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Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System

HBSE 6th Class Geography The Earth in the Solar System Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) How does a planet differ from a star?
Answer:

A Star	A Planet
1. It has its own heat and light.	1. It reflects the light of the sun.
2. There are millions of stars.	2. There are only eight planets.
3. Stars are fixed.	3. Planets revolve round the sun.
4. A planet is usually smaller than a star.	4. Stars are very huge objects compared to a planet in general.

(b) What is meant by ‘The Solar System’?
Answer:
The solar system refers to the solar family. The sun, the eight planets, satellites and other heavenly bodies make up the solar system.

(c) Name all the planets according to their distances from the sun.
Answer:
The names of planets in order of their distance from the Sun is as follows :

• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune

(d) Why in the Earth called a unique planet?
Answer:
The Earth is called a unique planet in the solar system because it is the only planet that supports life.
These conditions are :

• Suitable temperature (neither too hot nor too cold)
• Availability of water.
• Breathable atmosphere with life-giving oxygen and ozone layer.

(e) Why do we see only one side of the moon always?
Answer:
One revolution of the moon around the earth takes about 27 days. It also takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. So we can see only one side of the moon always.

(f) What is the Universe?
Answer:
The universe is the collection of millions of galaxies. It is the largest unit in which we live.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(а) The planet known as the “Earth’s Twin” is :
(i) Jupiter
(ii) Saturn
(iii) Venus
Answer:
(iii) Venus

(b) Which is the third nearest planet to the sun?
(i) Venus
(ii) Earth
(iii) Mercury
Answer:
(ii) Earth

(c) All the planets move around the sun in a:
(i) Circular path
(ii) Rectangular path
(iii) Elongated path
Answer:
(iii) Elongated path

(d) The Pole Star indicates the direction to the:
(i) South
(ii) North
(iii) East
Answer:
(ii) North

(e) Asteroids are found between the orbits of:
(i) Saturn and Jupiter
(ii) Mars and Jupiter
(iii) The Earth and Mars.
Answer:
(ii) Mars and Jupiter

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. A group of ________ forming various patterns is called a ________.
2. A huge system of stars is called ________.
3. ________ is the closest celestial body to our earth.
4. ________ is the third nearest planet to the sun.
5. Planets do not have their own ________ and ________.

Answer:

1. stars, constellation
2. galaxy
3. The moon
4. The earth
5. heat, light.

HBSE 6th Class Geography The Earth in the Solar System Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the largest planet?
Answer:
Jupiter is the largest planet. It is 140 times larger than our earth.

Question 2.
What is a satellite?
Answer:
A satellite is a smaller body which goes around the planet.

Question 3.
Which are the inner planets?
Answer:
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called the inner planets.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where does the word ‘planet’ come from? What are planets?
Answer:
The word ‘planet’ comes, from the Greek word ‘Planetai’ which means ‘wanderers’. The planets are the celestial bodies which revolve around the sufi and they do not have their own heat and light.

Question 2.
Write a note on ‘Pole Star*.
Answer:
The Pole star (North star) indicates the north direction. It always remains in the same position in the sky. We can locate the position of the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi.

Question 3.
Why is the earth called a blue planet?
Answer:
The earth is the only planet which has two-third of its area covered with water. Presence of water makes up the earth a blue planet.

Question 4.
Name the planets according to their size in the solar system.
Answer:
The names of the planets according to their size in the solar system are:

• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Earth
• Venus
• Mercury
• Mars

Question 5.
What are shooting stars?
Answer:
Meteors are known as shooting stars. At night, some stars suddenly leave their place and move away very fast like a flash having streak of light behind them very often these appear to come very near to the earth.

Question 6.
Why is there no life on the Moon?
Answer:
There is no life on the moon because the moon does not have conditions favourable for life. It has neither water nor air. It has mountains, plains and depressions on its surface.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Planets and Satellites.
Answer:

Planets	Satellites
(A) They revolve around the sun.	(A) Satellites revolve around the planets.
(B) There are eight planets.	(B) There are around 140 satellites.
(C) There are only natural planets.	(C) They are both natural and man made satellites.
(D) They donot have their own light. They get heat and light from the sun.

Question 2.
Distinguish between comets and asteroids.
Answer:

Comets	Asteroids
(A) Comets are made up of dust particles and frozen gases.	(A) They are small bodies found between Mars and Jupiter.
(B) They glow when they were close to the sun.	(B) They do not glow.
(C) For example: Halley’s Comet.	(C) For example : Ceres.

Question 3.
What is a human-made satellite? How does it work?
Answer:
A human-made satellite is designed by scientists to gather information about the universe or for communication. For example : INSAT, IRS, EDUSAT. It is carried by a rocket and placed in the orbit around the earth.

Question 4.
Distinguish between Comets and Meteors.
Answer:

Comets	Meteors
1. Comets have long tails behind them.	1. Meteors are known as shooting stars.
2. They move around the sun but their paths are highly elongated.	2. They leave their place suddenly and move away fast leaving a streak of light behind them.
3. They appear after long intervals.	3. Sometimes they come very close to the Earth.

Question 5.
Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet?
Answer:
Pluto is no longer considered a planet because in a meeting of the international Astronomical Union, adecision was taken that Pluto like other celestial bodies (Ceres, 2003, UB313) discovered in recent past may be called dwarf planets.

The Earth in the Solar System Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Universe : The vast unlimited space consisting of millions of galaxies.
• Constellation : A group of stars forming a particular pattern or design is called constellation.
• Satellite : Small celestial bodies revolving around a planet.
• Solar System : The sun and the celestial bodies revolving around it.
• Comet: Object that moves around the sun in a long elliptical orbit.
• Light Year: The distance that light travels in a year at a speed of 3,00,000 kilometres per second.
• Man-made Satellites: These are carried by rocket and placed in the orbit of the earth.
• Asteroids: The tiny heavenly bodies which revolve around the sun are called asteroids.
• Metroid: Small pieces of rock and dust that burn when they enter the earth’s atmosphere.
• Orbit: The particular and definite elliptical path in which a planet (or satellite) always remains, is called the orbit of that planet (or satellite).

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas

HBSE 6th Class History New Questions and Ideas Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Describe the ways in which the Buddha tried to spread his message to the people.
Answer:
Buddha tried to spread his message of being kind and respecting the lives of people in the following ways:

• Buddha taught the people Prakrit, which was the language of the ordinary people so that it was understood by ordinary people.
• He also encouraged people to think for themselves rather to simply accept what he said.
• Buddha moved from place to place to give his message to all the people.
• Buddha himself led a simple life so that people could follow him.

Question 2.
Write whether true or false :

• The Buddha encouraged animal sacrifices.
• Sarnath is important because it was the place where Buddha taught for the first time.
• The Buddha taught that Karma has no effect on our lives.
• The Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
• Upanishadic thinkers believe that raja ‘ and brahmin were ultimately one.

Answer:

• False
• True
• False
• True
• True

Question 3.
What were the questions that upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer?
Answer:
The questions which upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer were :

• They wanted to know about life after death.
• They wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed.
• They believed that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. They described this as ‘atman’ or individual soul.
• They believed that ultimately both the atman and the brahman were one.

Question 4.
What were the main teachings of the Mahavira?
Answer:
The main teachings of Mahavira were:

• Men and women who wished to know the truth must leave their homes.
• Men and women must follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, i.e., not hurting or killing living beings.
• All beings long to live. To all things life is dear.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
Why do you think Anagha’s mother wanted her to know the story of Buddha?
Answer:
Anagha’s mother wanted her to know about the story of the Buddha because she was going on a school trip to Varanasi. Varanasi has many places like Sarnath, which are closely related to the life of Buddha. It would have enriched her knowledge about one of the greatest teacher and preacher of ancient times.

Question 6.
Do you think it would have been easy for slaves to join the ‘sangha’ ? Give reasons for your answers.
Answer:
Yes, slaves can join ‘Sangha’. Buddhism doesn’t believe in casteism. Any person who was ready to act on Buddhist Rule can join Sangha. Slaves can only join Sanghas, when he got the permission of his master and debtors that of his creditors.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
Make a list of at least five ideas and questions mentioned in this lesson.
Choose three from the list and discuss why you think they are important even today.
Answer:
The list of five ideas and questions mention in this lesson is given below:

• What was the languages used to compose Vedas?
• What was Buddha trying to teach the sorrowing Kisagotami?
• How did the beggar convince the sages to share their food?
• What are the varnas mentioned here? Were all four varnas allowed to participate in the ashrams?
• What does the Buddhist texts tell us?

Discussion:

• Sanskrit was the language used to compose Vedas. She is the mother of all ancient languages.
• He was trying to teach the sorrowing Kisagotami that death is the part of life and there is life after death.
• The Buddhist texts tells us that the varnas and ranks system will vanish if the followers of Buddha join the order of monk.

Question 8.
Find out more about men and women who renounce the world today. Where do they live, what kind of clothes do they wear, what do they eat ? Why do they renounce the world ?
Answer:
Make the chart with the help of your class teacher and hang it on the wall of your class room. You can write about any person who renounce the society, the country and the whole world. For your help some clues are given below:

Renounce: One who gives worldly pleasure. Try to find out the man/woman who does that work. Write his standard of living, where does he live and what he eats. In the end conclude that whatever they were capable to renounce the world or they are doing so.

HBSE 6th Class History New Questions and Ideas War Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were the supporters of traders. It spread to different parts of north India Jainism? Where did it spread in India? and to Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.
Answer:
Jainism was mainly supported by traders. It spread to different parts of north India and to Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.

Question 2.
Who later developed the upanishadic ideas?
Answer:
Upanishadic ideas were later developed by the famous thinker Shankaracharya.

Question 3.
What are Upanishads?
Answer:
‘Upanishad’ literally means approaching and sitting near and the text of Upanishads contains conversations between teachers and students.

Question 4.
Who were the upanishadic thinkers and teachers?
Answer:
Most upanishadic thinkers and teachers were men, especially brahmins and rajas. Some women thinkers like Gargi, Who was famous for learning, also participated in debates held in the royal court. Poor people did not take part in the discussions. One such exception was Satyakama Jabala, the son of the slave mother Jabala.

Question 5.
Why did farmers find it difficult to follow the rule of Jainism?
Answer:
Farmers found it difficult to follow the rules of Jainism because they had to kill insects to protect their crops.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where were the changes in the lives of people about 2500 years ago?
Answer:

• Some kings in the Mahajanapadas were growing more powerful.
• New cities were developing.
• Life was changing in the cities as well.

Question 2.
How did Buddha become enlightened?
Answer:
When Buddha was young, he wanted to gain knowledge and for that purpose, he left the comforts of his home. He wandered for several years meeting and holding discussions with other thinkers. He, then mediated for days under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. There he became enlightened.

Question 3.
What did Buddha tell why is life full of suffering and unhappiness?
Answer:
According to Buddha life is full of suffering and unhappiness because we have carings and desires. Sometimes even if we get what we want, we are not satisfied.

Question 4.
What kind of life did the followers of Mahavira have to live?
Answer:

• The followers of Mahavira had to lead very simple lives, begging for food.
• They had to be absolutely honest.
• They were especially asked not to steal.
• They had to observe celibacy.
• Men had to give up everything, including their clothes.

Question 5.
Who could join Sangha?
Answer:

• All men could join the Sangha.
• Children had to take permission of their parents and slaves that of their masters.
• The king’s workers and the debtors had to take permission of the king and the creditors respectively.
• Women had to take the permission of their husbands.

Question 6.
Why were monasteries built?
Answer:
To begin with, both Jaina and Buddhist monks went from place to place throughout the year, teaching people about their religions. The only time they stayed in one place was during the rainy season, when it was very difficult to travel.

As time passed on, the supporters of the monks built temporary shelters for them in gardens or they lived in natural caves in hilly areas. Then, several supporters of monks and nuns and they themselves, felt the need for more permanent shelters. So, monasteries were built.

Question 7.
What were the four ashrams prescribed ? How did the system of ashrams help men and women?
Answer:
The four ashrams were :

• Brahmacharya : The early years of life when Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya were supposed to lead simple life.
• Grihastha : They had to marry and live as householders.
• Vanaprastha : They had to live in the forest and mediate.
• Sanyasins : They had to give up everything.

The system of ashrams allowed men to spend some part of their lives in mediation. Women had to follow the ashrams chosen by their husbands.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Compare and contrast Buddhism and Jainism.
Answer:
Compare:

• Both ignored the ideas of God and laid great stress upon a pure and moral life.
• Both laid stress on the effects of good and bad deeds upon a man’s future birth and ultimate salvation.
• Both opposed the caste system and inequalities among men.
• Both preached Ahimsa or non-violence.
• Both the Buddha and Mahavira were Kshatriya princess, who founded Buddhism and Jainism.
• Both preached their religions in the simple languages of the people.

Contrast:

• Jainism laid greatest stress upon asceticism and practised it in a very vigorous manner, whereas Buddhism discarded it and asked his followers to follow the middle path.
• The Jains see life even in stones and plants while the Buddhists care only for men and animals who should not be injured or killed.
• Both differ in fundamental conceptions about salvation. The Jain’s conception of soul is radically different from the Buddhist.
• The Buddha kept silent about God, while Mahavira denied the existence of the creator.
• Both have separate scriptures. The Jain scripture is called ‘Angas’ while the Buddhists have ‘Tripitikas’.

Question 2.
What are the basic differences between the principles of Buddhistic sects of  Mahayana and Hinayana?
Answer:

Mahayana	Hinayana
1. They treated Lord Buddha as a deity and worshipped his idol.	1. They treated the Lord Buddha as a symbol, of idealism and purity.
2. They overstressed belief and devotion.	2. They believed the religious teachings only after getting it confirmed on the basis of debate.
3. They used Sanskrit.	3. Their entire literature was in Pali language.

Question 3.
What were the rules made for the Buddhist sangha?
Answer:
The rules made for the Buddhist sangha are written down in a book cabled Vinaya Pi taka. From this we know that there were separate branches for men and women. All men could join the sangha. However, children had to take the permission of their parents, women of their husbands and slaves of their masters. Men and women who joined the sangha had to lead a simple life. They meditated for most of the time and wyent to cities to beg for food during fixed hours. That is why, they were known as bhikkhus (beggars) and bhikkunis. They taught others and helped one another. They held meetings to settle any quarrels within the sangha. Most of them wrote down the teachings of Buddha and composed poems describing the life of the sangha.

New Questions and Ideas Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Tanha : Thirst or trishna is called tanha. It is lust, to have more and more in life.
• Prakrit: It was the language of the ordinary people. The Buddha taught his disciples and- other people through this language so that everybody could understand his message.
• Upanishad : These are the philosophical books of the Hindus. These were part of the later Vedic texts.
• Upanishad literally means ‘approaching and sitting near’ and the texts contain conversations between teachers and students.
• Atman : It means soul or individual soul. It is something permanent in the universe. It would last even after the death.
• Brahman : It means the universal soul. Individual’s soul is part of Brahma. Indian thinkers believe that ultimately, both the atman and the Brahman are one.
• Ahimsa: The Jain rule of ahimsa means not hurting or killing living beings.
• Viharas: The monasteries where monks lived were called Viharas.
• Buddhism: The religion founded by the Buddha (Gautama/Siddhartha) was Buddhism.
• Chaitya: A shrine of Buddhism is called Chaitya.
• Jina: A person who has true knowledge or one who has gained true knowledge.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War

HBSE 6th Class History Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Make a list of the occupations of the people who lived within the Mauryan empire.
Answer:
The list of the occupations of the people who lived within Mauryan empire is given below:
Main occupations:

• Agriculture
• Artisans
• Herdsmen
• Carpenters
• Many people employed in royal army
• Government officials
• Stone cutting.

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences:

1. Officials collected _________ from the area under the direct control of the ruler.
2. Royal princes often went to the provinces as _________.
3. The Mauryan rulers tried to control _________ and _________ which were important for transport.
4. People in forested regions provided the Mauryan officials with _________.

Answer:

1. taxes
2. Governors
3. roads, rivers
4. tribute.

Question 3.
State whether true or false :

1. Ujjain was the gateway to the north-west.
2. Chandragupta’s ideas were written down in Arthashastra.
3. Kalinga was the ancient name of Bengal.
4. Most Ashokan inscription are in the Brahmi script.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True

Let’s Discuss

Question 4.
What were the problems that Ashoka wanted to solve by introducing dhamma?
Answer:
The problems that Ashoka tried to solve by introducing dhamma were:

• The different religions followed by people led to conflicts.
• Sacrifice of animals for religion.
• Ill-treatment given to slaves and servants.
• Quarrels in families and amongst neighbours.

Question 5.
What were the means adopted by Ashoka to spread the message of dhamma?
Answer:

• Ashoka appointed officials known as the dhamma mahamatta who went from place 1 to place teaching people about dhamma.
• Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials to read his message to those who could not read it themselves.
• Ashoka sent messengers to spread ideas about dhamma to other lands such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.

Question 6.
Why do you think that slaves and servants were ill-treated ? Do you think the orders of the emperor would have improved their condition ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
We think that the slaves and the servants were ill-treated in the society because their masters felt superior to them. The masters treated them as animals. It was because of the old ‘varna’ system. The emperor’s orders might have helped to some extent. Ashoka was a king who was loved by his subjects. Moreover his ‘dhamma’ was a realistic innovation.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
Write a short paragraph explaining Roshan why the lions are shown on our currency notes? List at least one other object on which you see them.
Answer:
If you look at the Ashokan pillar at Samath (or a picture of it) you will find the capital of the pillar that has 4 lions sitting back to back. The lion represents the attainment ofBuddhahood. The four lions suimountiugthe capital symbolize the kingship of the Buddha and his roar over the four directions.

There is also a non-religious interpretation to the symbol, describing the four lions as the symbol of Ashoka’s rule in the four directions. Just as Buddha and his follower Ashoka , wanted to spread the message of peace and friendship, Similarly India after she gained independence wanted to spread the same message. So India adopted the emblem of 4 lions after she gained independence.

We can find this emblems on the cars of the President of India, Prime Minister and the others Indian dignitaries. It can also be seen on the s epaulette.

Question 8.
Suppose you had the power to inscribe your orders, what four commands would you like to issue?
Answer:
I would like to issue the following four commands :

• Slavery be abolished.
• Animal sacrifice be banned.
• Respect and regard the others’ religions.
• Respect the elders and love the youngsters.

HBSE 6th Class History Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Megasthenese?
Answer:
Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of West Asia named Seleucus Nikator. He left an interesting account about what he saw in the country.

Question 2.
What is a dynasty?
Answer:
When members of the same family become rulers one after another, the family is often called a dynasty.

Question 3.
Who were the dharam mahamatras?
Answer:
Dharam mahamatras were the officials appointed by Ashoka, who went from place to place to teach people about Dhamma.

Question 4.
What was unique about Maury an ruler, Ashoka?
Answer:
Maury an ruler Ashoka was the first ruler who tried to take his message to the people through inscriptions.

Question 5.
Name the only war fought by Ashoka. WTiy did he give up warfare?
Answer:
The only war fought by Ashoka was with Kalinga. It is the ancient name of Coastal Orissa. He won the war after lots ofbloodshed. However, he was so horrified when he saw bloodshed, violence and carnage, that he decided not to fight any more wars. He is the only king in the history of the world to give up warfare after winning the battle.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are empires different from kingdoms?
Answer:

• Emperors need more resources than kings because empires are larger than kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies.
• Empires need a larger number of officials who collect taxes.

Question 2.
How was ‘tribute’ different from regular taxes?
Answer:

• Taxes – Taxes were collected on a regular basis.
• Tribute – Tribute was collected as. and when it was possible from people who gave a variety of things, more or less willingly.

Question 3.
How were the provinces governed during the rule of the Mauryas?
Answer:
Each province was rules from the provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain. The royal princes were sent as governors, and local customs and rules were observed. There was overall control from Pataliputra.

Question 4.
Write about any three big or promi-nent .cities of the Mauryan empire. Why were these cities popular (or famous)?
Answer:

• Pataliputra, the capital town of the Mauryan empire. It was main centre of all political activities and administration.
• Taxila, (now-a-days in modern Pakistan) was a gateway to the northwest, including central Asia.
• Ujjain, lay on the route from north (India) to south India. Merchants, officials and crafts persons probably lived in all the above mentioned three cities.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where did Megasthenes come from? What did he write bout Chandragupta – his capital, his court, the people and their occupations?
Answer:
Megasthenes was Ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, the ruler of the eastern parts of Alexander’s empire. He was sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.

His account: Megasthenes has written that Chandragupta’s court was very magnificient. The king lived in great pomp and show. He personally listened to the grievances of people. He had a very large army too.

According to Megasthenes, Pataliputra was a grand city surrounded by four walls. Most of the buildings were made of wood. The royal : palace was made of stone.

Most of the people were farmers who lived happily in villages. Shepherds and cowherds lived in villages, too. The artisans – weavers, carpenters, ironsmiths and potters live in towns. The trade was quite brisk.

Question 2.
Describe the administration of Mauryan empire.
Answer:

• The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor. The officials were appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders, crafts persons and traders.
• Officials punished those who disobeyed ruler’s orders.
• Messengers went to and fro, and spies kept a watch on the officials.
• The emperor supervised the officials with the help of members the royal family, and senior ministers.
• Some areas or provinces were ruled from a provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain.
• In some other vast areas, Mauryas tried to control roads and rivers which were important for transport and to collect whatever resources were available as tax and tribute.

Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Provinces : A state of an empire or a part of the vast empire.
• Dynasty : A series of ruler belonging to the same ruler-class (family).
• Capital: A city state if an empire is known as capital of the empire.
• Cavalry : Group of soldiers who fought in battlefield on horseback.
• Infantry : Soldiers who fought on foot on the battlefield.
• Dhamma Mahamatyas: Ashoka’s officers travelled around the country and persuaded the people to follow the Dhamma.
• Edicts : Orders proclaimed by an authority decrees.
• Dhamma : A code of morality enacted by Ashoka for his people to lead a peaceful and virtuous life.
• Brahmi : A script used in ancient times in India.
• Prakrit: A language spoken by the common people in ancient times.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. ________ was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
2. The grama-bhojaka often got his land cultivated by the ________.
3. Ploughmen were known as ________ in Tamil.
4. Most grihapatis were ________ landowners.

Answer:

1. Vellalar
2. Slaves/hired labourers
3. Uzhavar
4. Smaller.

Question 2.
Describe the functions of the Grama-Bhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
Answer:
Functions of the Grama-Bhojaka:
The village headman was known as grama- bhojaka and he was the largest land-owner. He had slaves or hired workers to cultivate his land.

• The king often used him to collect taxes from the village.
• He also functioned as a judge and also as a policeman.

He was powerful because :

• he had a close association with the king.
• he had a strong control over the village.
• he had the largest land which means he was quite rich and hence had financial power.

Question 3.
List the crafts person who would have been present in both villages and cities.
Answer:
Carpenters, weavers, potters, black-smiths, goldsmiths etc.

Question 4.
Choose the correct answer:
(а) Ring wells were used for:
1. bathing
2. washing clothes
3. irrigation
4. drainage.
Answer:
4. drainage.

(b) Punch marked coins were made of:
1. silver
2. gold
3. tin
4. ivory.
Answer:
1. silver

(c) Mathura was an important:
1. village
2. port
3. religious centre
4. forested area.
Answer:
3. religious centre

(d) Shrenis were associations of:
1. rulers
2. craftspersons
3. farmers
4. herders.
Answer:
2. craftspersons

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Which of the iron tool shown on page 87 your NCERT Text Book would have been important for agriculture? What would the other tools have been used for?

Answer:
Ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. The other tools used were sickles and axes. The other tools like tongs, nails and hammers were used for carpentry and also by ironsmiths.

Question 6.
Compare the drainage system in your locality with that of the cities mentioned in the lesson.
Answer:
Similarities:

• Both the cities and our localities have a good drainage system in each house.
• Even today, there is hardly any cleanlines and people use them carelessely. People in ancient times used them as drains, garbage dumps and even as toilets.

Differences:
Today drainage system has been systematically planned as compared to ancient times.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you have seen crafts persons at work, describe what they do in a short paragraph. (Hint : how do they get the raw materials, what kind of equipment do they use, how do they work, what happens to the finished products)
Answer:

• The craftsperson buys raw material from different parts of the city or the village.
• He works in a part of the house, with the help of the family members.
• He works with simple tools like looms, spindles and needles.
• The finished product is sent either to the cities for selling or the merchants come to the houses of the craftsperson to buy goods.

Question 8.
List the functions performed by men and women who live in your city or village. In what ways are these similar to those performed by the people who lived in Mathura? In what ways are they different?
Answer:
Similarities : The people in Mathura worked as goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers. In present times, people in cities are goldsmiths and others are present in the villages.

Differences: In present times, we can find people who work in offices, banks, schools, colleges, etc., but they were not present in those days.

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the Jataka tales?
Answer:
Jataka tales were the stories that were probably composed by ordinary people and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks.

Question 2.
Why do the kings demand taxes from farmers or revenues? How does it also benefit the farmers?
Answer:
The kings demand taxes as they need money for armies, palaces and forts. Since for increasing production. The king provides money and plans irrigation works and also the labour is provided by people, the probability of quality production increases.

Question 3.
Bring out the division in Tamil region in the agricultural sector.
Answer:
Vellalar
(large landowners)
↓
Uzhavar
0ordinary ploughmen)
↓                     ↓
Kadaisiyar adimadi
(slaves) (slave)

Question 4.
Who were grihapatis?
Answer:
Grihapatis were independent farmers with smaller lands.

Question 5.
Who were dasa Karamkaras?
Answer:
Dasa karamkaras were people who did not own land and had to earn a living working on the field owned by others.

Question 6.
What are punch marked coins?
Answer:
Punch marked coins have been given this name because the designs were punched on to the metal-silver or copper. Archaeologists have found thousands of these coins. They were in use about 500 years back.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can we find about the life of the people in early times? (Give three evidences)
Answer:
We can find more about the life of the people in early times from:

• Archaeological evidences, i.e., things found after digging certain sites and old historical buildings.
• From tales of the early people and other literary sources.
• From sculptures: Sculptors carved scenes depicting people’s lives in towns and villages, as well as in the forest. Many of. these sculptors were used for decorating railings, pillars and gateways of buildings.

Question 2.
What are ring wells and their functions?
Answer:
In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one top of the other. These are known as ring wells. They function as :

• toilets
• arains
• garbage dumps.

Question 3.
Why can’t much be explored about common people’s lives?
Answer:

• There are hardly any remains of places, markets or of homes of ordinary people.
• Some are yet to be discovered by archaeologists.
• Others made of wood, mudbrick and thatch may not have survived.

Question 4.
How do travellers play an important role in finding about cities?
Answer:

• One way of finding about cities is from the accounts of sailors and traveller who visited them.
• One of the most detailed accounts has been given by an unknown Greek sailor. He described all potas he visited.

Question 5.
Give reason :
(a) Mathura emerged and has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years.
OR
How can we say that Mathura is multi-functional town?
Answer:
It was important because it was located at the cross roads of two major routes of travel and trade – from the northwest to the east and from north to south. There were fortifications around the city, and several shines. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people in the city. Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced.

Question 6.
Give evidence that Mathura was a religious centre.
Answer:
Mathura was a religious site as:

• There were Buddhist monastries.
• Jaina shrines.
• It is an important centre for Krishna.

Question 7.
What archaeological evidences give us insights into the town of Mathura?
Answer:
Several inscriptions on surface such as stone slabs and statues have been found in Mathura. Generally, these are short inscriptions, recording gifts made by men (and sometimes women) to monasteries and shrines. These were made by kings and queens, officers, merchants and crafts persons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket ; markers, garland makers, perfumers.

Question 8.
Besides the use of coins, what were the other methods to buy and sell goods? How do we know about it?
Answer:
The merchants exchanged their goods , with the goods of other merchants. We come to know about this method of exchange from a poem in the Sangam literature. The poem mentions the exchange of paddy and salt.

Question 9.
What were shrenis? How did they function?
Answer:
Many craftspersons and merchants formed associations known as shrenis. They provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished goods. The shrenis of the merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions and monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are shrenis? What are its functions many craftspersons and merchants now formed associations known as Shrenis.
Answer:

• These Shrenis of craftspersons provided training procured raw material and distributes the finished products.
• The Shrenis of merchants organised the trade.
• Shrenis also served as banks where rich men and women deposited money.

This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions such as monastries.

Question 2.
What are the findings in Arikamedu?
OR
Write a short note on Arikamedu.
Answer:
Arikamedu was a coastal settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands. A massive brick structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at the site. Other finds include pottery from the Mediterranean region, such as amphorae (tall double-handled jars contained liquids such as wine or oil) and stamped red-glazed pottery, known as Arretine Ware, which was named after a city in Italy. This was made by pressing wet clay into a stamped mould. There was yet another kind of pottery which was made locally, though Roman designs were used. Roman lamps, glassware and gems have also been found at the site. Small tanks have been found that were probably dyeing vats, used to dye cloth. There is plenty of evidence for the making of beads from semi-precious stones and glass.

Question 3.
How do we learn about the city of Bharuch ? Write about the port city.
Answer:
A Greek sailor has left a detailed account about all the ports that he visited. He wrote about the city of Bharuch, which he called Barygaza. He mentions :

• The gulf was very narrow at Barygaza and was very hard to navigate for those coming from the sea.
• Ships had to be steered in by skilful and experienced local fisherman, who were employed by the king.
• The main imports at Barygaza were wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins.
• The main exports were plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, cotton, silk and perfumes.
• Special gifts were brought by the merchants for the king, which included vessels of silver, fine wines and fine cloth.

The two things that were not in use during Harappan times were wine and coral.

Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Shreni : A group of merchants and craftsmen following the same trade.
• Punch Marked Coins: Coins that were punched by the government. They were crude in shape and made of copper.
• Sangam : An assembly or gathering of literary persons.
• Satraps : They were the military commander under Sakas.
• Ring-Well: Rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one on the top of the others, is known as ring-well.
• Vellalar : They were big land owners in Tamil Nadu.
• Kadaisiyar and Adimai : Landless labourers which also includes slaves were called Kadaisiyar and adimai in the Tamil region.
• Grama-bhojaka : In northern part of India, the headman of the village is known by the name of Grama-bhojaka.
• Dakshinapatha : Route towards the south.
• Irrigation : To water the crops by means of canals, wells, or tanks.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Match the following:

Muvendar	Mahayana Buddhism
Lords of the- Dakshinapatha	Buddhacharita
Ashvaghosha	Satavahana rulers
Bodhisattvas	Chinese pilgrim
Xuan Zang	Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas

Answer:

Muvendar	Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas
Lords of the- Dakshinapatha	Satavahana rulers
Ashvaghosha	Buddhacharita
Bodhisattvas	Mahayana Buddhism
Xuan Zang	Chinese pilgrim

Question 2.
Why did the kings want to control the Silk Route?
Answer:
The kings wanted to control the silk route so that they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route.

Question 3.
What kinds of evidence do historians use to find out about trade and trade routes?
Answer:
The remains of the merchandise like pottery, especially bowls and plates have been found at various places. They were taken by the traders. South India was famous for gold, spices and previous stones. Traders carried these goods to Rome in ships across the sea and by land in caravans. Gold coins have been found at the trading posts.

Question 4.
What were the main features of Bhakti?
Answer:

• Bhakti refers to a person’s devotions to his or her chosen deity.
• Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.
• The followers of bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaborate sacrifices.
• ‘Bhakti’ literally means to divided or share.
• Bhakti suggests an intimate two-way relationship between the deity and the devotee.

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Discuss the reasons why the Chinese pilgrims came to India.
Answer:
The Chinese pilgrims who came to India were Fa Xian, Xuan Zang, I-Qing. They were Buddhist pilgrims. They came to visit the places associated with the life of Buddha. They visited famous monastries and collected statues of Buddha.

Question 6.
Why do you think ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti?
Answer:
Ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti because it was a devotion to a particular deity, e.g., Shiva, Vishnu, etc. The people did not need to perform elaborate temple or religious ceremonies.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
List five things that you buy from the market. Which of these are made in the city / villages in which you live and which are brought by traders from other areas ?
Answer:
I buy following things from the market:

• Food grains – grown in the villages.
• Vegetables – in the nearby areas and also from villages.
• Readymade garments – made in the cities.
• Exercise notebooks and stationery goods – made in the cities.
• Electronic toys and mobile phones – made in the city.

Question 8.
There are several major pilgrimages performed by people in India today. Find out about any one of them, and write a short description. (Hint: who can go on the pilgrimage – men, women or children? How long does it take? How do people travel? What do they take with them? What do they do when they reach the holy place? Do they bring anything back with them?)
Answer:
India is the land of religions. Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity are the main religions found in India. Major pilgrims performed by the people in India are :

• Hajj
• Visit to shrine place on foot
• Rathyatra (Puri in Odisha)
• Visit to Kailash Mansaraver etc.

Hajj : Hajj is done by the Muslim people in their holy place Mecca. Men, women and children belong to muslim sect can go to this pilgrim. From India if they go for Hajj, it will take 10-20 days for up and down. They go to Mecca by air, When they reach their holy place, they offer ‘Namaz’ there. When they come back they bring some things useful for them and gifts from Mecca for their near and dear ones.

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the most famous Buddhist centre of learning.
Answer:
The most famous centre of Buddhist learning was Nalanda in Bihar.

Question 2.
Why was pepper known as black gold in the Roman Empire?
Answer:
Pepper was known as black gold in the Roman Empire because it is particularly valued.

Question 3.
What does ‘Muvendar’ refer to?
Answer:
‘Muvendar’ is a Tamil word refers to three chiefs, used for the heads of three ruling families, the cholas, cheras and Pandyas.

Question 4.
What route came to be known as silk route?
Answer:
The path followed by some people for China who went to distant lands on foot, horsebacks and on camels, carrying silk with them came to be known as the Silk Route.

Question 5.
Which rulers are best-known for controlling the Silk Route?
Answer:
Kushanas are best known for controlling the Silk Route.

Question 6.
Who were Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
Bodhisattvas were persons who had attained enlightenment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the monsoon winds help the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:
The monsoon winds helped the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal to cross the seas more quickly. So, if they wanted to reach the western coast of the subcontinent from East Africa or Arabia, they choose to sail south-west monsoon.

Question 2.
Why were Satavahana rulers called Dakshinapathas?
Answer:
Satavahana rulers were known as Dakshinapathas (lords of the south). Literally it means the route leading to the south, which was also the name for the entire southern region. Gautamiputra Shri Satkarni sent his army to the eastern, western and southern coasts.

Question 3.
What is meant by Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
The holy persons whom the Buddhists respected are called Bodhisattvas. The Bodhisattvas were holy persons who lived on the earth before the Buddha. There are many stories about the Bodhisattvas in the Jataka tales.

Question 4.
Who was Kanishka? What religion did he preach?
Answer:
Kanishka was a Kushana king who worked hard to make his kingdom strong in North India. The Kushana came into conflict with the Chinese armies of Hun empire in the Central Asia. Kanishka was a great supporter of Buddhism. He gave money for building monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by silk-route? What was its importance?
Answer:
Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to rulers in Iran and west Asia and from there, the knowledge of silk spread further west. The dangerous roads along which the silk was brought was called the silk route.

The silk route was important because the kings who controlled silk route could benefit from taxes tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attack by robbers.

The Kushana extended the Silk Route from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

Question 2.
Describe the development of Buddhism during the route of Kushanas.
Answer:
The development of Buddhism was as follows:

• A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism developed.
• The statues of the Buddha were made. The statues were made in Mathura and in Taxila.
• The belief in Bodhisattvas was encouraged. Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people. The worship of Bodhisattvas became very popular.
• Buddhism also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of caves were hollowed out of hills for monks to live in.
• The caves were made on the orders of kings and queen, others by merchants and farmers.
• Traders probably halted in cave monasteries during their travels.
• Buddhism spread south eastwards to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and other parts of South east Asia including Indonesia.

Question 3.
What was Bhakti movement? Why did it become more popular?
Answer:
Bhakti movement was a new way of worship. Bhakti means devotion to a particular deity. During the post vedic era some deities like Shiva, Vishnu and Durga became popular among the devotees. This inclination towards deities came to be known as Bhakti movement.

It became popular because in this, there was no discrimination among the worshippers or devotees. There was no difference whether one was rich or poor, high or low, man or woman. Everyone was allowed to worship the deities of his/her own choice. Bhakti movement discarded the performance of elaborated sacrifices.

Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Silk Route : The trade route between China and Western Asia ran through Central Asia.
• Pliny : A Roman historian who wrote ‘Natural History of Latin’.
• Indo-China : Siam, Loas and Malaya represent the territories of Indo-China.
• Muvendar : It is a ‘Tamil’ word for representing the heads of three ruling families i.e. Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
• Mahayanas and Hinayans : The two prominent Buddhist sects.
• Diagambara and Svetambara : The two prominent sects of Jainism.
• Buddhism : Buddhism was the most popular religion in ancient India. It was founded by Gautam Buddha.
• Bodhisattava : These were supposed to be the persons who had attained enlightenment through meditation.
• Bhakti : Single-minded devotion to one god.
• Pilgrim: The men and the women undertake their journey to holy places in order to praise god/goddess.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
State whether true or false :

1. Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.
2. The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta.
3. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha.
4. Taxila and Madurai are important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers.
5. Aihole was the capital ofPallavas.
6. The local assemblies functioned for several centuries in South India.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True.

Question 2.
Mention three authors who wrote about Harshvardhana.
Answer:

• Banabhatta (court poet of Harshvardhana).
• Xuan Zang.
• Harshvardhan himself.

Question 3.
What changes do you find in the army at this time?
Answer:
Kings of this time had a large and well maintained army. Except this regular army there were some military leaders who provided king with troops whenever they required. These military leaders were not paid salaries. They collect revenue from the land granted by the king and used collected revenue for maintaining gQod army. Thus during these days the military leaders who provided army to kings were known as ‘Samantas’. At this time ‘Smantas system’ became the important part of army.

Question 4.
What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Answer:
New administrative arrangements came into existence during this period. Although the village remained the basic emit of administration, some new developments emerged. Kings adopted several steps to get the support of powerful and influential persons.
→ Some important administrative posts were now hereditary. This means that son succeeded fathers to these posts. For example, the poet Harishena got the post of maha-danda-nayaka or chief judicial officer from his father.

→ Sometimes, one person handled the responsibility of many offices. For example, Harishena was not only a maha-danda-nayaka, but also a kumar- amatya, meaning an important minister and a Sandhi-Vigrahika, meaning a minister of war and peace.

→ Some influential persons like nagara- shreshthi or chief banker or merchant of the city, the Sartharaha or leader of the merchant a caravans, the prathamakulika or the chief craftsman and the head of the kayasthas or scribes had a say in the local administration.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
What do you think Arvind would have to do if he was acting as Samudragupta?
Answer:
If Arvind was acting as Samudragupta, he would do what is written on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad. He would dress up like a warrior. Sometimes, he would sit on the throne in Raj Darbar and would seem busy doing his administrative jobs.

Question 6.
Do you think ordinary people would have read and understand the Prashastis ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
“Prashasti” is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of. Hence, the prashastis are composed in praise of contemporary kings (rulers). They were written by either royal poet or written by the visitors who visited India during this time.

We think ordinary people must read these k prashastis because they can know the glimpse of their recent past and know what was the economic, social and political condition of the state that time.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you had to make a genealogy for l yourself, who are the people you would include in it? How many generations would like to show? Make a chart and fill l it. t
Answer:
The word ‘genealogy’ means to make the list of ancestors. Make the list of persons to whom you know 1 very well as with whom your blood relation. The I people I would like to include in my genealogy:

• My father.
• My grandfather.
• The old-grandfather (grandfather of my I father).

At least two generations we would like to include. Related to the above genealogy try to make the chart with the help of your teacher.

Question 8.
How do you think wars affect the lives of ordinary people today?
Answer:
The wars affect the lives of the ordinary people today in the following ways:

• The war causes tremendous loss of life and property.
• Number of people lose their lives during war.
• Daily routine of the life gets affected.
• It gives birth to number of diseases.
• It increases the rate of poverty.

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the expedition led by Harsha.
Answer:
Harsha conquered both Magadha and Bengal. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan but was stopped by Pulakesin II, the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.

Question 2.
What is prashasti?
Answer:
A prashasti is a special kind of inscription written in praise of a ruler or a king.

Question 3.
What happened to the rulers of Aryavarata under Samudragupta’s empire?
Answer:
The nine rulers of Aryavarata were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire.

Question 4.
When did the Arabs conquer Sind?
Answer:
The Arabs conquered Sind (in present Pakistan) about 1300 years ago.

Question 5.
What information we get in the biography of Harshacharita?
Answer:
In the biography of Harshacharita, we came to know about the genealogy of King Harsha and ends with his becoming king.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do we know about Pulakeshin II from his prashasti?
Answer:

• Pulakeshin II’s prashasti tells us about his ancestors who are traced back through four generations from father to son.
• Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle.
• He led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.
• He checked the advance of Harsha.

Question 2.
What do you know about Allahabad Pillar Inscription?
OR
State the military achievement of Samudragupta as given in the Allahabad inscription.
Answer:
The most authentic source of information about Samudragupta’s conquests are given in Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his poet Harisena. It tells us that Samudragupta was not only a conqueror but also an able administrator. It also tells us detailed about the rulers against whom he waged campaigns.

Question 3.
Why did Harsha change (shift) his capital?
Answer:
When Harshavardhana ascended the throne his kingdom was threatened by the rulers of Bengal and Gujarat. After the accession his first task was to rescue his sister Rajyashri. Then he united the kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj. Thereafter, he change his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha then strengthened his position and then set out on a long campaign of conquests in north-India.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of‘Assemblies in the Southern Kingdom’?
Answer:

• The Sabha: The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention a number of local assemblies. Sabha was an assembly of Brahmin land owners. The sub-committees of Sabha looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc.
• The Ur: The ‘Ur’ was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not Brahmins.
• Nagram : ‘Nagram’ was an organisation of merchants. These assemblies were probably controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants.

Question 5.
How did the Gupta administration differ from that of the Mauryan administration?
Answer:
The governors of the provinces were more independent than they had been in Mauryan times. The provinces were divided into districts and the people of the districts were asked to the help in the administration. There were district councils to advise the governor, and these councils consisted not only of the officers out also of citizens from the towns. Paying the salaries of the officers by land grants instead of money which meant that the king did not have much control over the officers as had the Maurya Kings.

Question 6.
Describe the achievement of Gupta period in the Held of science.
Answer:
The Gupta contributed significantly towards the development of science. Aryabhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician lived during this period. He wrote the Aiyabhatta and Surya’s Siddhanta which describes the details of solar and lunar eclipses. He reaffirmed that the earth revolves round the sun and rotates on its axis.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Pallavas and the Chalukya were the most important ruling dynasties in India during Harsha’s period. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Indeed, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in South India during Harsha’s period.
1. The kingdom of Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centered around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.

2. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently attacked one another’s areas, particularly they attacked the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.

3. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading and commercial centre. Initially this town developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples.

4. During the days of Pulakeshin II the Chalukyas defeated Harsha of Kanauj and Thanesar. But this victory was short lived.

5. Ultimately, both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

Question 2.
What is written about Harshvardhana by Banabhatta and Xu an Zang?
Answer:
Banabhatta wrote about Harshvar-dhana in Harshacharita in Sanskrit. He wrote about the genealogy of Harsha till he became king.
Xuan Zang also spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and wrote in detail about him.
We come to know that:

• Harsha was not the eldest son of his father, but became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died.
• Harsha attacked the ruler of Bengal as he had killed his brother who was the ruler of Kanauj.
• Harsha was successful in the east and conquered both Magadha and Bengal.
• Harsha was, however, not successful elsewhere.
• Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan, but was stopped by a ruler belonging to the Chalukya dynasty, Pulakeshin II.

Question 3.
Discuss the life of the ordinary people in Harsha’s period.
Answer:
We come to know about the life of the ordinary people in Harsh’s period through literary sources.
(a) The plays written by Kalidasa depict the life of people in court. The ruler and the Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit while women and men other than ruler and Brahmin use Prakrit.

(b) The most famous play of Kalidasa Abhijanans Shakuntalam, is the story of love between the king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting and impressive description of the plight (condition) of a poor fisherman in this play. This character of the play (i.e., the fisherman) found a costly ring, which the king (Dushyanta) had given to Shakuntala, but which had been accidently swallowed by a fish. When he went to the palace with that ring, the gateman (of the palace) accused him of theft and the chief police officer was rather rude. However, the king was happy when he saw the ring and sent a reward for the fisherman. Then the police officer and the gateman decided to take a share of the reward, and went along with the fisherman to have a drink.

(c) During the reign of Chandragupta II, the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed the plight of those who were treated as untouchables by the high and mightly people of the Indian society of those days. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city (capital city-Pataliputra was referred by Fa Xian). He writes, “If such a man enters a town or a market place, he strikes a piece of wood, in order to keep himself separate, people, hearing his sound, know what it means and avoid touching him or brushing against him.”

New Empires and Kingdoms Class 6 HBSE Notes

• The Hunas : The foreign tribe from Central Asia attacked India in the fifth century A.D.
• Murals : The wall paintings in the Ajanta caves.
• Nayannars : The devotees of Shiva.
• Zend Avesta : The sacred book of the ZoroastriAnswer:
• Brahmi: A script used in ancient times in India.
• Maharajadhiraja : The king of kings.
• Sculptures: A work of art that is solid figure or object made by cutting and shaping woods, stones, clay, metal, etc.
• Devadasis : The women employed to serve the deities in the temple.
• Prashasti : It is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of . These were composed in praise of kings.
• Tribute : Cash paid/gift paid/payment made by one ruler to another in lieu of protection against any other king.
• Land-grants: Land allotted to some powerful men from where he can collect land revenue and render his military services to the king.
• Vishyapati : Head of the district during Gupta empire.
• Kumaramatyas : These were the official incharge at provincial level during Vardhan age.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall:

Question 1.
Match the following :

Stupa	Place where the image of the deity is installed.
Shikhara	Mound
Mandapa	Circular path around the stupa
Garbhagriha	Place in a temple where people could assemble.
Pradakshinapatha	Tower

Answer:

Stupa	Mound
Shikhara	Tower
Mandapa	Place in a temple where people could assemble.
Garbhagriha	Place where the image of the deity is installed.
Pradakshinapatha	Circular path around the stupa

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

1. ________ was a great astronomer.
2. Stories about the gods and goddesses are found in the ________.
3. ________ is recognised as the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana.
4. ________ and ________ are two Tamil epics.

Answer:

1. Aryabhatta
2. Puranas
3. Valmiki
4. Silappadikaram, Manimekalai.

Let’s Discuss:

Question 3.
Make a list of the chapters in working. What are the metals which you find mention of metals objects mentioned or shown in those chapters?
Answer:
List of the chapters in which we find mention of metal working :

• In the earliest cities..
• What Books and Burials Tell us.
• Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic.
• Vital Villages, Thriving Towns.
• Traders, Kings and Pilgrims.

Question 4.
Read the story on page 130. In what ‘ ways is the monkey king similar to or different from the kings you read about in Chapter 6 and 11?
Answer:
The monkey king had similar powers as other kings. He is intelligent, diplomatic and brave. He has the ability to take right decisions. When he observes the situation of the attack on his community by the King’s men, he makes a quick plan to save his army. First, he let all of them cross the river. As he is the last, he gets tired and exhausted. He falls down and is dead. This way, he proves himself to be a great protector and saviour of his army and kingdom. He has all the good qualities that a good human king possesses.

Question 5.
Find out more and tell a story from one of the epics.
Answer:
The epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata teach us a lot from their stories.

One of the stories of Mahabharata runs like this: Yudhishtra, the victor in the Kurukshetra war, ruled the Kuru kingdom wisely. After sometime, his brothers and Draupadi decided to retire to the forest to lead an austere life. On the day, they were leaving, two Brahmins approached Yudhishtra. Brahmin A told him that he had bought a piece of land from Brahmin B for building a house, and having paid the money, he had legally registered the dead. When he started to dig the land for laying the foundation he had discovered a pot of gold.

Brahmin B came to know about this and was claiming the gold as it was his ancestors who had obtained the title for the land, whatever was found in the land automatically belonged to him. Yudhishtra heard the two Brahmins and turned to Bhima who was nearby. He wanted to know what Bhima thought of the dispute. Bhima told his brother, “Respected elder brother, yesterday these two Brahmins came to me with the same problem.

Brahmin A, the new owner of the land, said that he had only bought the land and hence had no claim over the treasure. But Brahmin B would have nothing of it. The treasure came from the land which now belonged to Brahmin A, he said. In fact, they are telling just the opposite of what they are presenting today. This means that from today Dwaparayuga is over and Kaliyuga is bom.” In Kaliyuga, where we live, morals are : completely dead.

Let’s Do:

Question 6.
List some steps that can be taken to make buildings and monuments accessible to differently abled people.
Answer:
Round, tall, big and small buildings and monuments are accessible to differently abled people. In these buildings bodily remains of abled can be kept. Their teeth,, bones, ashes, clothes can also be placed there.

Question 7.
Try and list as many uses of paper you can.
Answer:
Uses of paper:

• It is used for printing books.
• It is used for making note-books on which we write.
• It is used for making post-cards, inland post-cards and acrogroms through which we can convey message from one part to another.
• Paper is also used for making postal stamps and revenue stamps.
• Our currency is also made up of paper.

Question 8.
If you could visit any one of the places described in this chapter which one would you choose and why?
Answer:
If we visited Delhi, definitely we would like to visit Mehrauli. The Iron Pillar situated at Mehrauli is the one of the finest example of the skill of Indian crafts persons. It is made of Iron and weighted over three tonnes. The height of the pillar is about 7.2 m and it was made 1500 years ago. On this pillar the date of Chandragupta (ruler of Gupta empire) was clearly mentioned. Even today this pillar look like so as it was 1500 years ago.

We visited there because at this place we can get the glimpse of‘Golden Age’ of Indian History. We can get exact date about the Gupta Dynasty and their extent of empire.

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How do we come to know that Iron Pillar at Mehrauli was made about 1500 years ago?
Answer:
We came to know about the date of Iron Pillar because there is an inscription on the pillar mentioning a ruler named Chandra, who probably belonged to the Gupta dynasty.

Question 2.
What are epics?
Answer:
Epics are grand, long compositions about heroic men and women, and include stories about gods.

Question 3.
What is a pradakshina patha? Why was it built.
Answer:
Pradakshina patha was laid around the stupa. Devotees walked on this path to pay their

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
Building stupas and temples was not an ordinary job. It needed huge,wealth which only kings or queens could afford.

There were several stages in building a stupa or temple. Firstly, good quality stone had to be found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully selected for the new building. Secondly, these rough blocks of stone had to be shaped and covered into pillars, and panels for walls, floors and ceilings. Thirdly, these had to be placed in precisely the right position. Kings and queens spend money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.

Question 2.
Describe the paintings at Ajanta.
Answer:

• Most of the paintings inside the dark caves were done in the light of torches.
• The colours of the paintings are vivid even after 1500 years.
• The colours were made of plants and minerals.
• The artists who created these splendid works of art remain unknown.

Question 3.
Give a brief description of the iron Pillar at Mehrauli.
Answer:
The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli is a remarkable example of the skill of the Indian artisans and craftspersons. It is made of iron, is 7.2 m high and weighs about 3 tonnes. It was made about 1500 years ago and has not rusted in all these years. It was probably made by a ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 4.
In your own words, write the story about the Tamil epic ‘Silappadikaram’.
Answer:
The Tamil epic Silappadikaram was composed by a poet named Ilango. It is a story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar, and fell in love with the court girl Madhavi. Kovalan neglected his wife Kannagi. Later Kovalan and Kannagi left Puhar and went to Madurai. Kovalan was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced Kovalan to death. Kannagi’ destroyed the entire city of Madurai. She was full of grief and anger.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write the salient features of earliest Hindu temples.
Answer:
Some Hindu temples were also built during this period. The deities worshipped in these shrines were Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. The most important part of the temple was the garbhagriha which was a room where the image of the chief deity was placed. It was at this place that priests performed religious rituals and devotees offered worship to the deity.

The garbhagriha had a tower known as the shikhara built on its top. This marked the place as a sacred one. Building shikharas require careful planning. Most temples also had a mandapa. This was a hall like structure meant for common people to assemble.

Mahabalipuram and Aihole in south India were famous for their temples. These were stone temples. The monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram were very beautiful. Each of these temples was carved out of a huge, single piece of stone. It is therefore known as monoliths. The Durga temple at Aihole was built about 1400 years ago.

Question 2.
Describe the development of architecture under Satavahanas.
Answer:
Architecture : Marked progress was made in the field of architecture. The Satavahana rulers took interest in building caves, viharas and monasteries. Chaityas or large halls with a number of columns and stupas. Most of the rock caves in the Deccan were cut during this period. The caves, monasteries, chaityas and stupas of Orissa, Nasik, Karle and Bhuj are fine specimen of contemporary architecture and decoration.

Chaitya was a large hall with a number of columns. The vihara had a central hall. The Chaitya of Karle was most famous. It is 40 metres long, 15 metres wide and 15 metres high. It has rows of 15 columns on each side. Each of these columns is built on a stair like square plinth. Each pillar has a capital figure of an elephant, a horse of a rider on the top. The viharas were meant as places of residence for the monks. At Nasik there are three viharas carrying the inscriptions of Gautamiputra and Nahapana.

The most famous of these monuments are the stupas. Among them the Amaravati Stupa and Nagarjunakonda Stupa are most famous. The stupa was a large round structure built over some relic of the Buddha. The Amaravati Stupa measures 162 metres across the base and its height is 100 ft. Both these stupas are full of sculptures.

Question 3.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
(i) Good quality stone was found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully chose for the new building.

(ii) Rough blocks of stones were shaped and carved into pillars and panels for walls, floors and ceilings.

(iii) They were often placed in precisely the right position.

(iv) The money for the temples and stupas was got from:

• Kings and queens spent money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.
• The gifts from devotees were used to decorate the buildings.

(v) Merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women also paid for decorations and their names we re inscribed on pillars, railings and walls.

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Puranas : The puranas are 18 in number. The Puranas are valuable to historians and antiquarians as a source of political history on account of the genealogies even though they can be used with great caution and care.
• Gandhara School of Art: A form of art that flourished and developed around Gandhara and had a Greek influence.
• Mathura School of Art: A form of art that developed and flourished around Mathura and was totally in Indian style.
• Stupa: the dome-shaped semi-spherical building is known as a stupa which contains the relics of Buddha.
• Chaityas : The halls in which Buddhist monks offer their prayer.
• Viharas : Monasteries for Buddhist monks are known as Viharas.
• Shikhara : It means a very high square and storeyed tower.
• Mandapa: A gathering place for the people, the temple campus, or a place in the temple where people could assemble.
• Garbhagriha : A place or room in a temple where the images of the chief deities were placed.
• Silappadikaram : Silappadikaram was the oldest Tamil epic composed by Ilango 1800 years ago.
• Manimekalai : Manimekalai is another well-known epic of Tamil literature composed by Sattanar around 1400 years ago.