which you live and which are brought by traders from other areas ?
Answer:
I buy following things from the market:

• Food grains – grown in the villages.
• Vegetables – in the nearby areas and also from villages.
• Readymade garments – made in the cities.
• Exercise notebooks and stationery goods – made in the cities.
• Electronic toys and mobile phones – made in the city.

Question 8.
There are several major pilgrimages performed by people in India today. Find out about any one of them, and write a short description. (Hint: who can go on the pilgrimage – men, women or children? How long does it take? How do people travel? What do they take with them? What do they do when they reach the holy place? Do they bring anything back with them?)
Answer:
India is the land of religions. Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity are the main religions found in India. Major pilgrims performed by the people in India are :

• Hajj
• Visit to shrine place on foot
• Rathyatra (Puri in Odisha)
• Visit to Kailash Mansaraver etc.

Hajj : Hajj is done by the Muslim people in their holy place Mecca. Men, women and children belong to muslim sect can go to this pilgrim. From India if they go for Hajj, it will take 10-20 days for up and down. They go to Mecca by air, When they reach their holy place, they offer ‘Namaz’ there. When they come back they bring some things useful for them and gifts from Mecca for their near and dear ones.

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the most famous Buddhist centre of learning.
Answer:
The most famous centre of Buddhist learning was Nalanda in Bihar.

Question 2.
Why was pepper known as black gold in the Roman Empire?
Answer:
Pepper was known as black gold in the Roman Empire because it is particularly valued.

Question 3.
What does ‘Muvendar’ refer to?
Answer:
‘Muvendar’ is a Tamil word refers to three chiefs, used for the heads of three ruling families, the cholas, cheras and Pandyas.

Question 4.
What route came to be known as silk route?
Answer:
The path followed by some people for China who went to distant lands on foot, horsebacks and on camels, carrying silk with them came to be known as the Silk Route.

Question 5.
Which rulers are best-known for controlling the Silk Route?
Answer:
Kushanas are best known for controlling the Silk Route.

Question 6.
Who were Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
Bodhisattvas were persons who had attained enlightenment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the monsoon winds help the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:
The monsoon winds helped the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal to cross the seas more quickly. So, if they wanted to reach the western coast of the subcontinent from East Africa or Arabia, they choose to sail south-west monsoon.

Question 2.
Why were Satavahana rulers called Dakshinapathas?
Answer:
Satavahana rulers were known as Dakshinapathas (lords of the south). Literally it means the route leading to the south, which was also the name for the entire southern region. Gautamiputra Shri Satkarni sent his army to the eastern, western and southern coasts.

Question 3.
What is meant by Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
The holy persons whom the Buddhists respected are called Bodhisattvas. The Bodhisattvas were holy persons who lived on the earth before the Buddha. There are many stories about the Bodhisattvas in the Jataka tales.

Question 4.
Who was Kanishka? What religion did he preach?
Answer:
Kanishka was a Kushana king who worked hard to make his kingdom strong in North India. The Kushana came into conflict with the Chinese armies of Hun empire in the Central Asia. Kanishka was a great supporter of Buddhism. He gave money for building monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by silk-route? What was its importance?
Answer:
Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to rulers in Iran and west Asia and from there, the knowledge of silk spread further west. The dangerous roads along which the silk was brought was called the silk route.

The silk route was important because the kings who controlled silk route could benefit from taxes tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attack by robbers.

The Kushana extended the Silk Route from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

Question 2.
Describe the development of Buddhism during the route of Kushanas.
Answer:
The development of Buddhism was as follows:

• A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism developed.
• The statues of the Buddha were made. The statues were made in Mathura and in Taxila.
• The belief in Bodhisattvas was encouraged. Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people. The worship of Bodhisattvas became very popular.
• Buddhism also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of caves were hollowed out of hills for monks to live in.
• The caves were made on the orders of kings and queen, others by merchants and farmers.
• Traders probably halted in cave monasteries during their travels.
• Buddhism spread south eastwards to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and other parts of South east Asia including Indonesia.

Question 3.
What was Bhakti movement? Why did it become more popular?
Answer:
Bhakti movement was a new way of worship. Bhakti means devotion to a particular deity. During the post vedic era some deities like Shiva, Vishnu and Durga became popular among the devotees. This inclination towards deities came to be known as Bhakti movement.

It became popular because in this, there was no discrimination among the worshippers or devotees. There was no difference whether one was rich or poor, high or low, man or woman. Everyone was allowed to worship the deities of his/her own choice. Bhakti movement discarded the performance of elaborated sacrifices.

Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Silk Route : The trade route between China and Western Asia ran through Central Asia.
• Pliny : A Roman historian who wrote ‘Natural History of Latin’.
• Indo-China : Siam, Loas and Malaya represent the territories of Indo-China.
• Muvendar : It is a ‘Tamil’ word for representing the heads of three ruling families i.e. Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
• Mahayanas and Hinayans : The two prominent Buddhist sects.
• Diagambara and Svetambara : The two prominent sects of Jainism.
• Buddhism : Buddhism was the most popular religion in ancient India. It was founded by Gautam Buddha.
• Bodhisattava : These were supposed to be the persons who had attained enlightenment through meditation.
• Bhakti : Single-minded devotion to one god.
• Pilgrim: The men and the women undertake their journey to holy places in order to praise god/goddess.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 On The Trail of the Earliest People Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 On The Trail of the Earliest People

HBSE 6th Class History On The Trail of the Earliest People Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Complete the following sentences:

1. Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock shelters because ————-.
2. Grasslands developed around ————- years ago.
3. Early people painted on the ————- of caves.
4. In Hunsgi, tools were made of ————- .

Answer:

1. they provided shelter from the rain, heat and wind
2. 12,000
3. walls
4. Lime-stone.

Question 2.
Look at the present-day political map of the subcontinent on page 136 of the textbook. Find out the states where Bhimbetka, Hunsgi, and Kurnool are located. Would Tushar’s train have passed near any of these sites?
Answer:
Bhimbetka – Madhya Pradesh
Hunsgi – Karnataka
Kurnool – Andhra Pradesh
Thushar’s train would have passed near Bhimbetka, Hunsgi and Kurnool, since they all lie on tfie possible train route’ from Delhi to Chennai.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 3.
Why did the hunter-gatherers travel from place to place ? In what ways are these similar to/different from the reasons for which we travel today.
Answer:
The hunter-gatherers travelled from place to place for the following reasons:
(a) If they had stayed at one place for a longtime, they would have eaten up all the available plant and animal resources. Therefore, they would have to go elsewhere in search of wood.
(b) Hunters also had to follow the movements of animals from place to place who moved in search of smaller prey or in search of grass and leaves.
(c) People also moved from season to season in search of different kinds of plants.
(d) People living on the banks of seasonal rivers would have had to move in search of water during the dry seasons.

Question 4.
What tools would you use today for cutting fruit ? What would they be made of?
Answer:
We will use knife, cutter, shilter, dagger, spoon, fork, etc., for cutting fruits.

• They would be made of different metals like copper, bronze, iron, steel etc.

Question 5.
List three ways in which hunter-gatherers used fire. Would you use fire for any of these purposes today?
Answer:
Hunter-gatherers used fire for purposes like:

• A source of light
• A resources of cooking meat
• A way to scare away wild animals.

Now-a-days we use fire for:

• Cooking
• To keep ourselves warm.

LET’S DO

Question 6.
Make two columns in your note book. In the left hand column, list the foods hunter-gatherers ate. In the right hand column, list some of the foods you eat. Do you notice any similarities/differences?
Answer:
Hunter-gatherers:
They ate meat of wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts seeds, leaves and shalks and egg. Most probably they ate raw meat.

Food which we eat:
Food consists of several cereals, pulses, fruits and vegetables. It also contains meat, milk and milk products. Some of the food like vegetables can both be cooked or eaten raw.

Question 7.
List two tasks that are performed 1 by both men and women at present. List another two that are performed only by women, and two that are performed only by men. Compare your list with that of any two of your classmates. Do you notice any  similarities/differences in your lists?
Answer:
(a) Both men and women work in the offices as clerks and managers.
(b) Both men and women work in the police department.
(c) They work as pilots, doctors and engineers.
(d) Newsreaders on television and radios anchors other programmes.
Men
(a) Water transport. Mostly men row the boats or captain of the ship.
(b) Under water divers, who explore the sunk ships.
Women
(1) Nursing
Student should compare this list with others yourself.

HBSE 6th Class History On The Trail of The Earliest People Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a flint?
Answer:
A flint is a hard grey stone that can produce a spark whenever it is rubbed.

Question 2.
Who are hunter gatherers?
Answer:
‘Hunter-gatherers’ is the name which comes from the way people collected food. Generally they hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruitsroots, nuts, seeds etc.

Question 3.
What did the immense variety of plants in a tropical land suggest?
Answer:
It meant that gathering plant produce was an extremely important means of obtaining food.

Question 4.
Where is water found?
Answer:
Water is found in lakes, streams and rivers.

Question 5.
What was fire used for?
Answer:
Fire was used to cook meat, as a source of light and to scare away animals.

Question 6.
Why did people choose to live in the Narmada valley?
Answer:
People choose the Narmada valley because water was easily available. Natural caves and rock shelters are found in the Vindhyas and Deccan plateau, close to the river.

Question 7.
How do we come to know about these early people?
Answer:
Archaeologists have found some of the things used by hunter-gatherers. They may have made tools of stone, wood and bone tools which could help them to survive easily.

Question 8.
What are factory sites?
Answer:
Places where stone was found and where people made tools are known as factory-sites.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the hunter-gatherer used the stone-tools?
Answer:
Some of the stone tools were used to

1. cut meat and bone
2. scrap bark from trees and hides
3. chop fruits and roots.
4. Some may have been attached to handles to make spears and arrows for hunting arrows.
5. Chop wood which was used as fire wood.
6. Wood was also used to make huts and tools.
7. Digging the ground to collect edible roots.
8. Stitching clothes made of animal skin.

Question 2.
How were the cave paintings found in France? Describe the paintings.
Answer:
The cave paintings in France were discovered by four school children, more than a hundred years ago. They were made between 20,000 and’10,000 years ago. Many of these were of animals, such as wild horses, Aurochs (order wild form of cattle), bison, woolly rhinoceros and bear painted in bright colours.

These colours were made from minerals like ochre or ion ore and charcoal. They were possibly made on ceremonial occasions or for special rituals.

Question 3.
Write a note on Mesolithic Age.
Answer:
(a) The period when we find environmental changes, beginning about 12,000 years ago till about 10,000 years ago is called the Mesolithic (middle stone).
(b) Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny, and are called microliths.
(c) Microliths were probably stuck on to handles of bones or wood to make tools such as sows and sickles.

Question 4.
How can we say that the people know about fire? How was it used? How do we use it?
Answer:
Traces of ash have been found in the Kurnool caves in Tamil Nadu. This suggested that people knew about fire. Fire could have been used as a
(1) source of light
(2) to cook meat
(3) to scare away animals.
We use fire for cooking food.

Question 5.
How can we say that ostrich once lived in India ? Where do we find ostriches today?
Answer:
Ostrichs were found in India during the Palaeolithic period. Large quantities of ostrich shells have been found at Patne in Maharashtra. Designs were engraved on some pieces, white beads were also made out of them. They may have been used to make ornaments. Today ostriches are found in South Africa, where ostrich farms have been developed. They are used to give joy ride to the people.

Question 6.
Why were ‘hunter-gatherers’ called so?
Answer:
The ‘hunter-gatherers’ were called so because of the way in which they got their food. Generally, they hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs. Gathering plant produce was an extremely important means of obtaining food in a tropical land.

Question 7.
What are sites? Write about the things found at the sites.
Answer:
Sites are places where the remains of things (tools, pots, buildings etc.) were found. The things found were made, used and left behind by people. These things may have been found on the surface of the earth, buried under the earth, or sometimes even under water.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the sites found at Hunsgi?
Answer:

• A number of early Palaeolithic sites were found at Hunsgi.
• At some sites, a large number of tools used for all activities were found. These were probably habitation-cum-factory sites.
• At some other sites, tools were made.
• Some of the sites were close to the springs.

Question 2.
Do we know how the work was distributed between men and women?
Answer:
The earliest people hunted animals and gathered plants produce, made stone tools and painted on cave walls. At present we do not know who went to hunt animals, or made stone tools or painted on the walls of the caves or gathered plant produce. It may be likely that both men and women did many work together. It is also possible that the men performed some tasks and women did some other work. Again there could have been different practices in different parts of the sub-continent.

Question 3.
How did the people learn about herding and growing of plants?
Answer:
Around 12000 years ago, there were major changes in the climate of the world, with a shift to warm conditions. In many areas, this led to the development of grasslands, this in turn led to an increase in the number of deer, antelope, goat, sheep and cattle i.e., animals that survived on grass.

People learnt herding:
Those who hunted these animals now followed them, learning about their food habits and their breeding season. It is likely that this helped people to start thinking about herding and rearing these animals themselves.

People learn to grow plants:
This was also the time when several grain bearing grasses including wheat, barley, rice etc. grow naturally in different parts of the sub-continent. Men, women and children probably collected these grains as food and learnt where they grew and when they ripened, this may have led them to think about growing plants on their own.

Question 4.
How were stone tools made by the people?
Answer:
There were two techniques to make tools. They are:
(i) The first is called stone on stone. Here the pebble, from which the tool was to be made (also called the core) was held in one hand. Another stone which was used as a hammer was held in the other hand. The second stone was used to strike off flakes from the first, till the required shape was obtained.

(ii) Pressure Flaking:
Here the core was placed on a firm surface. The hammer stone was used on a piece of stone or bone that was placed on the core, to remove flakes that could be 7 shaped into tools.

Question 5.
Give four reasons why hunter-gatherers moved from place to place.
Answer:
The hunter-gatherers moved from place to place:
(i) First, if they had stayed at one place for a long time, they would have eaten up all the available plants and animal resources. Therefore, they would have had to go elsewhere in search of food.

(ii) Animals move from place to place-either in search of small prey or in case of deer and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves. That is why the hunters had to follow the animals.

(iii) Third plants and trees bear fruit in different seasons so people may have moved from season to season in search of different kinds of plants.

(iv) People, animals and plants need water to survive. Water is found in lakes, streams, and rivers. While many lakes and rivers get water throughout the year, others are seasonal. People living on their banks would have had to go in search of water during the dry seasons (summer and winter).

On The Trail of the Earliest People Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Food gatherer: It means a living being that roams in search of food.
• Food producer: It means a living being that can sow and grow food giving plants for his food.
• Barter system: The system of exchange of articles is called the barter system.
• Flint: Hard grey stones that can produce a spark by rubbing are called flint.
• Old Stone Age: The period when man used crude stone tools and weapons. They even led a nomadic life called the Palaeolithic age. It is also known as Old Stone Age.
• Mesolithic age: The transitional phase between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic ages is called the Mesolithic age.
• Site: A site is a place where archaeological evidence is found. Habitation is the site where the people live.
• Microliths: Microliths are very small-sized tools: which were used by people at the beginning of the Neolithic age.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
State whether true or false :

1. Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.
2. The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta.
3. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha.
4. Taxila and Madurai are important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers.
5. Aihole was the capital ofPallavas.
6. The local assemblies functioned for several centuries in South India.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True.

Question 2.
Mention three authors who wrote about Harshvardhana.
Answer:

• Banabhatta (court poet of Harshvardhana).
• Xuan Zang.
• Harshvardhan himself.

Question 3.
What changes do you find in the army at this time?
Answer:
Kings of this time had a large and well maintained army. Except this regular army there were some military leaders who provided king with troops whenever they required. These military leaders were not paid salaries. They collect revenue from the land granted by the king and used collected revenue for maintaining gQod army. Thus during these days the military leaders who provided army to kings were known as ‘Samantas’. At this time ‘Smantas system’ became the important part of army.

Question 4.
What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Answer:
New administrative arrangements came into existence during this period. Although the village remained the basic emit of administration, some new developments emerged. Kings adopted several steps to get the support of powerful and influential persons.
→ Some important administrative posts were now hereditary. This means that son succeeded fathers to these posts. For example, the poet Harishena got the post of maha-danda-nayaka or chief judicial officer from his father.

→ Sometimes, one person handled the responsibility of many offices. For example, Harishena was not only a maha-danda-nayaka, but also a kumar- amatya, meaning an important minister and a Sandhi-Vigrahika, meaning a minister of war and peace.

→ Some influential persons like nagara- shreshthi or chief banker or merchant of the city, the Sartharaha or leader of the merchant a caravans, the prathamakulika or the chief craftsman and the head of the kayasthas or scribes had a say in the local administration.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
What do you think Arvind would have to do if he was acting as Samudragupta?
Answer:
If Arvind was acting as Samudragupta, he would do what is written on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad. He would dress up like a warrior. Sometimes, he would sit on the throne in Raj Darbar and would seem busy doing his administrative jobs.

Question 6.
Do you think ordinary people would have read and understand the Prashastis ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
“Prashasti” is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of. Hence, the prashastis are composed in praise of contemporary kings (rulers). They were written by either royal poet or written by the visitors who visited India during this time.

We think ordinary people must read these k prashastis because they can know the glimpse of their recent past and know what was the economic, social and political condition of the state that time.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you had to make a genealogy for l yourself, who are the people you would include in it? How many generations would like to show? Make a chart and fill l it. t
Answer:
The word ‘genealogy’ means to make the list of ancestors. Make the list of persons to whom you know 1 very well as with whom your blood relation. The I people I would like to include in my genealogy:

• My father.
• My grandfather.
• The old-grandfather (grandfather of my I father).

At least two generations we would like to include. Related to the above genealogy try to make the chart with the help of your teacher.

Question 8.
How do you think wars affect the lives of ordinary people today?
Answer:
The wars affect the lives of the ordinary people today in the following ways:

• The war causes tremendous loss of life and property.
• Number of people lose their lives during war.
• Daily routine of the life gets affected.
• It gives birth to number of diseases.
• It increases the rate of poverty.

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the expedition led by Harsha.
Answer:
Harsha conquered both Magadha and Bengal. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan but was stopped by Pulakesin II, the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.

Question 2.
What is prashasti?
Answer:
A prashasti is a special kind of inscription written in praise of a ruler or a king.

Question 3.
What happened to the rulers of Aryavarata under Samudragupta’s empire?
Answer:
The nine rulers of Aryavarata were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire.

Question 4.
When did the Arabs conquer Sind?
Answer:
The Arabs conquered Sind (in present Pakistan) about 1300 years ago.

Question 5.
What information we get in the biography of Harshacharita?
Answer:
In the biography of Harshacharita, we came to know about the genealogy of King Harsha and ends with his becoming king.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do we know about Pulakeshin II from his prashasti?
Answer:

• Pulakeshin II’s prashasti tells us about his ancestors who are traced back through four generations from father to son.
• Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle.
• He led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.
• He checked the advance of Harsha.

Question 2.
What do you know about Allahabad Pillar Inscription?
OR
State the military achievement of Samudragupta as given in the Allahabad inscription.
Answer:
The most authentic source of information about Samudragupta’s conquests are given in Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his poet Harisena. It tells us that Samudragupta was not only a conqueror but also an able administrator. It also tells us detailed about the rulers against whom he waged campaigns.

Question 3.
Why did Harsha change (shift) his capital?
Answer:
When Harshavardhana ascended the throne his kingdom was threatened by the rulers of Bengal and Gujarat. After the accession his first task was to rescue his sister Rajyashri. Then he united the kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj. Thereafter, he change his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha then strengthened his position and then set out on a long campaign of conquests in north-India.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of‘Assemblies in the Southern Kingdom’?
Answer:

• The Sabha: The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention a number of local assemblies. Sabha was an assembly of Brahmin land owners. The sub-committees of Sabha looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc.
• The Ur: The ‘Ur’ was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not Brahmins.
• Nagram : ‘Nagram’ was an organisation of merchants. These assemblies were probably controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants.

Question 5.
How did the Gupta administration differ from that of the Mauryan administration?
Answer:
The governors of the provinces were more independent than they had been in Mauryan times. The provinces were divided into districts and the people of the districts were asked to the help in the administration. There were district councils to advise the governor, and these councils consisted not only of the officers out also of citizens from the towns. Paying the salaries of the officers by land grants instead of money which meant that the king did not have much control over the officers as had the Maurya Kings.

Question 6.
Describe the achievement of Gupta period in the Held of science.
Answer:
The Gupta contributed significantly towards the development of science. Aryabhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician lived during this period. He wrote the Aiyabhatta and Surya’s Siddhanta which describes the details of solar and lunar eclipses. He reaffirmed that the earth revolves round the sun and rotates on its axis.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Pallavas and the Chalukya were the most important ruling dynasties in India during Harsha’s period. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Indeed, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in South India during Harsha’s period.
1. The kingdom of Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centered around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.

2. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently attacked one another’s areas, particularly they attacked the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.

3. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading and commercial centre. Initially this town developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples.

4. During the days of Pulakeshin II the Chalukyas defeated Harsha of Kanauj and Thanesar. But this victory was short lived.

5. Ultimately, both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

Question 2.
What is written about Harshvardhana by Banabhatta and Xu an Zang?
Answer:
Banabhatta wrote about Harshvar-dhana in Harshacharita in Sanskrit. He wrote about the genealogy of Harsha till he became king.
Xuan Zang also spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and wrote in detail about him.
We come to know that:

• Harsha was not the eldest son of his father, but became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died.
• Harsha attacked the ruler of Bengal as he had killed his brother who was the ruler of Kanauj.
• Harsha was successful in the east and conquered both Magadha and Bengal.
• Harsha was, however, not successful elsewhere.
• Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan, but was stopped by a ruler belonging to the Chalukya dynasty, Pulakeshin II.

Question 3.
Discuss the life of the ordinary people in Harsha’s period.
Answer:
We come to know about the life of the ordinary people in Harsh’s period through literary sources.
(a) The plays written by Kalidasa depict the life of people in court. The ruler and the Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit while women and men other than ruler and Brahmin use Prakrit.

(b) The most famous play of Kalidasa Abhijanans Shakuntalam, is the story of love between the king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting and impressive description of the plight (condition) of a poor fisherman in this play. This character of the play (i.e., the fisherman) found a costly ring, which the king (Dushyanta) had given to Shakuntala, but which had been accidently swallowed by a fish. When he went to the palace with that ring, the gateman (of the palace) accused him of theft and the chief police officer was rather rude. However, the king was happy when he saw the ring and sent a reward for the fisherman. Then the police officer and the gateman decided to take a share of the reward, and went along with the fisherman to have a drink.

(c) During the reign of Chandragupta II, the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed the plight of those who were treated as untouchables by the high and mightly people of the Indian society of those days. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city (capital city-Pataliputra was referred by Fa Xian). He writes, “If such a man enters a town or a market place, he strikes a piece of wood, in order to keep himself separate, people, hearing his sound, know what it means and avoid touching him or brushing against him.”

New Empires and Kingdoms Class 6 HBSE Notes

• The Hunas : The foreign tribe from Central Asia attacked India in the fifth century A.D.
• Murals : The wall paintings in the Ajanta caves.
• Nayannars : The devotees of Shiva.
• Zend Avesta : The sacred book of the ZoroastriAnswer:
• Brahmi: A script used in ancient times in India.
• Maharajadhiraja : The king of kings.
• Sculptures: A work of art that is solid figure or object made by cutting and shaping woods, stones, clay, metal, etc.
• Devadasis : The women employed to serve the deities in the temple.
• Prashasti : It is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of . These were composed in praise of kings.
• Tribute : Cash paid/gift paid/payment made by one ruler to another in lieu of protection against any other king.
• Land-grants: Land allotted to some powerful men from where he can collect land revenue and render his military services to the king.
• Vishyapati : Head of the district during Gupta empire.
• Kumaramatyas : These were the official incharge at provincial level during Vardhan age.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall:

Question 1.
Match the following :

Stupa	Place where the image of the deity is installed.
Shikhara	Mound
Mandapa	Circular path around the stupa
Garbhagriha	Place in a temple where people could assemble.
Pradakshinapatha	Tower

Answer:

Stupa	Mound
Shikhara	Tower
Mandapa	Place in a temple where people could assemble.
Garbhagriha	Place where the image of the deity is installed.
Pradakshinapatha	Circular path around the stupa

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

1. ________ was a great astronomer.
2. Stories about the gods and goddesses are found in the ________.
3. ________ is recognised as the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana.
4. ________ and ________ are two Tamil epics.

Answer:

1. Aryabhatta
2. Puranas
3. Valmiki
4. Silappadikaram, Manimekalai.

Let’s Discuss:

Question 3.
Make a list of the chapters in working. What are the metals which you find mention of metals objects mentioned or shown in those chapters?
Answer:
List of the chapters in which we find mention of metal working :

• In the earliest cities..
• What Books and Burials Tell us.
• Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic.
• Vital Villages, Thriving Towns.
• Traders, Kings and Pilgrims.

Question 4.
Read the story on page 130. In what ‘ ways is the monkey king similar to or different from the kings you read about in Chapter 6 and 11?
Answer:
The monkey king had similar powers as other kings. He is intelligent, diplomatic and brave. He has the ability to take right decisions. When he observes the situation of the attack on his community by the King’s men, he makes a quick plan to save his army. First, he let all of them cross the river. As he is the last, he gets tired and exhausted. He falls down and is dead. This way, he proves himself to be a great protector and saviour of his army and kingdom. He has all the good qualities that a good human king possesses.

Question 5.
Find out more and tell a story from one of the epics.
Answer:
The epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata teach us a lot from their stories.

One of the stories of Mahabharata runs like this: Yudhishtra, the victor in the Kurukshetra war, ruled the Kuru kingdom wisely. After sometime, his brothers and Draupadi decided to retire to the forest to lead an austere life. On the day, they were leaving, two Brahmins approached Yudhishtra. Brahmin A told him that he had bought a piece of land from Brahmin B for building a house, and having paid the money, he had legally registered the dead. When he started to dig the land for laying the foundation he had discovered a pot of gold.

Brahmin B came to know about this and was claiming the gold as it was his ancestors who had obtained the title for the land, whatever was found in the land automatically belonged to him. Yudhishtra heard the two Brahmins and turned to Bhima who was nearby. He wanted to know what Bhima thought of the dispute. Bhima told his brother, “Respected elder brother, yesterday these two Brahmins came to me with the same problem.

Brahmin A, the new owner of the land, said that he had only bought the land and hence had no claim over the treasure. But Brahmin B would have nothing of it. The treasure came from the land which now belonged to Brahmin A, he said. In fact, they are telling just the opposite of what they are presenting today. This means that from today Dwaparayuga is over and Kaliyuga is bom.” In Kaliyuga, where we live, morals are : completely dead.

Let’s Do:

Question 6.
List some steps that can be taken to make buildings and monuments accessible to differently abled people.
Answer:
Round, tall, big and small buildings and monuments are accessible to differently abled people. In these buildings bodily remains of abled can be kept. Their teeth,, bones, ashes, clothes can also be placed there.

Question 7.
Try and list as many uses of paper you can.
Answer:
Uses of paper:

• It is used for printing books.
• It is used for making note-books on which we write.
• It is used for making post-cards, inland post-cards and acrogroms through which we can convey message from one part to another.
• Paper is also used for making postal stamps and revenue stamps.
• Our currency is also made up of paper.

Question 8.
If you could visit any one of the places described in this chapter which one would you choose and why?
Answer:
If we visited Delhi, definitely we would like to visit Mehrauli. The Iron Pillar situated at Mehrauli is the one of the finest example of the skill of Indian crafts persons. It is made of Iron and weighted over three tonnes. The height of the pillar is about 7.2 m and it was made 1500 years ago. On this pillar the date of Chandragupta (ruler of Gupta empire) was clearly mentioned. Even today this pillar look like so as it was 1500 years ago.

We visited there because at this place we can get the glimpse of‘Golden Age’ of Indian History. We can get exact date about the Gupta Dynasty and their extent of empire.

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How do we come to know that Iron Pillar at Mehrauli was made about 1500 years ago?
Answer:
We came to know about the date of Iron Pillar because there is an inscription on the pillar mentioning a ruler named Chandra, who probably belonged to the Gupta dynasty.

Question 2.
What are epics?
Answer:
Epics are grand, long compositions about heroic men and women, and include stories about gods.

Question 3.
What is a pradakshina patha? Why was it built.
Answer:
Pradakshina patha was laid around the stupa. Devotees walked on this path to pay their

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
Building stupas and temples was not an ordinary job. It needed huge,wealth which only kings or queens could afford.

There were several stages in building a stupa or temple. Firstly, good quality stone had to be found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully selected for the new building. Secondly, these rough blocks of stone had to be shaped and covered into pillars, and panels for walls, floors and ceilings. Thirdly, these had to be placed in precisely the right position. Kings and queens spend money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.

Question 2.
Describe the paintings at Ajanta.
Answer:

• Most of the paintings inside the dark caves were done in the light of torches.
• The colours of the paintings are vivid even after 1500 years.
• The colours were made of plants and minerals.
• The artists who created these splendid works of art remain unknown.

Question 3.
Give a brief description of the iron Pillar at Mehrauli.
Answer:
The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli is a remarkable example of the skill of the Indian artisans and craftspersons. It is made of iron, is 7.2 m high and weighs about 3 tonnes. It was made about 1500 years ago and has not rusted in all these years. It was probably made by a ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 4.
In your own words, write the story about the Tamil epic ‘Silappadikaram’.
Answer:
The Tamil epic Silappadikaram was composed by a poet named Ilango. It is a story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar, and fell in love with the court girl Madhavi. Kovalan neglected his wife Kannagi. Later Kovalan and Kannagi left Puhar and went to Madurai. Kovalan was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced Kovalan to death. Kannagi’ destroyed the entire city of Madurai. She was full of grief and anger.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write the salient features of earliest Hindu temples.
Answer:
Some Hindu temples were also built during this period. The deities worshipped in these shrines were Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. The most important part of the temple was the garbhagriha which was a room where the image of the chief deity was placed. It was at this place that priests performed religious rituals and devotees offered worship to the deity.

The garbhagriha had a tower known as the shikhara built on its top. This marked the place as a sacred one. Building shikharas require careful planning. Most temples also had a mandapa. This was a hall like structure meant for common people to assemble.

Mahabalipuram and Aihole in south India were famous for their temples. These were stone temples. The monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram were very beautiful. Each of these temples was carved out of a huge, single piece of stone. It is therefore known as monoliths. The Durga temple at Aihole was built about 1400 years ago.

Question 2.
Describe the development of architecture under Satavahanas.
Answer:
Architecture : Marked progress was made in the field of architecture. The Satavahana rulers took interest in building caves, viharas and monasteries. Chaityas or large halls with a number of columns and stupas. Most of the rock caves in the Deccan were cut during this period. The caves, monasteries, chaityas and stupas of Orissa, Nasik, Karle and Bhuj are fine specimen of contemporary architecture and decoration.

Chaitya was a large hall with a number of columns. The vihara had a central hall. The Chaitya of Karle was most famous. It is 40 metres long, 15 metres wide and 15 metres high. It has rows of 15 columns on each side. Each of these columns is built on a stair like square plinth. Each pillar has a capital figure of an elephant, a horse of a rider on the top. The viharas were meant as places of residence for the monks. At Nasik there are three viharas carrying the inscriptions of Gautamiputra and Nahapana.

The most famous of these monuments are the stupas. Among them the Amaravati Stupa and Nagarjunakonda Stupa are most famous. The stupa was a large round structure built over some relic of the Buddha. The Amaravati Stupa measures 162 metres across the base and its height is 100 ft. Both these stupas are full of sculptures.

Question 3.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
(i) Good quality stone was found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully chose for the new building.

(ii) Rough blocks of stones were shaped and carved into pillars and panels for walls, floors and ceilings.

(iii) They were often placed in precisely the right position.

(iv) The money for the temples and stupas was got from:

• Kings and queens spent money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.
• The gifts from devotees were used to decorate the buildings.

(v) Merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women also paid for decorations and their names we re inscribed on pillars, railings and walls.

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Puranas : The puranas are 18 in number. The Puranas are valuable to historians and antiquarians as a source of political history on account of the genealogies even though they can be used with great caution and care.
• Gandhara School of Art: A form of art that flourished and developed around Gandhara and had a Greek influence.
• Mathura School of Art: A form of art that developed and flourished around Mathura and was totally in Indian style.
• Stupa: the dome-shaped semi-spherical building is known as a stupa which contains the relics of Buddha.
• Chaityas : The halls in which Buddhist monks offer their prayer.
• Viharas : Monasteries for Buddhist monks are known as Viharas.
• Shikhara : It means a very high square and storeyed tower.
• Mandapa: A gathering place for the people, the temple campus, or a place in the temple where people could assemble.
• Garbhagriha : A place or room in a temple where the images of the chief deities were placed.
• Silappadikaram : Silappadikaram was the oldest Tamil epic composed by Ilango 1800 years ago.
• Manimekalai : Manimekalai is another well-known epic of Tamil literature composed by Sattanar around 1400 years ago.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When? Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When?

HBSE 6th Class History What, Where, How and When? Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following :

Narmada Valley	The first big Kingdom
Magadha	Hunting and gathering
Garo Hills	Cities about 2500 years ago
Indus and its tributaries	Early agriculture
Ganga Valley	The first cities

Answer:

Narmada Valley	Hunting and gathering
Magadha	The first big Kingdom
Garo Hills	Early agriculture
Indus and its tributaries	The first cities tributaries
Ganga Valley	Cities about 2500 years ago

Question 2.
List one major difference between manuscripts and inscriptions.
Answer:
Manuscripts are the hand written account of contemporary event. These were written by the few learned people of their age in different languages and scripts, while inscriptions are engraved either on a stone surface or on metal or bricks.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 3.
Return to Rasheeda’s questions. Can you think of some answers to it ?
Answer:
One can know what happened so many years ago through :
(a) Manuscripts
(b) Inscriptions
(c) Old objects recovered from excavations

Question 4.
Make a list of all the objects that archaeologists may find. Which of these could be made of stone ?
Answer:
Archaeologists study the remains of buildings made of stones and bricks that have

survived, paintings and sculptures. They find tools, weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins. The objects which were made of stone were :
(i) Tools
(ii) Weapons

Question 5.
Why do you think ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did ?
Answer:
We think ordinary men and women did not generally keep records of what they did. This is due to following reasons :
(i) They lacked writing potential and historical sense.
(ii) Some of them were not literate even after the knowledge of the script.
(iii) They did not know the importance of keeping records of the events.

Question 6.
Describe at least two ways in which you think the lives of kings would have been different from those of the farmers.
Answer:
The lives of kings would have been different from those of the farmers in the following two ways :
(i) The kings set-up large kingdoms and lived in big palaces; the farmers used to live in huts or in very small houses.
(ii) The kings kept records of their daily life and victories. The farmers did not keep any such records.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
Find the word crafts persons on page 1 (Textbook). List at least live different crafts that you know about today. Are the crafts persons:
(a) men
(b) women
(c) both men and women ?
Answer:
Crafts Persons:
A craft person is a person who is perfect in his occupation. Today, we came to know about different crafts, and craftsmen. Following are the name of some perfect craft persons :
(i) Architecture
(ii) Scientists
(iii) Musicians
(iv) Artists
(v) Businessmen/women.
Today both men and women are craft persons, because in the sphere of globalisation each and every one has equal rights to excel well (or to deliver his best).

Question 8.
What were the subjects on which books were written in the past ? Which of these would you like to read ?
Answer:
In the past a number of books dealt with all kinds of subject were written i.e., religious beliefs and religious practices, medicine, science and the lives of the kings. Except these books, epics, poems and plays were also written.

HBSE 6th Class History What, Where, How And When? Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were skilled gatherers ?
Answer:
Skilled gatherers were people who gathered their foods from one place to another.

Question 2.
Where was rice first grown ?
Answer:
Rice was first grown to the north of the Vindhyas mountains.

Question 3.
Name the two words which we use for our country.
Answer:
The two words we use for our country are India and Bharat.

Question 4.
What are tributaries ?
Answer:
Tributaries are small rivers that mixed into a large river.

Question 5.
Why did people move from place to place ?
Answer:
People moved from place to place in search of their livelihood also to escape from natural disasters like floods or droughts.

Question 6.
What forms the natural frontiers of the subcontinent ?
Answer:
Hills, mountains and seas together forms the natural frontiers of the subcontinent.

Question 7.
How did the movements of people enrich our culture traditions ?
Answer:
People share new techniques of carving stone, composing music, and even cooking food to enrich our cultural traditions.

Question 8.
Why were manuscripts called so ?
Answer:
Manuscripts were called so because they were written by hand on palm leaf.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are archaeologist ? What do they do ?
Answer:
People who study the objects of the past are archaeologists. They study the remains of the buildings, made of stone and brick, as well as paintings and sculptures. They also use tools, weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins for further enquiry. They even look for bones of animals, birds and fishes to find out what they ate in the past.

Question 2.
What are the advantages of writing on a hard surface ? What could have been the difficulties ?
Answer:
The advantages of writing on a hard surface like stone or metal is that it cannot be destroyed by pests. The stones and rocks could be easily handled over long distances. It would have been difficult to write on hard material.

Question 3.
How were the dates counted in the past ?
Answer:
In the past dates were usually counted from the date which is generally assigned to the birth of Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity. So if we say 2000 it means 2000 years after the birth of Christ. All dates before the birth of Christ are counted backwards and usually have the letters B.C. (Before Christ) added on.

Question 4.
What are inscriptions ? What did they contain ?
Answer:
Inscriptions are writings on hard material, such as stone or metal. Sometimes the kings got their orders inscribed, so that people could read and obey them. There were other kind of inscriptions as well, where men and women (including kings and queens).

Question 5.
How does the study of ancient Indian history help us to understand the present ?
Answer:
The study of ancient Indian history help us to understand the present day problems and find out solution to those problems. We never opted for an autocratic regime. In India, we had ‘democracy’ where the ministers carried out the administration according to the code of rules. We also had monarchies where the kings always remain anxious to promote the welfare of their subjects. From the given extract of Ashoka’s edict the present day ministers or the rulers of the country or province, etc., should learn how Ashoka cared for his subjects.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the movements of people from one part of the subcontinent to another.
Answer:
The movements of people from one part of the subcontinent to another could be discussed under the following heads :
(a) Purpose :
(i) Men and women moved in search of livelihood.
(ii) They moved to escape from natural disasters like floods or droughts.
(iii) Sometimes men marched in armies, conquering others’ lands.
(iv) Merchants travelled with caravans or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place.
(v) Religious teachers travelled from one place to another giving instructions and advice.
(vi) Some people travelled by a spirit of adventure.

(b) Difficulties encountered:
The journeys of the travellers was made difficult by the hills and high mountains including the Himalayas, deserts, rivers and seas.

Question 2.
How did India’ get so many names ?
Answer:
(a) Two of the words we generally used for our country are India and Bharat. The word India comes from the Indus called Sindhu in Sanskrit.

(b) The Iranians and the Greeks who came through the northwest about 2500 years ago, were familiar with the Indus, called it the Hindos or the Indos. The land to the east of the river (i.e., the Indus) called India.

(c) The name Bharat was used by a group of people who lived in the northwest, and who are mentioned in Rigveda, the earliest composition in Sanskrit (dated to about 3500 years ago). Later, it was used for the country.

Question 3.
Where did the early cities develop in India ?
Answer:
About 4700 years ago, some of the earliest cities (Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, Chun-ho-daro, Rupar, Banwali, Kalibangan, Surkotada, etc.) flourished on the banks of the Indus and its tributaries. And other early cities developed on the banks of the Ganga and its tributaries and along the coasts about 2500 years ago.

Question 4.
Why do we use the word ‘pasts’ (in plural) instead of word ‘past’ (in singular) ?
Answer:
We use the word ‘pasts’ in plural to draw attention to the fact that the past was different for different groups of people. For example :

• People followed different practices and customs in different parts of the country.
• The lives of herders or farmers was different from those of kings and queens.

Question 5.
Who are archaeologists ? What do they do ?
Answer:
Archaeologists are the persons who study the objects that were made and used in the past.

• They study the remains of the buildings made of stone and brick, paintings and sculpture.
• They also explore and excavate (dig under the surface of the earth) to find tools, weapons, pots, pans, ornaments and coins.
• Archaeologists study bones of animals, birds and fish to find out what people ate in the past.

What, Where, How and When? Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Manuscript: Hand written account of contemporary event is called Manuscript.
• Inscription : Inscriptions are the writing engraved on stones, rocks and pillars.
• Archaeology: Archaeology is the study of remains of past.
• History: The period for which we have written records is called History.
• Pre-history: The period for which we have no written records is called Pre-history.
• Historian: A person who deals with the study of history is called a Historian.
• Archaeologist: A person who studies the early history and culture of human civilization from their material is known as Archaeologist.
• Script: The form in which a language is written is called the Script.
• Epigraphy: Study of inscriptions is called Epigraphy.

Haryana Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions

Haryana Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography: The Earth: Our Habitat

• Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System
• Chapter 2 Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes
• Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth
• Chapter 4 Maps
• Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth
• Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth
• Chapter 7 Our Country India
• Chapter 8 India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife

Haryana Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History: Our Pasts – I

• Chapter 1 What, Where, How and When?
• Chapter 2 On The Trail of the Earliest People
• Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food
• Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities
• Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us
• Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic
• Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas
• Chapter 8 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War
• Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns
• Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims
• Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms
• Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books

Haryana Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics: Social and Political Life – I

• Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity
• Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination
• Chapter 3 What is Government
• Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government
• Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj
• Chapter 6 Rural Administration
• Chapter 7 Urban Administration
• Chapter 8 Rural Livelihoods
• Chapter 9 Urban Livelihoods