Class 7

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Deserts Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly :
(a) What are the two types of deserts found in the world?
(b) In which continent is the Sahara desert located?
(c) What are the climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert?
(d) What mainly attracts tourists to Ladakh?
(e) What type of clothes the people of the Sahara desert wear?
(f) Name the trees that grow in Ladakh.
Answer:
(a) (i) Hot Deserts
(ii) Cold deserts.

(b) Africa

(c) The climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert are cold and dry.

(d) (i) Gompas
(ii) Meadows and glaciers
(iii) Ceremonies and festivities of local people.

(e) People of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.

(f) Willows, poplars, apples, apricots and walnuts.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Sahara is located in which part of Africa?
(a) eastern
(b) northern
(c) western
Answer:
(b) northern

(ii) Sahara is what type of desert?
(a) cold
(b) hot
(c) mild
Answer:
(b) hot

(iii) The Ladakh desert is mainly inhabited by __________.
(a) Christians and Muslims
(b) Buddhists and Muslims
(c) Christians and Buddhists.
Answer:
(b) Buddhists and Muslims

(iv) Deserts are characterised by __________.
(a) scanty vegetation
(b) heavy precipitation
(c) low evaporation
Answer:
(a) scanty vegetation

(v) Hemis in Ladakh is a famous __________.
(a) temple
(b) church
(c) monastery.
Answer:
(c) monastery.

(vi) Egypt is famous for growing.
(a) Wheat
(b) Maize
(c) Cotton.
Answer:
(c) Cotton.

Question 3.
Match the following :

(i) Oasis	(a) Libya
(ii) Bedouins	(b) Monastery
(iii) Oil	(c) Glacier
(iv) Gangri	(d) Depression with water
(v) Lamayuru	(e) Cold desert
	(f) Sahara

Answer:

(i) Oasis	(d) Depression with water
(ii) Bedouins	(f) Sahara
(iii) Oil	(a) Libya
(iv) Gangri	(c) Glacier
(v) Lamayuru	(b) Monastery

Question 4.
Give the reasons:
(i) There is scanty vegetation in the desert.
Answer:
There is scanty vegetation in desert due to extreme harsh temperature.

(ii) People of Sahara desert wear heavy robes.
Answer:
People of Sahara desert wear heavy robes for their protection against dust storms and hot winds.

Question 5.
Map skills :
(i) On the outline map of Africa, mark the Sahara Desert.
Answer:

(ii) On the outline map of India, mark the Karakoram Range, Zanskar Range, Ladakh and Zoji La pass.
Answer:

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Deserts Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which continent does the Sahara Desert lie?
Answer:
North Africa.

Question 2.
Define Desert?
Answer:
It is an arid region characterized by extremely high or low temperature and has scarce vegetation.

Question 3.
Name the eleven states of Africa that touch the Sahara Desert?
Answer:
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara.

Question 4.
What is the area of the world’s largest desert?
(Hint : World’s largest Desert is the Sahara Desert.)
Answer:
8.54 million sQuestion km.

Question 5.
Name two nomadic tribes in the Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Bedouins Tuarega.

Question 6.
What is the etymology of Ladakh?
Answer:
La – Meaning a maintain pass
Dak – meaning country.

Question 7.
Which is one of the coldest inhabited place on earth.
Answer:
Brass.

Question 8.
Why is Ladakh known as Khapa – Chan?
Answer:
Ladakh is known as Khapa – Chan as the word – means snow land.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Illustrate the climate of the Sahara Desert.
Answer:
The climate of the Sahara Desert is searching hot1 and parch dry. It has a short rainy season. The sky is cloudless and clear. Days are unbelievable hot upto 50°C. The nights are freezing cold nearing zero degree.

Question 2.
Describe the location of Ladakh.
Answer:
Ladakh lies in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram range in the north and the Zaskar mountain in the south bound it.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the people living in the Sahara Desert?
Answer:

• The people of the Sahara Desert are Bedouins a Tuaregs which are nomadic tribes rearing livestock.
• They are provided with milk, hides from which they make leather for mat, carpets, clothes and blanket.
• They wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.

Question 4.
What are changes undergoing in the cultural landscape of the Sahara?
Answer:
(a) Gleaming glass cased office buildings tower over mosques and super highways criss-cross the ancient camel paths.
(b) Trucks are replacing camels in the salt trade.
(c) Tuaregs are seen acting as guides to the foreign tourists. More and more nomadic herdsmen are taking to city life finding jobs in gas and oil operation.

Question 5.
Determine the location of Ladakh with the help of physical features.
Answer:
Ladakh is a cold desert lying in the Great Himalayas (mountains) on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram range in the north and the Zanskr range in the south enclose it. Several rivers especially Indus flow through it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the climate of Ladakh region.
Answer:

• The climate of Ladakh is extremely cold and dry.
• The day temperatures in summar are just above 0°C and the night temperatures are below 30°C.
• Winters are freezing cold. The temperature remains below 40°C for most of the time.
• This region receives a little rainfall, as low as 10 centimetres annually.

Question 2.
Contrast the desert of Ladakh and Sahara.
Answer:

Character Sketch	Ladakh	Sahara
Type	Ladakh is a cold desert.	Sahara is a hot desert.
Location	Ladakh is located in Northern Himalayas, India.	Sahara is located in Northern Africa.
Climate	It is scorching hot and parched dry.	The climate is extremely cold and dry.
Flora	Only cactus, date palms and acacia grow.	Scantypatches of grasses and shrubs for animals to graze. Fruit trees also grow.
People	They are nomadic tribes. Oasis offers a settled population.	The people are Muslims and Buddhists.
Tourism	It offers no or few tourists.	It offers tourism due to its festivities and ceremonies.

Life in the Deserts Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Cramps : Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh.
• Wadi : It is a stream in hot deserts.
• Rainshadow : An area with small average rainfall occurring on the leeward side of mountains.
• Oasis : An area in the desert where some groundwater comes up like spring.
• Wasteland : Applied to the land which was previously used but is now abandoned.
• Homestead : Farmhouse and their adjoining areas.
• Nomads : People who travel in search of food and fodder are called nomads.
• Sand-dunes : Hill of loose sand.
• Spring : Small opening in the ground through which underground water comes to the surfaces.
• Homo sapiens : Species of human beings that exist today.
• Desert: An arid region often empty and receiving less than 25 cm of rainfall annually.
• Extreme Climate : A climate that is too hot or too cold.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Women Change the World

HBSE 7th Class Civics Women Change the World Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How do you think stereotypes about what women can or cannot do, affect women’s right to equality?
Answer:
The stereotypes affect the right to equality for women. It is because of this that women are called inferior to men. Many girls do not get the same support that the boys do to study and get trained to become doctors and engineers. Once the girls finish school, they get married. Such stereotypes and beliefs from society should be abondoned.

Question 2.
List one reason why learning the alphabet was so important to women like Rashundari Devi, Ramabai, and Rokeya?
Answer:
Learning the alphabet is so important to women like Rashundari Devi, Ramabai, and Rokeya because they could share their ideology with society through their writing. In their writings, they imagined new ways of thinking and living for both men and women.

Question 3.
“Poor girls drop out of school because they are not interested in getting an education.” Re-read the last paragraph on page 92 and explain why this statement is not true?
Answer:
The above statement does not hold true because of the following reasons:

• There are no facilities in rural areas, especially in Adiwasi areas.
• Schools are not close to people’s homes and there is no transport facility like buses or vans. So parents may avoid sending girls to school.
• Some families are so poor that they cannot afford to send all their children to school. The poor families prefer to send boys to school.

Question 4.
Can you describe two methods of struggle that the women’s movements used to raise issues? If you had to struggle against stereotypes about what women can or cannot do, what method would you employ from the ones that you have read about? Why would you choose this particular method?
Answer:
The two methods of struggle that the woman’s movement used to raise issues are:
(i) Protesting: The women’s movement raises its voice when violations against women take place.
For example: When a law or policy acts against women’s interests.

(ii) Raising Awareness in society:
The important part of women’s movements work is to raise public awareness of women’s .rights issues. Raising public awareness is one of the bet methods to organise a struggle against stereotypes. We have chosen this method because it massage can spread through street plays, songs, and public meetings.

Question 5.

School-level	All boys	SC boys	ST boys	All girls	SC girls	ST girls	Total
Primary (Classes 1-5)	34	37	49	29	36	49	31
Elementary (Classes 6-8)	52	57	69	53	62	71	52
Secondary (Classes 9-10)	61	71	78	65	76	81	63

(i) What percentage of children leave school at the elementary level?
Answer:
52%

(ii) At which level of education do you see the highest percentage of children leaving?
Answer:
At secondary level (63%)

(iii) Why do you think that the percentage of Adivasi girls and boys leaving school is higher than that of any other group?
Answer:
The percentage of Adivasi girls and boys leaving school is higher than that of any other group because
(a) There are very few proper school or teachers who teach on a regular basis.
(b) Many of them are too poor to send their children to school.

Question 6.
From the given table, convert the figures of so. primary class children who leave school into a bar diagram.
Answer:

HBSE 7th Class Civics Women Change the World Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who is the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways?
Answer:
Laxmi Lakra, from a poor tribal family in Jharkhand is the first woman engine driver for Northern Railways.

Question 2.
What roles did women use to play in the pottery trade in the past?
Answer:
Women used to fetch the right quality mud and prepare the earthen pots in the pottery trade in the past.

Question 3.
Where did Ramahai set up her mission?
Answer:
Ramabai set her mission in Khelgaon near Pune.

Question 4.
Which is the first known autobiography written by an Indian woman?
Answer:
Amar Jiban is the first known autobiography written by Rashsundari Devi; an Indian woman writer.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by Census?
Answer:
(i) Census is a survey of counting the whole population of the country by government every ten years.
(ii) Through it, the important informations in detail are also gathered about the people living in the country. For example, their age, sex, schooling (education), occupations, etc.

Question 2.
What led the government to pass a law to protect the women When was the law passed? Write about the law.
Answer:
(a) The women’s campaigns led the government to pass a new law in 2006.
(b) The law is for the protection of women against domestic violence. It gives legal protection to women who face physical and mental violence within their home.

Question 3.
What were new ideas emerged in the 19th century?
Answer:
(a) There were new ideas about education and learning that emerged in the 19th century.
(b) Schools were opened here and there.
(c) The people or communities who didn’t know reading and writing began sending their children to schools.

Question 4.
What did Rashsundari Devi give the world through her writing and in what situation?
Answer:
(a) Through her writing Rashusundari Devi gave the world an opportunity to read about the lives of women she experienced in those days.
(b) She wrote about her everyday life in a situation when she did not have a moment to rest, even to sit down and eat.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which sphere of life the conditions of women and girls have improved and why?
Answer:
The conditions of women and girls have improved in the following sphere of lives:
(а) At present, women and girls have the right to study and freedom to go to school, which in the past they didn’t have.
(b) They are legally protected by many laws made by the government like Dowry Act, Right of inheritance of parental and husband’s property.
(c) They are provided protection against the domestic violence and sexual harassment at the work placb and in the educational institution, and
(d) Their health conditions have also improved. These improvements could be achieved because of their individual and collective struggles over a long period of time.

Women Change the World Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Stereotype: When we believe that people belonging to particular groups based on religion, wealth, language are bound to have certain fixed characteristics or can only do a certain type of work we create stereotypes.
• Discrimination: When we do not track people equally or with respect, we are indulging in discrimination. It happens when people or organizations act on their prejudices.
• Violations: When someone forcefully breaks the law or a rule or openly shows disrespect, we can say that he or she has committed a violation.
• Sexual Harassment: This refers to physical or verbal behaviour that is of sexual nature and against the wishes of a woman.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Temperate Grasslands Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the Temperate Grasslands of North America called?
(b) What are the cattle farms in the North American Grasslands known as?
(c) Name the rivers that drain the velds.
(d) When is the rainy season in the Velds?
(e) What is the major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands?
Answer:
(a) The temperate grasslands of North America are called Prairies.
(b) The cattle farms in the North American Grasslands are called ranches.
(c) The tributaries of rivers Orange and Limpopo.
(d) The velds enjoy rainy season mainly in the summer months from November to February.
(e) The major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands is sheep rearing.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) River Mississippi drains
(i) Canada
(ii) Africa
(iii) USA
Answer:
(iii) USA

(b) Drakensberg Mountains bound the _________.
(i) Prairies
(ii) Velds
(iii) Pampas
Answer:
(ii) Velds

(c) Merino is a species of _________.
(i) Fish
(ii) Elephant
(iii) Sheep
Answer:
(iii) Sheep

(d) Kimberley is famous for _________.
(i) diamonds
(ii) silver
(iii) platinum
Answer:
(i) diamonds

Question 3.
Match the following:

(i) Cowboys	(a) Iran and Steel
(ii) Gold	(b) Prairies
(iii) Kudu	(c) Hot wind
(iv) Chinook	(d) Johannesberg
(v) Coal	(e) Animal

Answer:

(i) Cowboys	(b) Prairies
(ii) Gold	(d) Johannesberg
(iii) Kudu	(e) Animal
(iv) Chinook	(c) Hot wind
(v) Coal	(a) Iran and Steel

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’.
(ii) Rise of wool industry in the Velds.
Answer:
(i) The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’ due to the huge surplus of wheat production.

(ii) Sheep rearing is the most important occupation in the Velds. Merino sheep is a popular species and their wool is very warm. Sheep is bred and reared mainly for wool. This has given rise to wool industry there.

Question 5.
On an outline map of North- America, mark the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes, river Mississippi, river Saskatchewan, the cities-Chicago and Winnipeg.
Answer:

Question 6.
For Fun :
Make a grass whistle
You will require a blade of grass about 5 cm in length. Be sure to choose the grass blade longer than your thumb. The thickness of the grass should be about 0.5 to 0.7 cm. Choose the grass that is broad and wide. Narrow blade is difficult to hold. Put your thumb together as your nails are facing you. Stretch the blade of grass lengthwise between the thumbs and the base of the hand.

Your hands should be cupped to create a hollow or a narrow opening between your palms. You should just be able to see the edge of the grass only through the narrow opening. Place your lips over the opening and blow gently into the palm. You may even feel the grass blade vibrating as you blow. As you gradually blow you will hear sound of whistle created by grass.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Temperate Grasslands Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the Prairies bound by?
Answer:
The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the west and the Great Lakes in the East.

Question 2.
What type of wind blows in the prairies?
Answer:
A local wind “Chinook” blows in the prairies due to the absence of the north-south barrier.

Question 3.
What kind of trees grow in Prairies where water is available?
Answer:
Where water is available, trees such as willows, alders and poplars grow in prairies.

Question 4.
Who looks after ranches?
Answer:
Sturdy men called cowboys look after ranches.

Question 5.
What factors have made North America a surplus food producer?
Answer:
Scientific methods of cultivation and use of tractors, harvesters and combines has made North America a surplus food producer.

Question 6.
Why are the Prairies known as the “Granaries of the world?”
Answer:
The Prairies are known, as the “Granaries of the world” due to the huge surplus of wheat production.

Question 7.
What is the extent of the dairy belt in the Prairies?
Answer:
The dairy belt -in the Prairies extends from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast in the east.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the terrain and vegetation of the prairies.
Answer:

• The prairies is a region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land.
• Whereas, prairies are treeless, but, near the low lying plains, flanking river valleys, woodlands can be found.
• Tall, grass, upto two metres high dominates the landscape.
• The prairies is actually a sea of grass.

Question 2.
Describe the location and surroundings of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds lie in the temperate grasslands.
• The velds is bound by the Drakensburg mountains on the east.
• Kalahari desert lies to the west of the velds.
• The “high velds” are located on the north-eastern part.

Question 3.
Write four climatic features of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean.
• Winters are cold and dry. Temperature vary between 5°C and 10°C and July is the coldest month.
• Summers are short and warm. The temperature of Johannesburg is about 20°C in summers.
• The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November to February.

Question 4.
What are the three broad divisions of the veld?
Answer:
The three broad divisions of the Veld are:

• High Veld – Highest ranging from 1120 m to 1670 m.
• The Middle Veld – It is a plateau ranging from 610 m to 1120 m.
• Low Veld – below 610 m.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the two main occupations sheep rearing and dairy farming practised in the velds.
Answer:
Sheep rearing :

• Sheep is bred mainly for wool.
• It has given rise to the woollen industry in the velds.
• Merino sheep is a popular species and their wool is very warm.

Dairy farming :

• Cattles are reared in the warmer and wetter regions.
• Dairy products like butter and cheese are produced for both domestic supply and also for expert.

Question 2.
Write the climatic conditions of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean.
• Winters are cold and dry.
• Temperature vary between 5°C and 10°C.
• Summers are short and warm.
• The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November and February.

Life in the Temperate Grasslands Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Grassland : A region where the grasses form the dominant type of plant life.
• Mixed Farming: Cultivation of crops and animal rearing is done on the same farm.
• Trans-continent: Across the continent from east to west.
• Temperate Region : Region which lies in the interior of the continents and received low rainfall.
• Combine Harvester : A grain machine that reaps threshes and sacks the wheat in one operation.
• Contour Ploughing: Cutting farm beds across the hill slopes, following the contours rather than ploughing up and down the slopes.
• Strip Cropping : Growing of crops in continuous strips along the contours of a hill slide.
• Prairies : Mid-latitude grasslands in North America.
• Cowboy : A man on the back of a horse who guides the one who has cattle in the Prairies
• Velds : Temperate grasslands of South Africa
• Chinook : Hot wind that blows in the winter
• Fauna : Species of animals
• Flora : Plants species of a particular region
• Ranches : Cattle’s shed in Prairies
• Red Indians : The Native Americans

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located.
(b) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin?
(c) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rain forests of the Amazon.
(d) What are the major cities located on the river Ganga?
(e) Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found?
Answer:
(а) South America.
(b) The people of the Amazon Basin grow tapioca, pineapple, and sweet potato. Cash crops such as coffee, maize, and cocoa are also grown.
(c) Toucans, hummingbirds, birds of paradise with their brilliantly coloured plumage.
(d) The major cities located on the river Ganga are Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna, and Kolkata.
(e) The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) Toucans are a type of:
(i) birds
(ii) animals
(iii) crops
Answer:
(i) birds

(b) Manioc is the staple food of:
(i) Ganga Basin
(ii) Africa
(iii) Amazon
Answer:
(iii) Amazon

(c) Kolkata is located on the river:
(i) Orange
(ii) Hooghly
(iii) Bhagirathi
Answer:
(ii) Hooghly

(d) Deodars and firs are a type of:
(i) Coniferous trees
(ii) Deciduous trees
(iii) Shrubs
Answer:
(i) Coniferous trees

(e) Bengal tiger is found in:
(i) Mountains
(ii) Delta area
(iii) Amazon.
Answer:
(ii) Delta area

Question 3.
Match the following:

(i) Cotton textile	(a) Assam
(ii) Maloca	(b) Terrace farming
(iii) Piranha	(c) Sericulture
(iv) Silkworm	(d) Slanting roof
(v) Kaziranga	(e) Ganga Plain
	(f) Varanasi
	(g) Fish

Answer:
(i) (f)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (g)
(iv) (c)
(v) (a)

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(i) The rainforests are depleting.
Answer:
The rainforests are depleting because:

• Big developmental activities that result in cutting of trees.
• Setting up of large scale-industries after clearance of forest patches.
• Floods can submerge them or wash away the top soil.

(ii) Paddy is grown in Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.
Answer:
As paddy needs a sufficient amount of water and it rdins heavily in plains. Paddy is grown in the-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.

Question 5.
Map Skills:
(i) On an outline map of Indian subcontinent, draw the rivers of Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the month. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers.
Answer:

(ii) On the political map of the South Africa, draw the equator. Mark the countries located on equator.
Answer:

Countries : Ecuador, Columbia Peru and Brazil.

Question 6.
For Fun :
Make a collage to show places of attractions in India. You can divide the class in different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance.
Answer:
Students do yourself.

Question 7.
Activity:
Collect under mentioned material and observe how destruction of trees effect the soil cover.
Material:
(i) Three small flowerpots or food cans (example – cold drinks tin cans)
(ii) One big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a sprinkling can),
(iii) Twelve coins or bottle caps
(iv) Soil.

Process:
Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil to make it ‘ level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with ’ holes and fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden. Now, sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water very slowly so that no soil s splashes out. Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the second can. On the third v. can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that unprotected soil splashes out. Where the ‘rain’ is heavy the amount of soil that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a river’s mouth?
Answer:
The place where a river flows into another body of water is called river’s mouth.

Question 2.
What are Bromeliads?
Answer:
Bromeliads are special plants that store water in their lives.

Question 3.
What is population density?
Answer:
It means the number of people that live in 1 sq km. of area.

Question 4.
Which forests cover the Ganga-Brahmaputra deltaic regions?
Answer:
Mangrove forests.

Question 5.
Define Terrace farming.
Answer:
Terraces are built on steep slopes to create flat surface on which crop are grown.

Question 6.
Name the animals found in Amazon forest.
Answer:
Monkey, sloth and ant-eating tapirs:

Question 7.
How are people housed in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plain?
Answer:
Some families live in thatched houses shaped like beehives. There are other large apartment like houses called “Maloca” with a steep slanting roof.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have developmental activities adversely affected the rain¬forests?
Answer:

• Development activities have led to gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rainforests.
• A large area of rainforests have disappeared in the Amazon basin.
• The top soil washes away as the rain falls and the lush forest converts into a barren landscrape.

Question 2.
What is slash and burn agriculture?
Answer:
Slash and burn is a way of cultivating land where farmers clear a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees and bushes. After two or three crops, the soil loses fertility. So farmers abandon that patch and clear another plot of land to cultivate.

Question 3.
Write the climatic conditions of the Amazon basin.
Answer:

• Amazon basin is characterised by hot and wet climate throughout the year.
• Both days and nights are almost equally hot and humid.
• It rains almost everyday.

Question 4.
How have the rainforests of the Amazon basin been made accessible?
Answer:

• The Trans-Amazon highway have made all parts of the rainforests accessible.
• Aircrafts and helicopters are also used to reach various places of the rainforests.

Question 5.
How has the environment played a significant role in the distribution of the population?
Answer:
The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore, less number of people live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. The plain area provides the most suitable land for human habitation. The soil is fertile. The density of the population of the people is also very high.

Question 6.
How is River Ganga polluted?
Answer:
River Ganga is polluted because the waste water from big towns and cities and industries is discharged into river. This leads to its pollutions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was tourism flourished in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
Answer:
The places which are worth visiting in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin :

• Taj Mahal on the banks of river Yamuna in Agra.
• Allahabad on the confluence of the River Ganga and Yamuna.
• Buddhist stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• Imambara in Lucknow.
• Kaziranga and Manas wildlife sanctuaries in Assam.

Question 2.
Describe the variety of wildlife found in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin.
Answer:

• Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are common.
• The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plains.
• In the delta area, Bengal tigers, crocodiles and alligators are found.
• Aquatic life abounds in the fresh river waters, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal. The popular varieties of the fishes are the – Rohu, Catla and Hilsa.

Map Time

Question I.
Mark the Amazon Basin and its neighbouring areas of it on a physical map of south America.
Solution:

Question II.
Mark the location of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin on the Indian River Map long with the rivers.
Solution:

Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Tropical Region : Region which lies around the equator between 10°N and 10°S latitudes.
• Temperate Regions : Interior regions of continents receive less rainfall.
• River Basin : A single river system which drains a certain area.
• Seringuerious : Method of collecting rubber in Amazon Basin.
• Shifting Agriculture : A system of constantly moving over a new field as old ones wear out.
• Head Stream: The stream constituting the major sources of river to develop in later phase.
• Tributaries : These are the small rivers that join the main river.
• Rain Forests : A vegetation zone characterised by high rainfall (above 200 cm.) well distributed throughout the year and tropical evergreen trees.
• Indigenous : Original occupants of the region.
• Tsangpo : Name given to river Brahmaputra in Tibet.
• Sasu : Blind dolphin.
• Manioc : This is the staple food of the people of the Amazon basin.
• Maloca : Large apartment houses with steeply slanting roofs.
• Piranha : It is a type of fish that eats.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Growing up as Boys and Girls

HBSE 7th Class Civics Growing up as Boys and Girls Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Are the statements given alongside true or false? Support your answer with the use of an example.
(a) All societies do not think similarly about the roles that boys and girls play.
(b) Our society does not make distinctions between boys and girls when they are growing up.
(c) Women who stay at home do not work.
(d) The work that women do is less valued than that of men.
Answer:
(a) True.
The way children grow in Madhya Pradesh and in Samoa is not the same.

(b) False.
Girls are discriminated against in their day-to-day, life against boys.

(c) False.
They do most of the household chores which involve physical strengths.

(d) True
Although it is a negative aspect it is prevalent in our society. We have a common notion that the household work women do is less paid for.

Question 2.
Housework is invisible and unpaid work. Housework is physically demanding housework is time-consuming. Write in your own words what is meant by the terms ‘invisible’, ‘physically demanding’, and ‘ time-consuming? Give one example of each based on household tasks undertaken by women in your home.
Answer:
‘Invisible’, here, means that the work done by women is devalued when it is not paid for because their physical and emotional stress is not recognized.

‘Physically demanding1 means that more labour is required to do household jobs than other work, technical or mechanical.

‘Time consuming1 means that household work requires a lot of time. Most-of her time is consumed in these activities and less time is left for herself or to relax.

Question 3.
If you have someone working k.s domestic help in your house or locality talk to her and find out a little bit more about her life. Who are her family members? Where is her home? How many hours does she work? How much is she paid? Write a small story based on these details.
Answer:
Yes, I know,Mr. Kanta Devi who is working as a domestic help in our locaiity. She does a lot of work-sweeping, cleaning, washing clothes, cooking food and looking after young children. Her family members living in jhuggi jhopari area near Yamuna river. She has two daughters and a son. She is a widow. She works at least 6 to 8 hours in a house where she is taking job. She gets very low salary approximate? 1,500 per month.

Question 4.
Make a list of toys and games that boys typically play and another of girls. List there is difference between these two lists. Can you think of some reasons why this is so? Does that have any relationship to the roles children have to play as adults?
Answer:
Toys and Games

Boys	Girls
Cars, Gun, Bus, Bat, Animal toys, Business Games, Cricket, Football, Kabbadi, Basketball.	Dolls, Kitchen set, Cooking apparatus, Washing kit and House-warning, Doll wedding, Badminton, Hide and seek.

These toys and games offered to boys and girls become a way of telling children that they will have different features when they become men
and women. This also reflects the difference in respect of physical strength and stamina alongwith influence of the society.

EXRCISE

Question 1.

The given picture relates to Samoan child in his school uniform. In what ways do the experience of Samoan children and teenagers differ from your own experiences of growing up? Is there anything in this experience that you wish was part of your growing up?
Answer:

Somoan Children and Teenagers	Indian Children and Teenager
1. Children did not go to school. (In the 1920s according to research report)	1. Most of the children go to school.
2. They learnt many things like (a) how to take care of children. (b) how , to do household work.	2. They study and are generally not involved in household work.
3. Young people learnt to take fishing expeditions.	3. They learn the activities in school premises.

Yes, I wish that we should be given experience of practical life alongwith the school activities.

Question 2.

Why do girls like to go to school together in groups?
Answer:
Girls like to go to school together in groups because:
(а) They have a fear of being teased or attacked if they walk alone.
(б) They feel more secure and safe if they walk in groups.

Question 3.
Were Harmeet and Shonali correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work?
Answer:
Harmeet and Shonali are not correct in saying that Harmeet’s mother did not work because
(a) She is a housewife and the household work is a full-day job.
(b) Her work is taxing and time-consuming.
(c) If she does not work, everything in the house will be in chaos.

Question 4.
What do you think would happen if your mother or those involved in doing the work at home went on a strike for a day?
Answer:
If my mother or those involved in doing work at home went on a strike for a day, the whole house would turn into a chaos. The men of the house would’nt be able to manage it.

Question 5.
Why do you think that men and boys generally do not do house work? Do you think they should?
Answer:
Men and boys generally do not do house work because:
(a) In our society, it is believed that household work is the respohsibility of women of the house.
(b) They are brought up like that and are not given training of any household work from the beginning.

Yes, I think they should also do household because:
(i) In case, women go out to work, they can manage house
(ii) Household work is a joint responsibility.

Question 6.
Below is some data from a special study done by the central statistical organization of India (1998-99).

State	Women Paid (Work hours per week)	Women Unpaid (Housework hours per week)	Women (Total)	Men Paid (Work hours per week)	Men Unpaid (Housework hours per week)	Men (Total)
Haryana	23	30	?	38	2	?
Tamil Nadu	19	35	?	40	4	?

Study the table given above and answer the related questions.

(а) What are the total number of work hours spent by women in Haryana and Tamil Nadu each week?
Answer:
Total number of work hours spent by women in Haryana is 53 and in Tamil Nadu 44 in a week.

(b) How does this compare with the total number of work hours spent by men?
Answer:
The number of workhours spent by men in Haryana are 40 and in Tamil Nadu 44 in a week.
In Haryana women spend more hours on work than men.
Men spend only 5 percent of their total hours of work in household.

Question 7.
What do you think this poster is trying to say?

Answer:
This poster is trying to highlight the importance of women in household and in the lives of men. The women should also be given their place of dignity and equality in society.

Question 8.
This poster was created by ^omen’s groups in Bengal. Can you write an interesting slogan for the poster?

Answer:
Women the Divine Power.

HBSE 7th Class Civics Growing up as Boys and Girls Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where are the Samoan Island situated?
Answer:
The Samoan Islands are situated in the Southern Pacific Ocean.

Question 2.
What are the main work of Samoan people?
Answer:
The main work of the Samoan people are fishing and planting coconuts.

Question 3.
How do societies make distinction between boys and girls in their early age?
Answer:
The boys and girls are given different toys such as car and doll to play with in their young age.

Question 4.
To whom the main responsibility for housework is given?
Answer:
The main responsibility for housework is given to women.

Question 5.
Who is Mangala?
Answer:
Mangala is a domestic helper in the house of Harmeet.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a brief note on the life of Samon Children.
Answer:
(i) The Samoan children did not go to school.
(ii) They learnt to take care of children and do house work.
(iii) They learnt to undertake fishing.

Question 2.
For what purpose the boys did use the street?
Answer:
The boys used the street as a place to stand around idling, to play, to try out tricks with their bicycles.

Question 3.
Did Shalini not work all the day and not deserve to be treated with some respect?
Answer:
(i) Shalini worked all the day starting from five in the morning till late in the night.
(ii) She deserved to be treated with some respect.

Question 4.
What has the Government done for girls to attend school and the women to work outside the home?
Answer:
The Government has setup ‘anganwadis’ or childcare centre by passing laws to provide creche facilities.
(a) Creche is a day nursery for children when their parents are at work.
(b) Thus, the provision of creches helps women to work outside the home. It also provide opportunity to more girls to attend school.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What tasks does the housework involve in rural and urban areas?
Answer:
The housework involves the following tasks:
In rural areas women and girls carry heavy loads of firewood. They wash cloths and dishes, sweep and clean floors. They also pick up loads which require bending, lifting and carrying. They also cook food by standing for long hours in front of hot stoves both in rural and urban areas. They take care of children, old and sick people at home.

Question 2.
What did Shalini say about her experience of working in Delhi?
Answer:
(i) Shalini said that her Memsahib always shouted to get work done.
(ii) I started my work at 5 o’clock in the kitchen.
(iii) I was given a cup of tea and two dry rotis and never could get third roti in the breakfast.
(iv) I took an extra roti secretly in the evening.
(v) I could not wear chappals in the house. As a result, my feet would swell up in the winter.

Growing up as Boys and Girls Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Care-giving: Caregiving refers to a range of tasks related to looking after and nurturing. Besides physical looks, they also involve a strong emotional aspect.
• Devalued: When someone is not given due recognition for a task or a job they have done, they can feel devalued.
• Double Burden: Literally means double load. This term is commonly used to describe women’s work situations. It has emerged from a recognition that women typically labour both inside the house and outside.
• Identity: Identity is a sense of self-awareness of who one is.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

HBSE 7th Class Civics How the State Government Works Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer:
An MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) is a person affiliated with a political party.
A person is elected an MLA in the following manner:
(i) Every state is divided into different areas of constituencies.
(ii) The elections are held in each constituency.
(iii) All the adults above 18 years of age can vote.
(iv) The person who get the maximum votes is elected.
From each constituency people elect one representative who then becomes an MLA.

Question 2.
How did some MLA’s become ministers?
Answer:
(i ) After the elections, the party which obtains more than 50 percent of total seats is an Assembly is termed as the ruling party.
(ii) The members of the ruling party choose their leader who becomes the Chief Minister. The Governor gives oath to the Chief Minister.
(iii) The Chief Minister then nominates people as ministers from the ruling party or from outside.
(iv) The Governor of the states appoints them as ministers and gives oath to them.

Question 3.
Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers should be debated in the Legislative Assembly because of the following reasons :
(i) MLA’s can express their opinion and ask questions related to the issues or give suggestions about what should be done by the government to implement policies for the peoples and . the state.
(ii) Adverse points in the decisions can be deleted.

Question 4.
What was the problem in Patal Puram? What discussion/action was taken by the following. Fill in the table.

Public Meeting
Legislative Assembly
Press Conference
Chief Minister

Answer:
Patalpuram was facing the problem of shortage of water and sanitation which had caused diarrhoea in the city.
(i) Public Meeting: Meeting, people raised voice to bring sanitation in the area and control diarrhoea.
(ii) Legislative Assembly : The discussion based on bad conditions in hospital, shortage of water, proper doctors in Patalpuram.
(iii) Press Conference : The health ; minister explained the steps taken by the government to check diarrohea and supply safe drinking water.
(iv) Chief Minister : Chief Minister explained the residents of Patalpuram that the due compensation would be given to the kins of the dead.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by the government department?
Answer:
An MLA works for the welfare of his people and is even responsible for wrong doings. > MLA’s raise the issue in the Assembly and want solution to the problems facing the masses. Government departments make laws. The various government departments also implement these laws.

EXRCISE

Question 1.
(i) What is happening in Patalpuram?
(ii) Why is this problem serious?
(iii) What action do you think can be taken in above situations and who do you think should take the action? ‘ .
Answer:
(i) The district headquarter of Patalpuram was facing the problem of shortage of water and sanitation.
(ii) This problem was serious because a large number of people were facing the problem of acute diarrhoea.
(iii) The municipal committee should take immediate actions with the help of state governments to control the situation.

Question 2.
Write two measures that the government undertook for controlling diarrhoea.
Answer:
The government undertook the following measures for controlling garbage :
(a) Removal of garbage,
(b) Arrangement of drinking water through tanker trucks.

Question 3.
What is the purpose of a press conference? How does the press conference help you get information on what the government is doing?
Ans.
The purpose of press conference is to hear about or ask questions on a particular issue about the steps. The data collected by press conference is printed in newspapers for the common people.

Question 4.
M. times, the ruling party may not be a single party but a group of parties working together. This is called a coalition. Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
The coalition is formed by two of more parties coming together. The parties come together and elect their leader. The governor appoints their leader as CM. The coalition party prepares a Common Minimum Programme and f execute the programme during the period for which coalition is formed.

Question 5.
What were the main arguments put forward by different MLAs who thought that the government was not taking the situation in a serious manner and what were the opposition party.
Answer:
Debate : Opposition Party MLA, 1 put forward the problem of diarrhoea in his constituency of Akhandagaon. He wanted to draw the attention of minister to solve the problem.

MLA 2 (Opposition Party): Commented upon the bad situation of hospitals. He wanted to know about the government plans to control the epidemics.

MLA 3 (Opposition Party): Belonged to the constituency of Tolpatti which faced a serious shortage of water. He wanted to confirm if the government is taking actions to clean and disinfect the wells and ponds.

MLA 4 (Ruling Party) : However, supported the government telling that water tankers have been put into service and ORS packets were distributed.

MLA 5 (Opposition Party): Commented upon the bad deteriorating situation in hospitals.

MLA 6 (Ruling Party): Told about the negligence of the previous party and actions being taken by the ruling party to clear the garbage.

Question 6.
If you were the health minister, how would you respond to the above discussion?
Answer:

• I would have taken the immediate action to solve, the problem in each area.
• I would have started special doctors and started the mobile health care vans with all the necessary equipment.

Question 7.
Do you think the above debate would have been useful in some ways? How? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, because it has brought forward many issues concerning public wealth made the health minister aware about the serious situation and immediate need of the hour.

Question 8.
In the working of the government, explains the difference being on MLA and an MLA who is also a minister.
Answer:
An MLA highlights some issues in the assembly and can suggest some solutions. An MLA who is a minister takes the decision and implements it.

HBSE 7th Class Civics How the State Government Works Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by MLA?
Answer:
The members of legislative assembly is called MLA.

Question 2.
Who becomes the Chief Minister of a State?
Answer:
The leader of the majority party becomes the Chief Minister of a State.

Question 3.
What does the word ‘government’ refer to?
Answer:
The word ‘government’ refers to the government departments and the various ministers who head them.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, whether from the ruling party or from the opposition meet to discuss issues/problems of urgent needs, a bill introduced for making law, etc. .

Question 2.
Who takes decisions and run the government in a State?
Answer:
(a) The Chief Minister and other Ministers take decisions on behalf of the government in the State.
(b) The Chief Minister alongwith his Council of Ministers implements the programmes of the Government and thus run the Government.

Question 3.
What is legislative and what does it do?
Answer:
(a) All the MLAs in the legislative assembly together constitute the legislature.
(b) They take part in debate, approve the policy and programmes of the government and supervise the actions taken of the gdMemment outside the assembly.

Question 4.
What is relation between law, the Legislative Assembly and the government?
Answer:
(i) Any bill introduced in the Legislative Assembly when is passed by majority of the MLAs is called law.
(ii) A law made by the State Legislative Assembly is enforced in the State by the Government of the State.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a brief note on a debate held in the Legislative Assembly of a State?
Answer:
(a) A debate can be held in a Legislative Assembly on a specific problem of urgent food.
(b) During the debate, MLAs express their opinion and ask questions related to the issue.
(c) They also give suggestions about what should be done by the government.
(d) The concerned minister replies to the questions. He/She also tries to assure the Assembly that adequate steps are being taken.

Question 2.
Write about the democratic process adopted for the formation of Government in a State.
Answer:
(a) It is the democracy through which the people of 18 years and above elect their representatives as the members of legislative assembly (MLAs).
(b) The MLAs of the majority party elect their leader who is appointed the Chief Minister of the State by the Governor.
(c) The Ghief Minister selects some MLAs to head different departments/ministeries and they are appointed as ministers by the Governor of the State.
Thus, a Government is formed in a State by democratic process.

How the State Government Works Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Constituency: A particular area from which all the voters living there choose their representatives. For example, a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.
• Majority: Majority is a situation when more than half the number in a group supports a decision or an idea. This is also called a simple majority.
• Opposition: This refers to elect representatives who are not members of the ruling party and who play the role on questioning government decisions and actions as well as raising new issues for consideration in the Assembly.
• Press Conference: A gathering of journalists from the media who are invited to hear about and ask questions on a particular issue and are then expected to report On this to the larger public.
• Epidemic: A disease that attacks a large number of people in an area at the same time is called an epidemic.
• Ruling Party: The political party which has more than 50 percent of the total representatives in Panchayat, Corporation, Assembly, or Parliament is known as the Ruling Party.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

HBSE 7th Class Civics Role of the Government in Health Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In this chapter, you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.

An important part of the Constitution says it is the duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
Answer:
Living Standard:
It refers to the standard of living enjoyed by the people in reference to the facilities provided by the government or family. It also refers to the status earned by the people.

Public Health:
‘Public Health’ refers to the provision of quality healthcare services either free or at low cost by the government. It also includes the actions to prevent the spread of diseases such as TB, Jaundice and Malaria among public.

Question 2.
What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer:The different ways in which
government can take steps to provide health care for all are:
(a) opening of primary health centres, dispensaries and family welfare centres.
(b) prevention of spread of diseases.
(c) making provisions to deal with emergency or epidemics.
(d) provision of cheaper health-services for the poor.

Question 3.
What difference do you find between private and public health service in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.

Facility	Cost of service	Availability of services
Private
Public

Answer:

Facility	Cost of service	Availability of service
Private	Expensive	Good, quality but to limited high standard of people.
Public	Free or at very low cost	Ordinary services, not maintained, available to all sectors of society.

Question 4.
“Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.” Explain with the help of example.
Answer:
Lack of clean water and sanitation is the second most important risk factor for the occurrence of diseases after malnutrition.
(i) Consumption of contaminated water causes many water-borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea.
(ii) Many vector-borne diseases like malaria, Japanese encephalities are caused due to dirty and stagnant water.
So, improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.

The Story Of Hakim Sheik

Hakim Sheik was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries. He was in ci very serious condition and needed immediate treatment.

He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they did not have a spare bed. Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors necessary for his treatment. In this way he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him.

Finally, he was admitted in a private hospital, where he. received treatment. He spent a lot of money on his treatment. Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that refused to admit him., Hakim Sheik and PBKMS filed a case in the court.

Question 1.
Read the story given above. Then imagine that you are a judge in the country. What would you say to Hakim Sheik?
Answer:
Being a judge, I would give a fair judgement in Hakim Sheik’s case. He would be granted due compensation. The doctors of government hospitals will be punished for dereliction of duty.

Question 2.
What problems did Aman face in the public hospital? How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss.
Answer:
Aman faced the following problems in the public hospitals:
(а) Long queue at the OPD counter.
(b) Great such at the test centre.
(c) Change of doctor, the whole treatment not by the same doctor.
(d) Non-availability of medicines.

Question 3.
What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss.
Answer:
(i) India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world.
(ii) It is among the largest producers of doctors.
(iii) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years.
(iv) India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries.
(v) India is the fourth largest producer of medicine in the word.

Question 4.
In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above left hand columns, do you think this is true? Discuss.

India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producers of doctors. ApproximatelylS,000 new doctors qualify every year.	Most doctors settle in urban areas. People in rural areas have to travel long distances to reach a doctor. The number of doctors with respect to the population is much less in rural areas.
Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years. In 1950, there were only 2,717 hospitals in India. In 1991, there were 11,174 hospitals. In 2000, the number grew to 18,218.	About five lakh people die from tuberculosis every year. This number is almost unchanged since Independence!
India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries. They come for treatment in some of the hospitals in India that compare with the best in the world.	Almost two million cases of malaria are reported every year and this number isn’t decreasing.
India is the fourth largest producer of medicines in the world and is also a large exporter of medicines.	We are not able to provide clean drinking water to all. 21per cent of all communicable diseases are water borne. For example, diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis, etc.

Answer:
It is not true because after reading the left hand column, we come to know:
(i) India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world.
(ii) It is among the largest producers of doctors.
(iii) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years.
(iv) India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries.
(v) India is the fourth largest producer of medicine in the word.

Question 5.
Private health facilities can mean many things. Explain with the help of some examples from your area.
Answer:
Private health facilties can mean many things. Today these facilities or clinics are run by big companies. Such companies are run by many businesses, associated with these centres. For example, some facilities of medicines, pathology, X-ray, ultrasound are associated with these facilities. Sometimes Answer:The problem faced in private hospitals are:
(а) High cost of treatment.
(b) The doctors prescribe more tests than required that include high costs.
big business houses also have medical facilities associated with them.

Question 6.
Would you associate all or some of these picture (shown on the textbook page 19) with ‘health’?
Answer:
Some of the pictures given on textbook page 19 associated with the health are:
(а) On the top, van with cross sign is in a rural area (i.e. village). Government sends mobile health centre in the form of a van with emergency health service facilities. The doctors and nurses go along with this van in villages, and check the ill people and also treat them by giving medicines.
(b) Some doctors are shown in operation theater operating a patient. These doctors are taking care of the health problems of the patient.

Question 7.
Pick two situations from the collage (shown on page 19) that are not related to illness and write two sentences on how they are related to
health.
Answer:
(i) A woman having two earthen pots on her head is going to fetch water. The women like her, collect water from other open water wells. The water so collected is not clean and creates health problems.
(ii) Two garbage Containers are shown kept in front of the houses in a slum. The containers are used to put in all types of wastes even rotten food particles. The house flies sitting on these wastes carry pathogenic germs to our eatables, as a result we become ill.

Question 8.
(i) Can you provide a title to these columns (given on the textbook page 20)?
Answer:
Titles:
(i) Left hand column: Progress of Health Care System in India
(ii) Right hand column: Paradox of Health Care Progress
(iii) In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above left hand column. (see textbook page 20), do you think this is true? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes. It is true that India has progressed a lot in healthcare system since independece.
(a) The healthcare facilities we had in 1950, were insufficient for the population.
(b) Even today when infrastructure of healthcare has developed and increased tremendously, it does not saturate the needs of our growing population.
(c) Our healthcare system in the rural areas is not in a state of meeting the needs of the people.
(d) There is shortage of government hospitals and healthcare centres in the rural area. Even in the cities, we can observe queue of patients.
(v) India is investing on healthcare even less than the average of South Asian countries.

Question 9.
Read the story given (on textbook page 21). Then imagine that you are a Judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Sheik?
Answer:
(i) This is the fault of our government hospital healthcare services.
(ii) The head of said hospitals would be called upon and asked why Hakin Sheik was refused the admission and treatment.
(iii) This is a fault on the part of the government and for that it will have to compensate Hakim Sheik for the amount that he spent in private hospital on his treatment.

Question 10.
(i) Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money? Give reasons.
Answer:
(a) Ranjan had to spend so much money to make use of the facilities available in private hospitals.
(b) By spending so much money, he saved his time and went through the easy process of treatment.

(ii) What problem did Aman face in the public hospital?
Answer:
(a) Aman had to wait in a long queue at the OPD counter and blood testing room.
(b) He got the blood test results after three days and then went back to the hospital to consult the doctor.
Thus, he faced lot of hardship in the hospital.

(iii) How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss.
Answer:
If the number of counters and doctors will be raised and the management of some of its services like cleanliness (safai) and diagnostic tests such as blood tests, stool and urine tests, x-ray, ultrasound, etc. are handed over to the private bodies, the hospital can work in a better manner.

(iv) Where do you go when you are ill? Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on your experience.
Answer:
(a) We go to the doctoer when we are ill.
(b) Yes.
(c) First problem we face is to wait for long hours in queue for registration. There after, we have to stand in queue to see the dogtor.
After checking doctor advice a number of tests like ECG, blood, urine, x-ray, etc. which cost a lot not only in terms of money but also in terms of time because there is another queue for these tests and their reports.

(v) What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss.
Answer:
(a) We have to pay a lot of money for every service that we use in private hospitals.
(b) Sometimes doctors advise costly tests which are not required for the diagnosis.

Question 11.
The inside back cover (cover three) of this book has a map of India. Using your pencil outline the state of Kerala on this way. (NCERT Page 28)
Answer:
(Hints: Here is a guideline for students to do this question. Take a butter paper. Put it on the map of India given on the back cover of this book. With the help of pencil outline the state of Kerala alongwith outer boundary of India on the butter paper and attach it with your answer sheet.)

Question 12.
(i) In what ways is the public health system meant for everyone?
Answer:
(a) According to our Constitution, it is the primary duty of the government to provide health care facilities to all. The government has to safeguard the Right to Life of every person as ensured in the constitution under Fundamental Rights.
(b) So, public health system has to provide medical facilities to all, from poors to rich, domestic worker to the Prime Minister of the country without any discrimination.

(ii) List some public health centres (PHCs) or hospitals near your place. From your experience (or by visiting any one of them), find out the facilities provided and people who run the centre.
Answer:
(Hints: Students do this themselves, but for their guidance a description is given below)
Facilities: I visited Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital. It is run by the Central Government. At present, it is the most clean government hospital in Delhi with a lot of facilities such as-computerised counters for registration for different types of treatment, seating arrangement types of treatment, seating arrangement for the visitors, doctor’s rest room, etc. Most of the tests are conducted in the hospitals.

HBSE 7th Class Civics Role of the Government in Health Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is health?
Answer:
Health means our ability to remain free from physical illness and injuries. It also includes mental health.

Question 2.
What are communicable diseases?
Answer:
Communicable diseases refer to those diseases that spread from one person to another in many ways such as through water, food and air etc.

Question 3.
Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money on his treatment? Give reasons.
Answer:
Ranjan had to spend so much money on his treatment because he was admitted in a private hospital where the cost of treatment is very high.

Question 4.
What do you understand by ‘Right to Life’?
Answer:
‘Right to Life’ means every individual has the right to live a meaningful and dignified life with basic facilities like food, shelter, clothing and education.

Question 5.
Which organisation in responsible for policy making on healthcare in India?
Answer:
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for formulating policy on healthcare in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main centres for healthcare facilities and who are the persons associated with him?
Answer:
The main centres for healthcare facilities in India are:
(a) health centres
(b) hospitals
(c) pathological laboratories
(d) blood banks.
The persons associated with these centres are: nurses, health workers, doctors. They can treat, advise and dignose illness.

Question 2.
Describe the work of Medical Council of India.
Answer:
The main functions of Medical Council of India are:
(a) maintenance of uniform and high standards of medical education in India.
(b) registration of medical practitioner.
(c) monitoring of medical practice in the country.
(d) granting recognition of medical qualifications.

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘medical ethics’?
Answer:
Medical ethics refer to the values that guide medical professional. Such values refer to the honesty, justice, dignity of work practised by medical practitioners.

Question 4.
What are the private health services available in our country?
Answer:
(i) In urban areas, many doctors run their private clinics.
(ii) Some hospitals and nursing homes are privately owned.
(iii) There are pathological laboratories which do tests and offer facilities like X-ray and Ultrasound.
(iv) There are also private chemist shops from where we buy medicines.

Question 5.
Indian doctors do not prefer to work in India, even if they get their education here?
Answer:
Indian doctors prefer to work abroad because:
(i) They get better professional opportunities and research opportunities.
(ii) They get better material benefits for their services.
(iii) Doctors are less professionally discriminated against in other countries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Comment on the policy of Kerala Government in 1996 towards healthcare services.
Answer:
Some major changes introduced by Kerala Government in 1996 are:
(i) 40% of the entire state budget was given to panchayats.
(ii) The villages could now make proper planning for water, food, women’s development and education.
(iii) Health centres were improved.
(iv) The working of schools and anganwadi was ensured.
(v) Water supply schemes were checked to ensure good health.
Though the situation improved yet there were loopholes like shortage of medicines, insufficient hospital beds and less than required number of doctors.

Question 2.
Why healthcare services available equally to all in India? What can be done to remove inequalities in healthcare services?
Answer:
Healthcare services are not available equally to all in India because:
(i) More and more healthcare services are privatised now and they are concentrated in urban areas.
(ii) These services are run for profit and they use modern facilities but they are not affordable by all.
(iii) The poor people are unable to use them.
(iv) Very less percentage of the population can afford medicines required during illness.
(v) The poor people visit government hospitals during sickness which are poorly maintained.

To remove inequalities in healthcare, services:
(a) The government should provide healthcare services to all citizens, especially the poor and the disadvantaged.
(b) The government should improve the basin health condition and sanitation conditions of the people so that diseases do not spread.

Question 3.
Describe the drawbacks of India’s rural healthcare system. What can be done to improve India’s rural healthcare them?
Answer:
The basic drawback of India’s rural healthcare system are:
(a) Lack of specialist doctors.
(b) Lack of modem machines and medical tools.
(c) The local villagers who study medicine prefer to work in city.

To improve India’s rural healthcare system:
(а) The government should increase awareness among rural people about sanitation and healthy environment.
(b) More medical camps should be organised.
(c) The skilled doctors should be given incentives to open clinics in villages.
(d) Provisions of medical facilities even given in small villages.

Role of the Government in Health Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Public: An activity or service that is meant for all people in the country and is mainly organised by the government. For example schools, hospitals, telephone services.
• Private: An activity or service that is organized by an individual or company for their own profit.
• Medical Tourists: This refers to foreigners who come to this country specifically for medical treatment at hospitals that offer world-class facilities at a lower cost than what they would have to pay in their own countries.
• Communicable Diseases: These are diseases that are spread from one person to another in many ways such as through water, foods, air, etc.
• OPD: This is the short form for ‘Out-Patient Department.’ This is where people are first brought in and treated in a hospital without being admitted to any special ward.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

HBSE 7th Class Civics On Equality Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal? List three reasons from the story above that might make her feel like this?
Answer:
Yes, the poverty of Kanta makes her feel that she is not equal. This is because of the following reasons:
(i) Kanta cannot take a day off from work when she needs to.
(ii) She cannot attend a good private hospital but has to attend a government hospital where most people standing are poor.
(iii) She lives in a dirty slum and not in a clean area.

Question 2.

Circle the reference to caste in the matrimonial advertisements given above.
Answer:
(i) Caste no bar
(ii) Gupta Boy
(iii) Tamil Brahmin.

Question 3.
Why do you think Om Prakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates? Imagine yourself as Om Prakash Valmiki and write four lines about how you would feel if you were in the same situation as him.
Answer:
Om Prakash Valmiki was treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates because he was a Dalit boy and was hence seriously discriminated against. He was considered to be of low caste and hence assigned menial task of sweeping.

If I would have been Om Prakash Valmiki, I would have felt really sad and pensive over the injust treatment given to me. I would have felt disappointed and questioned my identity. My dignity would have been violated. I would have faced extreme inequality.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Ansaris were being treated unequally? What would you do if you were in the Ansari’s position and could not find a place to live because some people did not want to live next to you because of the religion you practice.
Answer:
Ansaris were being treated unequally becaqse of their national origin and the religion they practice. They were discriminated against because they belonged to a minority community. If I were in the Ansari’s place, I would have frankly stood out. If the landlord would not have given me the flat on this basis, I would havd narrated the lesson on values. I woulcj have made them understand how all religions lead to one God.

Question 5.
What is the mid-day meal programme? Can you list three benefits of the programme? How do you think this programme might help promote greater equality?
Answer:
(a) Mid-day meal refers to scheme introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunch. Its benefits are:
(i) Poor children have begun enrolling and regularly attending school.
(ii) With this scheme, a poor child’s mother does not have to interrupt work to feed the children at home.
(iii) The mid-day meal scheme also helps reduce the hunger of poor students who often come to school and cannot concentrate because their stomach is empty.

(b) It also helps reduce inequality in the following ways:
(i) It reduces caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this meal together.
(ii) Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal.

Question 6.
If you were one of the Ansaris how would you have responded to the suggestion that you change your name?
Answer:
I would have vehemently refuted on the decision of changing my identity as that would mean shattering myself respect.

EXERCISES

Question 1.
In a democracy why is universal adult franchise so important?
Answer:
All adults (18 years or above) have the right to vote in the Indian democracy. This aspect is important because it is based on the basic idea of equality. It states that every adult in the country irrespective of their wealth and communities he/she belongs to has one vote.

Question 2.
Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which the article addresses unequality.
1.The state shall not discriminate against any citizens on grounds only or religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
2. No citizen shall on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to.
(a) Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainment.
Or
(b) The use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general experience.
Answer:
There is discrimination in India on basis of sex, race, caste and religion. But our constitution prohibited all these discrimina¬tion. There are also some inequalities even today such.
(a) Gender discrimination.
(b) Discrimination on the basis of caste still prevail in many part of our country.

Question 3.
In what ways was Om Prakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer:
Both of them Om Prakash Valmiki and the Ansaris had to face inequality because of the race or caste they were born in. Both of them faced a violation of human dignity. While Valmiki had to sweep the grounds, Ansaris were no basis ignored when they sought a free apartment.

Question 4.
What do you understand by term, “all persons are equal before the law? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer:
The statement means that all persons should be treated equally and in the same manner, irrespective of religion, race, caste, gender, sex or any of them it is important. It hence recognises the dignity of all people. This means that every individual in the country including male or female persons from all castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic background as equal.

Question 5.
The government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that all persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into main stream school. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools etc. should be accessible and provided with ramps.

Look at the photographs and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible to him?
Answer:
The Disabilities Act in 1995 is not wholly implemented in the scene as the building is not feasiable for him to walk. Ramp facilities should be provided to the building

for a better view of its construction for disabled or specially abled students. Being carried by a wheelchair may- make him feel insecure. Not only this, it will also affect his security. He will not be given dignity as he would be recognised as unequal in the eyes of others.

HBSE 7th Class Civics On Equality Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the essential condition for all democracies.
Answer:
Universal adult franchise is an essential condition for all democracies.

Question 2.
Which is one of the most common forms in equality in India.
Answer:
Caste system is one of the most common forms of inequality in India.

Question 3.
What is ‘Joothan’?
Answer:
Joothan is an autobiography of a Dalit writer, Om Prakash Valmiki.

Question 4.
On what idea is the Universal Adult Franchise based.
Answer:
The Universal Adult Franchis is v based on the idea of equality.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What two steps did the government take to implement the equality guaranteed in the constitution.
Answer:
(i) The first step that the government has taken to implement equality is through making the law. For example, there is a law made which declares untouchability as a crime in India.

(ii) Second, the government has set up schemes or programmes to help disadvantaged communities. For example, mid-day meal scheme has been implemented in all government elementary schools.

Question 2.
What did the property dealer tell Mr. and Mrs. Ansari? How did they respond to the property dealer’s suggestion.
Answer:
The property dealer told Mr. and Mrs. Ansari to change their names from Mr. and Mrs. Ansari to Mr. and Mrs. Kumar for finding accomodation in the apartment. But they refused to do this.

Question 3.
How does the government guarantee equality?
Answer:
Equality is guaranteed through:
(i) laws prescribed in the constitution
(ii) government programmes or schemes to the disadvantaged communities.

Question 4.
Explain in detail how laws and schemes have helped recognize equality.
Answer:
(i) There are several laws in India that protect every person’s right to be treated equally.
(ii) The government has also set up several schemes to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several centuries.-These schemes are to ensure greater opportunity from disadvantaged people.

Question 5.
When will people be stored treating as equal?
Answer:
When people begin to feel that no one is inferior and that every person deserves to be treated equally with dignity, people x’ would then start treating as equal.

Question 6.
What led to Civil Rights Movement?
Or
Explain in brief the defiant act by Rosa Parks.
Answer:
A refusal to give up her seat for a white man by Rosa Parks started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which Africans-Americans were treated.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How were the African, Americans treated unequally in the United States of America?
Answer:
The African-Americans were treated unequally in a number of ways.
(i) For example, when travelling by bus, they either had to take the back seats in the bus or get up from their seats whenever a ; white person wished to sit.
(ii) African-American children were not admitted in schools in which white men’s children studied. They attended separate schools specially set up for them.

Question 2.
Lay down the provisions of the constitution that ensure equality.
Answer:
The recognition of equality includes some of the provisions in the constitution.
1. Every person is equal before the law. It means that every person; President or a domestic worker has to obey the same laws.
2. No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are male or female.
3. Every person has access to all public places, including playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicity available wells, roads and the bathing ghats.
(iv) Untouchability has been abolished.

Question 3.
What is Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
1. Universal adult franchise is the essential condition for all democracies.
2. It gives all adult, irrespective of what religion they belong to, how much educated, what caste they are from or whether they are rich or poor, the right to vote.
3. It is based on the principle of equality, i.e., one person one vote, and one vote one value.

Question 4.
Describe the event in Rosa Park’s life that led. to Civil Rights Movement.
Answer:
1. Rosa Parks was an African-American woman.
2. Fixed after a long day at work, she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man on 1 December 1955.
3. Her refusal that day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African-Americans were treated. This led to the Civil Rights Movement.

On Equality Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Civil Rights Movement: It is a movement that began in the USA in 1950s in which African-American people demanded equal rights and an end to racial discrimination.
• Constitution: This is a document that lays down basic rules and regulations for people and the government of a country.
• Dalit: ‘So-called lower caste people to use to address themselves. It literally means ‘broken’.
• Democracy: A democracy is a form of government in which people elect their representatives.
• Dignity: This refers to thinking of oneself and other persons as worthy of respect.
• Equality: The act of treating each person in the same manner.
• UAF (Universal Adult Franchise): An important aspect of a democratic society that means all adults (those who are 18 years and above) citizens have the right to vote irrespective of their social and economic backgrounds.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

HBSE 7th Class History Eighteenth Century Political Formations Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the following:

Subedar	a revenue farmer
Faujdar	a high noble
Ijaradar	provincial governor
Misl	Maratha
Chauth	a Mughal military commander
Kunbis	a bond of Sikh warriors
Umara	tax levied by the Marathas

Answer:

Subedar	provincial governor
Faujdar	a Mughal military commander
Ijaradar	a revenue farmer
Misl	a bond of Sikh warriors
Chauth	tax levied by the Marathas
Kunbis	Maratha

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the ……………. .
2. Umara and Jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughals ………….. .
3. Asaf Jah was given charge of the Deccan subedari in …………….. .
4. The founder of the Awadh Nawabi was ………….. .

Answer:

1. Deccan
2. Administration
3. 18th century
4. Burhan-ul-Mulk-Saidat Khan.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:

1. Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
2. Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
3. Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
4. Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True.

Question 4.
What were the offices held by Shaidat Khan?
Answer:
Offices held by Shaidat Khan Subedari, Foujdari, Diwani. He was responsible for managing political, financial and military affairs.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the Jagirdari system?
Answer:
The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the Jagirdari system to reduce the influence of Mughals in their states.

Question 6.
How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?
Answer:
The following steps were taken by the Sikhs in the eighteenth century to organise themselves:
1. Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas and later on misls.
2. They combined their forces which were known as the grand army (dal Khalsa).
3. The entire body used to meet at Amritsar at the time of Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known “resolutions of the Guru (gurunatas).”
4. Guru Gobind righ organised the Sikhs with the inspiration that their destiny was to rule.
5. The well-knit organization of the Sikhs enabled them to put up a successful resistance to the Mughal governors first and then to Ahmad Shah Abdali who had seized the rich province of the Punjab and the Sarkar of Sirhind from the Mughals.

Question 7.
Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer:
The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan to challenge Mughal Empire in the peninsula.

Question 8.
What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position?
Answer:
The policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position were as follows:
1. As he had become the actual ruler of the Deccan, he brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India who welcomed the new opportunities in the south.
2. He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.
3. Mughal emperors could not interfere in the administration of Asaf Jab.

Question 9.
Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?
Answer:
During the eighteenth century, banks were not so organised so merchants were more influential than bankers. They used to provide more loan opportunities at higher rate of interest.

Today, however the bankers are more influential. They provide loans and other financial assistance at cheaper rates. They also act as the safeguard of public money.

Question 10.
Did any of the kingdoms mentioned in this chapter develop in your state? If so, in what ways do you think life in the state would have been different in the eighteenth century from what it is in the twenty-first century?
Answer:
The students should develop their own answers. As an illustration in Punjab state, many princely states were acting as a puppet in the hands of the British. Today, India being a democratic country. It is different from the eighteenth century when we had to follow the directions of a monarch.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out more about the architecture and culture associated with the new courts of any of the following Awadh, Bengal or Hyderabad.
Answer:
Account of the development of the architecture and culture associated with the new courts of Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.
(i) The rulers of Awadh followed secular political policy. The Nawabs did not discriminate between Hindus and Muslims. The people of both community were given state jobs.

(ii) Construction of Mask and temple were allowed.

(iii) The prolonged period of peace and of economic prosperity of the nobles under the government of the Nawabs resulted in time in the growth of a distinct Lucknow culture around the Awadh court. Lucknow, for long an important city of Awadh and the seat of the Awadh Nawabs after 1775, soon rivalled Delhi in its patronage of the arts and literature. It also developed as an important centre of handicrafts. Crafts and culture also percolated to towns under the patronage of local chieftains and zamindars.

Question 12.
Collect popular tales about rulers from any one of the following groups of people the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs or Marathas.
Answer:
The most outstanding Rajput ruler of the 18th century was Raja Sawai Jaui Singh of Amber (1681-1743). He was a distinguished states man, law-maker arid reformer, But most of all he show as a man of science in an age when Indians were oblivious of scientific progress. He founded the city of Jaipur and made it a great seat of science and art. Jaipur was built upon strictly scientific principles and according to a regular plan. Its broad streets are intersected at right angles.

Jai Singh was above everything a great astronomer. He erected observatories with accurate and advanced instruments, some of them of his own invention, at Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura. His astronomical observations were remarkably accurate. He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi, to enable people to make astronomical observations. He had Euclid’s “Elements of Geometry” translated into Sanskrit as also several works on trignometry, and Napier’s work on the construction and use of logarithms.

Jai Singh was also a social reformer. He tried to enforce a low to reduce the lavish expenditure which the Rajput had to incur on their daughter’s weddings. This had given rise to the evil practice of infanticide. The remarkable prince ruled Jaipur for nearly 44 years from 1699 to 1743.

HBSE 7th Class History Eighteenth Century Political Formations Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was Aurangzeb responsible for depleting the military and financial resources of his empire?
Answer:
Aurangzeb fought a long war in’the Deccan which resulted in the depletion of the military and financial resources of the empire.

Question 2.
What were the two major groups or factions in which the empire was further divided into?
Answer:
The two major groups or factions were Iranis and Turapis.

Question 3.
What were the three states that were carved out of the old Mughal Provinces in the 18th century?
Answer:
Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.

Question 4.
Why did Zamindars of Bengal borrow money from bankers and moneylenders?
Answer:
Zamindars of Bengal borrowed money to pay the revenue in cash.

Question 5.
Why was ‘rakhi’ introduced?
Answer:
The system of‘rakhi’ was introduced to give protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20% of the produce.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were revenue farmers?
Answer:
In the state of Awadh, revenue farmers were local bankers and Mahajans who were highest bidders for the right to collect tax. These revenue farmers agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money.

Question 2.
Where did Banda Bahadur established sikh rule?
Answer:
Banda Bahadur established Sikh rule between the “Sutlej” and the Jamuna rivers.

Question 3.
After Shivaji’s death who led Marathas?
Answer:
After Shivaji’s death effective power in the Maratha state was wielded by a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas, who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (or principal minister).

Question 4.
Name some Maratha chiefs.
Answer:
Sindhia of Gwalior, Gaekwad of Baroda, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Holkar of Indore were a few powerful Maratha chiefs.

Question 5.
Which taxes were collected by Maratha king?
Answer:
The Maratha king collected the taxes of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi in the entire region that he captured from Mughal emperors.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did administrative system break down under weak successors of Aurangzeb?
Answer:
1. The weak successors of Aurangzeb could not keep vigil on their powerful mansabdars.
2. Nobles appointed as governors, often controlled the offices or revenue and military administration.
3. This gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal empire.
In this way, the Mughal administrative system declined under the weak successors of Aurangzeb.

Question 2.
Why did peasants and zamindars of North India rebel against Mughal emperor?
Answer:
1. The revolts of peasants and zamindars were caused by the pressures of mounting taxes.
2. Due to challenge to the emperor’s authority, nobles became outrageous and increased taxes on land or produce.
3. This was a big trouble to the peasants who were unable to pay increased taxes. Thus, they rebelled.

Question 3.
How did the Nawab of Awadh decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh?
Answer:
1. The Nawab of Awadh reduced the number of office holders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.
2. He also reduced the size of jagirs and appointed his own loyal servants of vacant positions.
3. The accounts of jagirdars were checked to prevent cheating, and the revenues of all districts were reassessed by official appointed by the Nawab’s court.
4. He seized a number of Rajput Zamindari and the agriculturally lands of the Afghans of Rohilkhand.
Thus, the Nawab of Awadh decreased ‘ Mughal influence in the Awadh.

Eighteenth Century Political Formations Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Great Mughals: From 1526 to 1707 is called the age of the Great Mughals.
• Later Mughals: The Mughal successors of Aurangzeb were knows as Later Mughals.
• Generation: A successive step in natural descent.
• Succession: The order by which an office changes hands.
• Swaraja: It means own kingdom. The term is used by the Marathas.
• A loose union of states is known as a confederacy.
• Chauth: It was the 1/4th of revenue paid to the government under Marathas.
• Sardeshmukhi: A tax equal to 1/10th of the land revenue levied by Marathas.
• Bigotry: The term Bigotry is used for sectarian religious outlook usually against other religions.
• Spear: A weapon consisting of a pointed head on a long shaft is called a spear.
• Guerilla Warfare: A kind of irregular warfare that is fought from behind. A council of eight ministers under Shivaji called the Astha Pradhan.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

HBSE 7th Class History The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Avanatavarman	Kerala
Jagannatha	Bengal
Mahodayapuram	Orissa
Lilatilakam	Kangra
Mangalakavya	Puri
Miniature	Kerala

Answer:

Avanatavarman	Orissa
Jagannatha	Puri
Mahodayapuram	Kerala
Lilatilakam	Kerala
Mangalakavya	Bengal
Miniature	Kangra

Question 2.
What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in the language.
Answer:
Manipravalam literally means diamonds and corals. It is a language. The name of a book written in this language is Lilatilakam.

Question 3.
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
Answer:
The Mughals were the major patrons of Kathak.

Question 4.
What were the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
Answer:
The important architectural features of the temple of Bengal were as follows:
(а) When local deities, once worshipped in thatched huts in villages gained the recognition of the Brahmans, their images began to be housed in temples.
(b) The temples began to copy the double-foofed or four-roofed structure of the thatched huts.
(c) In the comparatively more complex four-roofed structure, four triangular roofs placed on the four walls move up to coverage on a curved line or a point.
(d) Temples were usually built on a square platform.
(e) The interior was relatively plain but the outerwalls of many temples were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did ministrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
Answer:
The ministrels proclaimed the achievements of heroes in order to:
(i) preserve their memories.
(ii) inspire others to follow their example.

Question 6.
Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
Answer:
Rulers adopted many methods to preserve their achievements, such as, ministrels singing their heroic stories, paintings inscriptions, historical worth, donation to temples, etc., while ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. Therefore, we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people.

Question 7.
Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
Answer:
As the temple gained an importance , as a centre of pilgrimage, its authority in social and political matters also increased. All those who conquered Orissa, such as the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India Company, attempted to gain control over the temple. They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

Question 8.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer:
The temple builders of Bengal wanted to demonstrate their power and proclaim their piety. Therefore, they built, temples.

LET’ DO

Question 9.
Describe the most important features of the cultures of your region, focussing on buildings, performing arts and painting.
Answer:
Students do yourselves.
(Hint: Take Delhi for example)
(i) Architecture of Delhi presents old as well as new buildings, such as Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Parliament House, India Gate.
(ii) Delhi is the centre of all types of arts such as dances, plays, poetry sessions, etc.
(iii) All types of paintings are found and done im Delhi.

Question 10.
Do you use different languages for (a) speaking, (b) reading, (c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting?
Answer:
Students do yourselves.
(Hint: Punjabi)
(i) Usually at home, you speak Punjabi.
(ii) You read and write book written in Gurumukhi, Hindi and English languages.
(iii) Let one major book of Punjabi (Gurumukhi) language be Guru Granth Sahib. It is the religious holy book Sikhs and teaches us about religious tolerance, therefore it is interesting.

Question 11.
Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any differences and similarities that you notice.

States	Foods
Punjab (North)	Makki ki Roti, Sarson ka Sag, Rajma Chawal, Dal-Chapatis
Rajasthan (West)	Dalia, Dal and Churma, Mama Kachori
Kerala (South)	Rice and Fish, Idli, Sambhar, Dosa
West Bengal (East)	Rice and Fish
Madhya Pradesh	Dal-Chapattis, (Central) Rice, Pulses

Similarities and Differences:
Rice and Chapatti is common throughout India. However, in some parts more of non- vegetaticn food is pupular.

Question 12.
Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.
Answer:
Clothes of Man of five States:
(i) Pants, Jeans
(ii) Shirt
(iii) Bush-Shirt
(iv) Coat
(v) Jackets
(vi) Pyjama Kurta
(vii) Shawls
(viii) Sweaters

List of Clothes worn by women:
(i) Sarees
(ii) Petikot
(iii) Blouse
(iv) Salwar-Kameez
(v) Dupatta
(vi) Undergarment
(vii) Ghagra-Choli
(viii) Shawls, Sweater
(ix) Skirt
(x) Jeans
(xi) Trousers.

HBSE 7th Class History The Making of Regional Cultures Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which language was introduced by the Chera kings?
Answer:
The Chera kings introduced Mdlayalam langugage and script in their inscriptions.

Question 2.
Name two gharanas associated with Kathak.
Answer:
The two gharanas or traditions associated with Kathak are: Rajasthan . (Jaipur) and Lucknow.

Question 3.
Name the six classical dance forms of our country.
Answer:
Kathak, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Manipuri are the six classical dance forms of our country.

Question 4.
What are miniature paintings?
Answer:
The miniature paintings are small sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or paper.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did regional cultures evolve?
Answer:
(a) Regional cultures today are often the product of complex processes of inter-mixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the sub-continent. Some , traditions appear specific to some regions, others seem to be similar across regions and yet others derive from older practices in a particular area, but take a new form in other regions.

Question 2.
What place did women find in the stories about Rajput heroes?
Answer:
The women found a place in the stories about Rajput heroes as:
(a) They figure as the cause for conflicts, as men forht with one another to either win or protect men.
(b) Women are also depicted as following their heroic husbands in both life and death.
(c) There are stories about the practice of sati or the immolation of windows as the funeral pyre of their husbands.

Question 3.
What did ‘purs’ include?
Answer:
The term ‘pirs’ included saints or sufis and other religious personalities, daring colonisers and defied soldiers, various Hindu and Buddhist deities and even animistic spirits. The cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1
How did Kathak develop and enrich as a dance form?
Ans.
(i) Kathak developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style in the courts of Mughal emperors and nobles.
(ii) It developed in two traditions: one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow.
(iii) Kathak grew into a major art form under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh.
(iv) By the third quarter of the nineteenth century it developed firmly as a dance form in areas other than Rajasthan and Lucknow such as present, day Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.
(v) Emphasis was laid on intricate and ; rapid footwork, elaborate costumes, as well as on the enactment of stories.

Question 2.
What are two categories in which early Bengali literature be divided into? Differentiate between these two categories.
Answer:
The two categories in which early Bengali literature was divided into as follows:

Were	as follows
(i) Literature indebted to Sanskrit.	(i) Literature independent of Sanskrit.
(ii) It includes translations of the Sanskrit epics, the Mangalakavyas (auspicious poems dealing with local deities) and bhakti literature such as the biographies of Chaitanyadeva, the leader of the Vaishnava bhakti movement.	(ii) It includes Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamat and Gopi Chandra, stories concerning the worship of Dharma Thakur, and fairy tales, folk tales and ballads.
(iii) They are easier to date, as several manuscripts have been found indicating that they were composed between the late fifteenth and mid-eighteenth centuries	(iii) They circulated orally and cannot be precisely dated. They were particularly popular in eastern Bengal, where the influence of Brahmanas was relatively weak.

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Apabhramsa: The various languages spoken by local people are called Apabhramsa.
• Portrait: Drawing sketches of a living beings is called a portrait.
• Dialect: Sub-division of a particular language spoken is called dialect.
• Gharana: Tradition of classical dance, and music.
• Rajputana: Region which constitutes most of present-day Rajasthan, was called Rajputana.
• Animism: Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
• Subas: Different provinces under Mughal Empire.
• Brihaddharma Purana: 13th century Sanskrit text from Bengal which permits the Bengali Brahmans to eat certain types of fish.