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Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

HBSE 7th Class Geography Our Changing Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why do plates move?
Answer:
1. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as Lithosphere plates.
2. These plates move around slowly a few millimeters each year.
3. It is because of the movement of molten magma inside the earth.

Question 2.
What are endogenic and exogenic forces?
Answer:
The earth movements are divided on the basis of the forces which causes them. The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of earth are called exogenic forces.

Question 3.
What is erosion?
Answer:
Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.

Question 4.
How are flood plains formed?
Answer:
During floods, layers of fine soil and other material called sediments are deposited on the river bank. This leads to the formation of a flat fertile flood plains.

Question 5.
What are sand dunes?
Answer:
An active agent of erosion and deposition in the desert is wind. When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When it stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in hill-like structure called sand-dunes.

Question 6.
How are beaches formed?
Answer:
The sea-waves deposit sediments, beaches.

Question 7.
What are ox-bow lakes?
Answer:
An ox-bow lake is a cut-off lake formed due to cut-off of a meander loop.

Question 2.
Tick (✓) the correct answer.
(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?
(a) Cliff
(b) Beach
(c) Sea cave
Answer:
(b) Beach

(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is :
(a) Flood plain
(b) Beach
(c) Moraine
Answer:
(c) Moraine

(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?
(a) Volcano
(b) Folding
(c) Flood plain
Answer:
(a) Volcano

(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in :
(a) Deserts
(b) River valleys
(c) Glaciers
Answer:
(a) Deserts

(v) Ox bow lakes are found in :
(a) Glaciers
(b) River valleys
(c) Deserts
Answer:
(b) River valleys

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (b)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (f)
(v) (d)
(vi) (e)

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) Some rocks have shape of a mushroom.
Answer:
In deserts you can see the rocks in the shape of mushroom, commonly known as mushroom rocks because winds erode the lower sections of the rock more than the upper part. Therefore, such rocks have a narrower base and a wider top.

(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.
Answer:
At times the river overflows its banks this leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas. As it floods, it deposits layer of fine soil and other material called sediments along its banks.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stack.
Answer:
As the cavities of the sea caves become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remain thus forming arches. Erosion of sea arch breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like features are called stacks.

(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquake.
Answer:
Buildings collapse because of the movement in tectonic plates under the surface of the earth which send out vibrations in all the direction causing an effect to anything built on the crust.

Question 5.
Activity:
Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.

Answer:

Question 6.
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of clues given.

Answer:

Across:
2. Meander
4. Ice
7. Glacier
11. Cave
12. Cliff
13. Sea,
14. Desert
15. Sand-dune
16. Flood Plain.

Down:
1. Wave
3. River
5. Cliff
6. Hollows
8. Ox Bow Lake
10. Dunes
13. Beach
14. Delta.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Our Changing Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are lithospheric plates?
Answer:
The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the lithospheric plates.

Question 2.
What causes changes on the surface of the earth?
Answer:
The movement of the lithospheric plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
What is a volcano?
Answer:
A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.

Question 4.
When does weathering and erosion take place?
Answer:
Weathering and erosion takes place everywhere and at all the time.

Question 5.
What are dunes?
Answer:
Wind-blowing materials deposited in deserts are known as dunes.

Question 6.
Who are mineralogists?
Answer:
The scientists who study minerals are called mineralogists.

Question 7.
Name five rivers of the world which form a delta.
Answer:
Nile, Zaire, Ganga-Brahmaputra, Amazon, Murray—Darling.

Question 8.
Name four coastal landforms.
Answer:
Sea caves, sea arches, stacks, sea cliff.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw a well-labelled diagram of a volcano.
Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the flow-chart given below:
Evolution of landforms

Answer:
Evolution of landforms

Question 3.
How is an earthquake measured?
Answer:
An earthquake is measured with a machine called seismography. The magnitude of the earthquake is measured on a Richter Scale. The following table explains the intensity of earthquake.

Question 4.
How do glaciers help in the formation of lakes?
Answer:
Glaciers erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rock below. Glaciers carve out deep hollows. As the ice melts, they even get gilled up with water and become filled up with water and become beautiful lakes in the mountains.

Question 5.
Draw’ a diagram of a delta and mark its (a) main river (b) Distributary.
Answer:

Question 6.
Define river load.
Answer:
The agents of wind, running water, glaciers and sea waves are constantly engaged in eroding rocks and many land surfaces. The minerals in rocks are also dissolved in water. These rock pieces, organic materials and dissolved minerals are called river load.

Question 7.
Give an account of earthquake preparedness.
Answer:
Earthquakes cannot be accurately predicted. However, we can minimise the impact if we are-prepared before hand.
During an earthquake, we should:

• Take a shelter under a kitchen counter, table or desk against an inside corner or wall.
• Stay away from fire places, areas around chimneys, windows that shelter including mirrors and picture frames.
• Spread awareness amongst our friends and family members.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(а) sea cave
(b) sea arch
(c) sea cliff
(d) stack.
Answer:

(a) Sea waves continuously strike at the rocks. Cracks develop. Over time they become larger and wider. Thus, hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are called sea caves.

(b) As the cavities of the sea cave, become bigger and bigger, only the roof of the cave remain, thus, forming sea arches.

(c) The steepy rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water is called sea cliff.

(d) Erosion of sea arch breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like failures are called stacks.

Question 2.
Write about the work of a river. Explain with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
The following points explain the work of a river:
(a) The running water in the river erodes the landscape.

(b) When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a deep valley side it forms a waterfall.

(c) While entering the plain the river twists and turn and forms large bends which are known as meanders.

(d) Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.

(e) In the due source of time, the meander loop cuts-off from the river and forms a cut-off lake; which is also called ox-bow lake.

(f) Sometimes, the river overflows its banks causing flood in the neighbouring areas.

(g) As it floods, it deposits layers of fire, soil and other material called sediments along its banks.

(h) The fertile flood plain is formed. The raised banks are called leeves.

(i) As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river which begins to break up into several streams known as distributaries.

(j) As river becomes very slow and it begins to deposit its load.

(k) The collection of sediments from all the mouths formed a delta, which is a triangular landmass.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Weathering : Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface.
• Erosion : Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind etc.
• Meanders : Large bends formed by twisting and turning of the river while entering the plain are called meanders.
• Ox-bow Lake : An ox-bow lake is a cut-off lake formed due to the cut-off of a meander loop.
• Leeves : The raised banks are called leaves.
• Glacial Moraines : The materials carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt get deposited, these deposits from glacial moraines.
• Waterfall : When the river tumbles at a steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side forms a waterfall.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

HBSE 7th Class Geography Inside Our Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What are the three layers of the earth?
Answer:

(1) Crust:

• The upper most layer of the earth’s surface is called crust.
• It is the thinnest of all layers.
• It is about 35 km. on the continental masses and 5 km. on the ocean floors.
• The main mineral constituents of the continental masses are silica, aluminium and sial.

(2) Mantle:

• Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends upto 2900 km. below the crust.
• The oceanic crust and mantle consists of silica and magnesium. Thus, Sima.

(3) Core:

• The innermost layer is the core of radius 3500 km.
• It is made up of nickel and ferrous, i.e., nife.

Question 2.
What is a rock?
Answer:
Any natural mass of mineral material that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks. Rocks can be of different sizes, textures, shape, colour etc.

Question 3.
Name three types of rocks.
Answer:
Three types of rocks are as follows:

• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks.

Question 4.
How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
Answer:
→ Extrusive Rocks : When the molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in such a way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. Example : basalt.

→ Intrusive Igneous Rocks : Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Example: granite.

Question 5.
What do you mean by a rock cycle?
Answer:
One type of rock changes into another type under certain conditions in a cyclic manner. This process of transformation of the rock from form one to another is known as rock cycle.
Example:
(a) When the molten magma cools, it solidifies to become igneous rock. These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles that are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks.

(b) When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subject to heat and pressure, they change to metamorphic rocks.

Question 6.
What are the uses of rocks?
Answer:
Rocks are very useful to us :

• The hard rocks are used for making roads, houses and buildings.
• We use stones for playing games such as pitthoo (seven stones).
• Hop scotch (stapu / kit-kat) and five stones (gitti).
• Rocks are made up,of different minerals which are important to mankind, e.g., coal, natural gas and petroleum.
• Rocks are also used in industries – aluminium, gold, uranium, etc., in medicines, fertilisers etc.

Question 7.
What are metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
The igneous and metamorphic rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into metamorphic rocks, e.g., clay changes into slate and limestone changes into marble.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is:
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic
Answer:
(a) Igneous.

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is:
(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle
Answer:
(b) Core.

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are the examples of:
(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils
Answer:
(b) Minerals.

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are :
(a) Sedimentary Rocks
(b) Metamorphic Rocks
(c) Igneous Rocks
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary Rocks.

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core
Answer:
(a) Crust.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (e)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (f)
(v) (c)

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.
Answer:
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth because the central core has very high temperature and pressure.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments. Rocks roll down, crack and hit each other and are broken down into small fragments. These smaller parts are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposits by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments then are compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. These types of rocks are sedimentary rocks.

(iii) Limestone is changed into marble : Limetsone is a sedimentary rocks which due to excessive heat and pressure changes into marble after thousands of years and forms a metamorphic rock.

Question 5.
For fun :
(i) What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?
(ii) Identify some more objects made up of different minerals.

Answer:
These are made up of:

• Iron, stainless steel
• Brass and iron
• Gold and pearl
• Copper/Aluminium.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Inside Our Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the earth called a dynamic planet?
Answer:
The earth is called a dynamic planet because it is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside.

Question 2.
What is lava?
Answer:
Lava is fiery red molten magma coming out from the interior of the earth on its surface.

Question 3.
Name the constituents of the oceanic crust.
Answer:
Silica and Magnesium.

Question 4.
What is ‘nife’?
Answer:
‘Nife’ is the name given to the core of the earth which mainly constitutes nickel and iron.

Question 5.
What happens when igneous and sedimentary rocks go under heat and pressure?
Answer:
They changes into metamorphic rocks.

Question 6.
What is the thinkess of the outer layer of the earth?
Answer:
The thickness of the outer layer of the earth is 60 km.

Question 7.
What is volcano?
Answer:
When magma from deep below forces its way up to earth’s surface, it is called volcano.

Question 8.
Which rocks are called primary or parent rocks?
Answer:
Igneous rocks are called primary or parent rocks.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Answer:

Question 2.
Why are igneous rocks called primary or basic rocks?
Answer:
Our earth contains a hot molten material having high temperature and pressure deep below its lithosphere. On cooling and solidification of the matter igneous rocks are formed. They make up about two-thirds of the earth’s crust. Therefore, they are called basic or primary rocks.

Question 3.
Formation of rocks is a slow process. Why?
Answer:
Formation of rocks , is a slow process because:

• Climate breaks the parent rocks into many smaller pieces.
• Topography or elevation helps in weathering of the rocks.
• Plants and animals organism help in weathering of rocks.

For all these processes, time factor plays a major role.

Question 4.
What do the words igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic mean.
Answer:

• The word Igneous drives from Latin word Ignis meaning Fire.
• The word sedimentary is derived from a Latin sediments meaning settle down.
• The word metamorphic derives from a Greek word metamorphise meaning change of form.

Question 5.
Give two examples of each of the following :
(а) Igneous rocks
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Metamorphic rocks.
Answer:
(a) Land and zinc
(b) Coal and limestone
(c) Graphite and marble:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are different kinds of rocks formed?
Answer:
(i) Igneous rocks : When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks. They are also called primary rocks. They are of two types- intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks.
(a) Extrusive rocks : When molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. For example, basalt.

(b) Intrusive rocks : Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Since they cool down slowly they form large grains. For example, granite.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks : Small fragments of rocks are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone is made from grains of sand.

(iii) Metamorphic rocks : When igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to great heat and pressure they changes into metamorphic rocks. For example,k clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.

Question 2.
Distinguish between rocks and minerals.
Answer:

Question 3.
Distinguish between crust and core.
Answer:

Question 4.
Distinguish between mantle and core.
Answer:

Inside Our Earth Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Core : The innermost layer of the earth.
• Crust: The topmost layer of the earth.
• Mantle : The layer of the earth that lies beneath the crust.
• Fossils : The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are called fossils.
• Tectonic Activities : It is activities that affect the large-scale processes of the earth.
• Igneous rocks : Rocks which are formed by the solidification of magma are called igneous rocks.
• Sedimentary Rocks : The rocks which are formed by sediments laid down usually on the seafloor or lakes are known as sedimentary rocks.
• Metamorphic Rocks : The rocks which are formed due to changes in igneous and metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure.
• Graphite : A soft substance used for manufacturing pencils and crucibles.
• Rock Cycle : Movement of rocks in cyclic order whereby they are recycled and again formed

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

HBSE 7th Class Geography Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is an ecosystem?
Answer:
An ecosystem is a system that is formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live. These are all linked by the transfer of energy and material.

(ii) What do you mean by natural environment?
Answer:
Land, water, air, plants, and animals comprise the natural environment.

(iii) What are the major components of the environment?
Answer:
The major components of the environment are:

• Natural Environment
• Human Environment
• Human-made Environment.

Natural Environment: Natural environment refers to both the biotic and abiotic conditions which us existing on the earth.
Biotic refers to the living elements, e.g., plants and animals.
Abiotic refers to the non-living elements, e.g., rocks, air, and water.
Human Environment : It reveals the activities, creations and interactions among human beings e.g., buildings, parks etc.

Human-made Environment: Human-made environment refers to the buildings, parks, bridges, rocks, industries which are made by humans.

(iv) Give four examples of human- made environment.
Answer:
Four examples of human-made environments are : Buildings, Parks, Bridges, Rocks.

(v) What is lithosphere?
Answer:
Lithosphere is the solid crust or hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thin layer of soil.

(vi) What are the two major components of biotic environment?
Answer:
Plants and animals are the two major components of biotic enviornment.

(vii) What is biosphere?
Answer:
Plants and animals kingdom together make the biosphere. It is a narrow zone of the earth where the land, water and air interact with each other to support life.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(i) Which is not d natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert
(b) Aquarium
(c) Forest
Answer:
(b) Aquarium

(ii) Which is not a component of human environment?
(a) Land
(b) Religion
(c) Community
Answer:
(a) Land

(iii) What is a human made environment?
(a) Mountain
(b) Sea
(c) Road
Answer:
(c) Road

(iv) Which is threat to environment?
(a) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops.
Answer:
(b) Growing population

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (d)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (c)

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(i) Man modifies his environment.
Answer:
Man modifies his environment to meet various needs. For example, he clears forests for obtaining land, for agriculture and for making shelter. He even extracts minerals from the earth for making various things. He construct dams for producing electricity. These are some of the ways in which man modifies his environment.

(ii) Plants and animals depend on each other.
Answer:
Animals whether they are carnivores or herbivores, ultimately depend on plants for their food. Also, plants provide fresh oxygen to animals to breathe in. These keep the environment clean and provide shelter to a number of animals. On the other hand, animals provide carbon dioxide which plants use for making their food. Dead and decaying matter of animals provide nutrients to plants to help them grow.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
Look at your surroundings. Make a list of uses that the land in your neighbourhood is being put to.
Answer:

• Roads
• Industries
• Diary Farming
• Bakery
• Schools
• Banks
• Residential Buildings

Question 2.
Where does the water you use in your homes and school come from? Make a list of different uses of water in our daily life. Have you seen anyone wasting water? How?
Answer:
The water that are provided in our houses and schools. It is for comes from Delhi Jal Board.

• Drinking
• Food preparation
• Bathing
• Cleaning house
• Washing clothes
• Industrial use
• Sanitation.

Yes, most of the people waste water. For example, they leave the tap open while soaping hands or brushing their teeth. They even leave tap opened when they are busy Somewhere.

ACTIVITY:
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of your ideal environment.
Answer:
An ideal environment where I would love to live, would comprise of

• Green plants and trees
• Pollution-free environment
• Clean roads
• Water availability

Students are expected to draw on their own.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Environment Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an environment?
Answer:
All things (place, people, nature, etc.) that surround us together constitute our environment.

Question 2.
Why is our environment changing?
Answer:
Our environment is changing due to the global warming. This was caused due to pollution caused by the waste dumps, vehicles etc.

Question 3.
What are the two types of environment?
Answer:
The two types of enviomment are:

• Natural environment
• Human made environment.

Question 4.
What is meant by natural enviornment?
Answer:
All those things which are existing naturally around us are together called natural environment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which two types of conditions make our natural environment? Give examples.
Answer:
The two types of conditions that constitute our natural environment are :

• Biotic conditions : All living organisms i.e. plants and animals.
• Abiotic conditions : All naturally existing non-living things e.g. water, air, soil, minerals, etc.

Question 2.
What do you mean by human environment?
Answer:
Human environment refers to all those activities, creatibns and interactions among human beings.

Question 3.
What are the components of environment?
Answer:
Following are the components of environment:

• Natural environment,
• Human-made environment,
• Activities and interactions of human beings.

Question 4.
Give examples of natural components of environment.
Answer:
Land (lithosphere), air (atmosphere), water (hydrosphere) and living things (biosphere) are examples of the natural components of environment.

Question 5.
Give examples of man-made components of environment.
Answer:
Buildings, parks, bridges, roads, industries, monuments, etc. are examples of man-made components of environment.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why should we protect our environment?
Answer:
We should protect our environment because:

• Environment is our basic life support system. It provides the air we breath, water to drink, the food to eat and the land to live.
• It provides us natural resources like wood, fuel and minerals.
• Many parts of environment have already been badly damaged by overuse resources like forests, pastures and farms.
• Most of the human activities affect the environment in one way or the other.
• If we continue to do so the damage will be irrepairable and the consequences will be very serious.

Question 2.
What are the different domains of the environment?
Answer:
The different domains of environment are:

• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere

(а) Lithosphere : The lithosphere is composed of rocks. The major components of rocks are minerals. Lithosphere even provides the foundation of terrestrial life where water and air are held close to the surface.

(b) Atmosphere : The earth has an oxygen consists of rich blanket of air around it. The atmosphere is a mixture of various gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon etc. Atmosphere also continues to sustain life different forms.

(c) Hydrosphere : Oceans were the first cradle of life on earth. It refers to various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, oceans etc. that exist on the earth.

(d) Biosphere : Biosphere or the living world is composed of plant and animal kingdom. It is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life.

Environment Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Environment: Environment is our basic life support system. The place, people, thing and nature that surround any living organism is called environment.
• Biotic : It refers to the world of living organisms, such as plants and animals.
• Abiotic : It refers to the world of non-living elements such as land.
• Lithosphere : Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layers of the earth.
• Hydrosphere : It refers to the water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans etc. on the earth.
• Atmosphere : It is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth.
• Ecosystem : It is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live. These are all linked by transfer of energy and material.
• Barter System : A trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife

HBSE 6th Class Geography India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) Which winds bring rainfall in India? Why is it so important?
Answer:
South-west Monsoon winds bring rainfall to India. It is so important because agriculture mainly depends upon this rainfall.

(b) Name the different seasons in India.
Answer:
Different seasons:

• Cold weather (winter) season.
• Hot weather (summer) season.
• South west monsoon (rainy) season.
• Season of retreating monsoon.

(c) What is natural vegetation?
Answer:
Grasses, shrubs and trees which grow on their own without any interference or help from mankind constitute natural vegetation.

(d) What are different types of natural vegetation found in India?
Answer:
Different types of natural vegetation found in India are:

• Tropical Rain Forests
• Tropical Deciduous Forests
• Thorny Bushes
• Mountain Vegetation

(e) Differentiate between Evergreen Forests and Deciduous Forests.
Answer:

(i) Tropical rainforest is also called evergreen forest because many species of trees are shed their leaves at different times of the year. Therefore, they always appear green and are called evergreen forest.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
(а) The world’s highest rainfall occurs in :
(i) Mumbai
(ii) Asansol
(iii) Mawsynram
Answer:
(iii) Mawsynram

(b) Mangrove forests can thrive in :
(i) Saline water
(ii) Fresh water
(iii) Polluted water
Answer:
(i) Saline water

(c) Mahogany and rosewood trees are found in:
(i) Mangrove forests
(ii) Tropical deciduous forests
(iii) Tropical evergreei, forests
Answer:
(iii) Tropical evergreei, forests

(d) Wild goat and snow leopards are found in :
(i) Himalayan region
(ii) Peninsular region
(iii) Gir forests
Answer:
(i) Himalayan region

(e) During the south west monsoon period the moisture laden winds blow from:
(i) Land to sea
(ii) Sea to land
(iii) Plateau to plains
Answer:
(ii) Sea to land

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

1. Hot and dry winds known as ________ blow during the day in the summers.
2. The state of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu receive a great amount of rainfall during the season of ________.
3. ________ forests in Gujarat is the house of ________
4. ________ is a well known species of mangrove forests.
5. ________ are also called monsoon forests.

Answer:

1. LOO or heat wave
2. winter
3. Gir, Hons
4. Sundari
5. Tropical Deciduous forests.

FOR FUN

• Make a list of trees in your surrounding and collect the pictures of plants, animals, birds and paste them in your copy.
• Plant a sapling near your home, nurture it and write down the changes you observe for a few months.
• Does any migratory bird come in your locality? Try to identify that, be watchful in winter season.
• Visit a zoo in your city or visit a nearby forest or sanctuary with your elders. Watch various types of wildlife there.

HBSE 6th Class Geography India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the duration of cold weather season?
Answer:
The duration of winter season is from December to February.

Question 2.
Why are the temperatures quite low in northern India in winter?
Answer:
The temperatures are quite low in northern India in winter because the sun rays do not fall directly in the region.

Question 3.
What is loo?
Answer:
Hot and dry winds are called loo.

Question 4.
Why is most of the rain in India is brought by monsoon winds?
Answer:
Most of the rain in India is brought by monsoon winds because India is located in the tropical region.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What type of forests are found in the Himalayas?
Answer:
Different types of forests are found in the Himalayas according to the altitude. The foot hills of the Himalayas are covered with sal. This is followed by evergreen forests, oaks, chestnuts and pine trees.

Question 2.
Write the characteristics of deciduous forests.
Answer:
The deciduous forests are also called broad-leaved forests. These forests shed their leaves in a particular time of a year. These trees are not tall. These forests are found in the areas of 100-200 cm rainfall.

Question 3.
Name four belts of vegetation found in India.
Answer:
The four major belts of vegetation are:

• Tropical rain forests
• Tropical deciduous forests
• Desert type of vegetation or thorn forests
• Mountainous vegetation or Himalayan forests.

Question 4.
Where do dry thorn forests occur?
Answer:
The dry thorn forests occur where very scanty rainfall, i.e, less than 50 cms is found. These areas are the arid regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the main features of wildlife of India.
Answer:
The main features of wildlife of India are :
(a) There are thousands of species of animals and a large variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, insects and worms which live in the forest.

(b) The tiger is our national animal.

(c) Different animals are found in different areas as per list below:

• Gir forest in Gujarat – Asiatic Lions
• Assam – Elephants and one homed rhinocerous.
• Great Indian Desert – Camels
• Rann of Kuchchh – Wild Assets.
• Himalayan Region – Wild goats, snow leopards, bears.

(d) The peacock is our national bird.

(e) Other common birds are parrots, pigeons, mynah, geese, bulbul, ducks.

Question 2.
How are forests important for us?
Answer:
Forests are important for us because :

• Plants release oxygen that we breathe and absorb carbon dioxide.
• The roots of the plants bind the soil, thus, they control soil erosion.
• Forests provide us with timber for furniture, fuel, wood, fodder, medicinal plants and herbs, lac, honey, gum, etc.
• Forests are the natural habitat of wildlife.

India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Weather : Weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. It includes changes in temperature, rainfall and sunshine etc.
• Loo : It is a hot and dry wind that blows during, the day in Summer.
• Climate : Climate is the average weather condition which have been measured over many years.
• Monsoon : The word monsoon has been taken from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which means seasons.
• Wildlife : All the wild animals and birds found in the forests, national parks and sanctuaries.
• Van Mahotsav : It is a special programme organized from time to time to promote people for planting more and more trees.
• Natural vegetation : The grasses, shrubs and trees that grow on their own without human interference or help are known as natural vegetation.
• Migratory birds : Birds that migrate to our country in the winter season every year. They arrive in December and stay till early March.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India

HBSE 6th Class Geography Our Country India Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) Name major physical divisions of India.
Answer:
The major physical divisions of India are :

• The Himalayas
• The Northern Indian Plains
• The Great Indian Desert
• The Peninsular Plateau
• The Coastal Plains
• The two group of islands.

(b) India shares its land, boundaries with seven countries. Name them.
Answer:

• Pakistan
• Nepal
• Bhutan
• Bangladesh
• China
• Myanmar
• Sri Lanka.

(c) Which two major rivers fall into the Arabian Sea?
Answer:

• Narmada river
• Tapi river.

(d) Name the delta formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
Answer:
Sunderban delta is formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

(e) How many States and Union Territories are there in India? Which states have a common capital?
Answer:
There are 29 states and 7 union territories in India. Haryana and Punjab have a common capital. Telangana is the new state included in India.

(f) Why do large number of people live in the Northern Plains.
Answer:
Large number of people live in the Northern plains of India due to the following reasons:

• These plains are generally levelled and flat.
• These are formed by alluvial deposits brought by the rivers.
• They provide fertile land for cultivation.

(g) Why is Lakshadweep known as coral islands?
Answer:
Lakshadweep islands are located in Arabian Sea. These islands are formed when the living polyps die and their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on top the hard skeletons which grow higher and higher thus coral islands are formed.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) The southernmost Himalayas are known as:
(i) Shiwaliks
(ii) Himadri
(iii) Himachal
Answer:
(i) Shiwaliks

(b) Sahyadris is also known as:
(i) Aravali
(ii) Western Ghats
(iii) Himadri
Answer:
(ii) Western Ghats

(c) The Palk Straight lies between the countries:
(i) Sri Lanka and Maldives
(ii) India and Sri Lanka
(iii) India and Maldives
Answer:
(ii) India and Sri Lanka

(d) The Indian islands in the Arabian sea are known as:
(i) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(ii) Lakshadweep Islands
(iii) Maldives.
Answer:
(ii) Lakshadweep Islands

(e) The oldest mountain range in India is the:
(i) Aravali hills
(ii) Western Ghats
(iii) Himalayas
Answer:
(i) Aravali hills

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. India has an area of about __________.
2. The Greater Himalayas are also known as __________.
3. The largest state in India in terms of area is __________.
4. The river Narmada falls into the __________ sea.
5. The latitude that runs almost halfway through India is __________.

Answer:

1. 3.28 million sq. km
2. Himadri
3. Rajasthan
4. Arabian
5. The Tropic of Cancer

MAP SKILLS

On the outline map of India, mark the following:
(a) Tropic of Cancer
(b) Standard Meridian of India
(c) State in which you live
(d) Andaman Islands and Lakshadweep Islands
(e) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
Answer:

HBSE 6th Class Geography Our Country India Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the north-south extent of India?
Answer:
The north-south extent of India from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3200 km.

Question 2.
What is the east-west extent of India?
Answer:
The east-west extent of India from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2900 km.

Question 3.
What is extent of mainland of India?
Answer:
The mainland of India extends between 8°4′ and 37° 6′ N latitudes.

Question 4.
Why are there wide differences in local times of places located at two extreme points of India?
Answer:
There are wide differences in local time of places located at two extreme points of India because of great longitudinal deference.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the locational settings of India.
Answer:

• India is located in the Northern hemisphere in respect of latitudes and the Eastern hemisphere in respect of longitudes.
• The Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N) passes almost halfway through the country.
• From south to north mainland of India extends between 8°4’N and 37°6’N latitudes.

Question 2.
Describe the political and administrative divisions of India.
Answer:

• For administrative purposes, the vast country of India is divided into 29 states and 7 Union Territories.
• The formation of states have been made on the basis of languages.
• New Delhi is the capital of India.
• The states have further been divided into districts.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the east-west extent of India affect time?
Answer:
The west to east extent leads to difference in local time from meridian to meridian. The local time changes by four minutes for every degree of longitude. The sun rises two hours earlier in the east, ie, Arunachal Pradesh than in the west, i.e., Gujarat. The local time of longitude of 82°30’E has been taken as the Indian Standard Time. This longitude is also known as the Standard Meridian of India. Its time is taken as the standard throughout the country.

Question 2.
What are the major physical divisions of India?
Answer:
The main physical divisions of India are:
Mountains:
(A) The Himalayas : The snow capped Himalayas lie are standing as sentiments is the north.
The three main ranges of Himalayas are :

• Great Himalayas (Himadri).
• Middle Himalayas (Himachal).
• Southernmost Range (Shiwalik).

(B) The Northern Indian Plains : They are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their distributaries. These plains provide fertile land for cultivation.

(C) The Great Indian Desert : The Great Indian Desert lie in the western part of India. It is dry, hot and sandy stretch of land. It has very little vegetation.

(D) The Peninsular Plateau: The Peninsular plateau lies to the south of northern plains. It is triangular in shape. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys.

Our Country India Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Alluvial deposits : These are very fine soils brought by rivers and deposited in the river basins.
• Tributary: A river or stream which contributes its water to the main river by discharging it into the main river.
• Peninsula : A peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.
• Island : A piece of land that is surrounded by water on all sides.
• Delta : An area of land formed at the mouth of the river. It is usually triangular in shape.
• Corals : Skeletons of tiny marine animals called polyps.
• Strait: A narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies like seas and oceans.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
State whether true or false :

1. Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.
2. The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta.
3. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha.
4. Taxila and Madurai are important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers.
5. Aihole was the capital ofPallavas.
6. The local assemblies functioned for several centuries in South India.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True.

Question 2.
Mention three authors who wrote about Harshvardhana.
Answer:

• Banabhatta (court poet of Harshvardhana).
• Xuan Zang.
• Harshvardhan himself.

Question 3.
What changes do you find in the army at this time?
Answer:
Kings of this time had a large and well maintained army. Except this regular army there were some military leaders who provided king with troops whenever they required. These military leaders were not paid salaries. They collect revenue from the land granted by the king and used collected revenue for maintaining gQod army. Thus during these days the military leaders who provided army to kings were known as ‘Samantas’. At this time ‘Smantas system’ became the important part of army.

Question 4.
What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Answer:
New administrative arrangements came into existence during this period. Although the village remained the basic emit of administration, some new developments emerged. Kings adopted several steps to get the support of powerful and influential persons.
→ Some important administrative posts were now hereditary. This means that son succeeded fathers to these posts. For example, the poet Harishena got the post of maha-danda-nayaka or chief judicial officer from his father.

→ Sometimes, one person handled the responsibility of many offices. For example, Harishena was not only a maha-danda-nayaka, but also a kumar- amatya, meaning an important minister and a Sandhi-Vigrahika, meaning a minister of war and peace.

→ Some influential persons like nagara- shreshthi or chief banker or merchant of the city, the Sartharaha or leader of the merchant a caravans, the prathamakulika or the chief craftsman and the head of the kayasthas or scribes had a say in the local administration.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
What do you think Arvind would have to do if he was acting as Samudragupta?
Answer:
If Arvind was acting as Samudragupta, he would do what is written on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad. He would dress up like a warrior. Sometimes, he would sit on the throne in Raj Darbar and would seem busy doing his administrative jobs.

Question 6.
Do you think ordinary people would have read and understand the Prashastis ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
“Prashasti” is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of. Hence, the prashastis are composed in praise of contemporary kings (rulers). They were written by either royal poet or written by the visitors who visited India during this time.

We think ordinary people must read these k prashastis because they can know the glimpse of their recent past and know what was the economic, social and political condition of the state that time.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you had to make a genealogy for l yourself, who are the people you would include in it? How many generations would like to show? Make a chart and fill l it. t
Answer:
The word ‘genealogy’ means to make the list of ancestors. Make the list of persons to whom you know 1 very well as with whom your blood relation. The I people I would like to include in my genealogy:

• My father.
• My grandfather.
• The old-grandfather (grandfather of my I father).

At least two generations we would like to include. Related to the above genealogy try to make the chart with the help of your teacher.

Question 8.
How do you think wars affect the lives of ordinary people today?
Answer:
The wars affect the lives of the ordinary people today in the following ways:

• The war causes tremendous loss of life and property.
• Number of people lose their lives during war.
• Daily routine of the life gets affected.
• It gives birth to number of diseases.
• It increases the rate of poverty.

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the expedition led by Harsha.
Answer:
Harsha conquered both Magadha and Bengal. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan but was stopped by Pulakesin II, the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.

Question 2.
What is prashasti?
Answer:
A prashasti is a special kind of inscription written in praise of a ruler or a king.

Question 3.
What happened to the rulers of Aryavarata under Samudragupta’s empire?
Answer:
The nine rulers of Aryavarata were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire.

Question 4.
When did the Arabs conquer Sind?
Answer:
The Arabs conquered Sind (in present Pakistan) about 1300 years ago.

Question 5.
What information we get in the biography of Harshacharita?
Answer:
In the biography of Harshacharita, we came to know about the genealogy of King Harsha and ends with his becoming king.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do we know about Pulakeshin II from his prashasti?
Answer:

• Pulakeshin II’s prashasti tells us about his ancestors who are traced back through four generations from father to son.
• Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle.
• He led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.
• He checked the advance of Harsha.

Question 2.
What do you know about Allahabad Pillar Inscription?
OR
State the military achievement of Samudragupta as given in the Allahabad inscription.
Answer:
The most authentic source of information about Samudragupta’s conquests are given in Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his poet Harisena. It tells us that Samudragupta was not only a conqueror but also an able administrator. It also tells us detailed about the rulers against whom he waged campaigns.

Question 3.
Why did Harsha change (shift) his capital?
Answer:
When Harshavardhana ascended the throne his kingdom was threatened by the rulers of Bengal and Gujarat. After the accession his first task was to rescue his sister Rajyashri. Then he united the kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj. Thereafter, he change his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha then strengthened his position and then set out on a long campaign of conquests in north-India.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of‘Assemblies in the Southern Kingdom’?
Answer:

• The Sabha: The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention a number of local assemblies. Sabha was an assembly of Brahmin land owners. The sub-committees of Sabha looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc.
• The Ur: The ‘Ur’ was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not Brahmins.
• Nagram : ‘Nagram’ was an organisation of merchants. These assemblies were probably controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants.

Question 5.
How did the Gupta administration differ from that of the Mauryan administration?
Answer:
The governors of the provinces were more independent than they had been in Mauryan times. The provinces were divided into districts and the people of the districts were asked to the help in the administration. There were district councils to advise the governor, and these councils consisted not only of the officers out also of citizens from the towns. Paying the salaries of the officers by land grants instead of money which meant that the king did not have much control over the officers as had the Maurya Kings.

Question 6.
Describe the achievement of Gupta period in the Held of science.
Answer:
The Gupta contributed significantly towards the development of science. Aryabhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician lived during this period. He wrote the Aiyabhatta and Surya’s Siddhanta which describes the details of solar and lunar eclipses. He reaffirmed that the earth revolves round the sun and rotates on its axis.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Pallavas and the Chalukya were the most important ruling dynasties in India during Harsha’s period. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Indeed, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in South India during Harsha’s period.
1. The kingdom of Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centered around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.

2. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently attacked one another’s areas, particularly they attacked the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.

3. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading and commercial centre. Initially this town developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples.

4. During the days of Pulakeshin II the Chalukyas defeated Harsha of Kanauj and Thanesar. But this victory was short lived.

5. Ultimately, both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

Question 2.
What is written about Harshvardhana by Banabhatta and Xu an Zang?
Answer:
Banabhatta wrote about Harshvar-dhana in Harshacharita in Sanskrit. He wrote about the genealogy of Harsha till he became king.
Xuan Zang also spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and wrote in detail about him.
We come to know that:

• Harsha was not the eldest son of his father, but became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died.
• Harsha attacked the ruler of Bengal as he had killed his brother who was the ruler of Kanauj.
• Harsha was successful in the east and conquered both Magadha and Bengal.
• Harsha was, however, not successful elsewhere.
• Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan, but was stopped by a ruler belonging to the Chalukya dynasty, Pulakeshin II.

Question 3.
Discuss the life of the ordinary people in Harsha’s period.
Answer:
We come to know about the life of the ordinary people in Harsh’s period through literary sources.
(a) The plays written by Kalidasa depict the life of people in court. The ruler and the Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit while women and men other than ruler and Brahmin use Prakrit.

(b) The most famous play of Kalidasa Abhijanans Shakuntalam, is the story of love between the king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting and impressive description of the plight (condition) of a poor fisherman in this play. This character of the play (i.e., the fisherman) found a costly ring, which the king (Dushyanta) had given to Shakuntala, but which had been accidently swallowed by a fish. When he went to the palace with that ring, the gateman (of the palace) accused him of theft and the chief police officer was rather rude. However, the king was happy when he saw the ring and sent a reward for the fisherman. Then the police officer and the gateman decided to take a share of the reward, and went along with the fisherman to have a drink.

(c) During the reign of Chandragupta II, the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed the plight of those who were treated as untouchables by the high and mightly people of the Indian society of those days. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city (capital city-Pataliputra was referred by Fa Xian). He writes, “If such a man enters a town or a market place, he strikes a piece of wood, in order to keep himself separate, people, hearing his sound, know what it means and avoid touching him or brushing against him.”

New Empires and Kingdoms Class 6 HBSE Notes

• The Hunas : The foreign tribe from Central Asia attacked India in the fifth century A.D.
• Murals : The wall paintings in the Ajanta caves.
• Nayannars : The devotees of Shiva.
• Zend Avesta : The sacred book of the ZoroastriAnswer:
• Brahmi: A script used in ancient times in India.
• Maharajadhiraja : The king of kings.
• Sculptures: A work of art that is solid figure or object made by cutting and shaping woods, stones, clay, metal, etc.
• Devadasis : The women employed to serve the deities in the temple.
• Prashasti : It is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of . These were composed in praise of kings.
• Tribute : Cash paid/gift paid/payment made by one ruler to another in lieu of protection against any other king.
• Land-grants: Land allotted to some powerful men from where he can collect land revenue and render his military services to the king.
• Vishyapati : Head of the district during Gupta empire.
• Kumaramatyas : These were the official incharge at provincial level during Vardhan age.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall:

Question 1.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

1. ________ was a great astronomer.
2. Stories about the gods and goddesses are found in the ________.
3. ________ is recognised as the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana.
4. ________ and ________ are two Tamil epics.

Answer:

1. Aryabhatta
2. Puranas
3. Valmiki
4. Silappadikaram, Manimekalai.

Let’s Discuss:

Question 3.
Make a list of the chapters in working. What are the metals which you find mention of metals objects mentioned or shown in those chapters?
Answer:
List of the chapters in which we find mention of metal working :

• In the earliest cities..
• What Books and Burials Tell us.
• Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic.
• Vital Villages, Thriving Towns.
• Traders, Kings and Pilgrims.

Question 4.
Read the story on page 130. In what ‘ ways is the monkey king similar to or different from the kings you read about in Chapter 6 and 11?
Answer:
The monkey king had similar powers as other kings. He is intelligent, diplomatic and brave. He has the ability to take right decisions. When he observes the situation of the attack on his community by the King’s men, he makes a quick plan to save his army. First, he let all of them cross the river. As he is the last, he gets tired and exhausted. He falls down and is dead. This way, he proves himself to be a great protector and saviour of his army and kingdom. He has all the good qualities that a good human king possesses.

Question 5.
Find out more and tell a story from one of the epics.
Answer:
The epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata teach us a lot from their stories.

One of the stories of Mahabharata runs like this: Yudhishtra, the victor in the Kurukshetra war, ruled the Kuru kingdom wisely. After sometime, his brothers and Draupadi decided to retire to the forest to lead an austere life. On the day, they were leaving, two Brahmins approached Yudhishtra. Brahmin A told him that he had bought a piece of land from Brahmin B for building a house, and having paid the money, he had legally registered the dead. When he started to dig the land for laying the foundation he had discovered a pot of gold.

Brahmin B came to know about this and was claiming the gold as it was his ancestors who had obtained the title for the land, whatever was found in the land automatically belonged to him. Yudhishtra heard the two Brahmins and turned to Bhima who was nearby. He wanted to know what Bhima thought of the dispute. Bhima told his brother, “Respected elder brother, yesterday these two Brahmins came to me with the same problem.

Brahmin A, the new owner of the land, said that he had only bought the land and hence had no claim over the treasure. But Brahmin B would have nothing of it. The treasure came from the land which now belonged to Brahmin A, he said. In fact, they are telling just the opposite of what they are presenting today. This means that from today Dwaparayuga is over and Kaliyuga is bom.” In Kaliyuga, where we live, morals are : completely dead.

Let’s Do:

Question 6.
List some steps that can be taken to make buildings and monuments accessible to differently abled people.
Answer:
Round, tall, big and small buildings and monuments are accessible to differently abled people. In these buildings bodily remains of abled can be kept. Their teeth,, bones, ashes, clothes can also be placed there.

Question 7.
Try and list as many uses of paper you can.
Answer:
Uses of paper:

• It is used for printing books.
• It is used for making note-books on which we write.
• It is used for making post-cards, inland post-cards and acrogroms through which we can convey message from one part to another.
• Paper is also used for making postal stamps and revenue stamps.
• Our currency is also made up of paper.

Question 8.
If you could visit any one of the places described in this chapter which one would you choose and why?
Answer:
If we visited Delhi, definitely we would like to visit Mehrauli. The Iron Pillar situated at Mehrauli is the one of the finest example of the skill of Indian crafts persons. It is made of Iron and weighted over three tonnes. The height of the pillar is about 7.2 m and it was made 1500 years ago. On this pillar the date of Chandragupta (ruler of Gupta empire) was clearly mentioned. Even today this pillar look like so as it was 1500 years ago.

We visited there because at this place we can get the glimpse of‘Golden Age’ of Indian History. We can get exact date about the Gupta Dynasty and their extent of empire.

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How do we come to know that Iron Pillar at Mehrauli was made about 1500 years ago?
Answer:
We came to know about the date of Iron Pillar because there is an inscription on the pillar mentioning a ruler named Chandra, who probably belonged to the Gupta dynasty.

Question 2.
What are epics?
Answer:
Epics are grand, long compositions about heroic men and women, and include stories about gods.

Question 3.
What is a pradakshina patha? Why was it built.
Answer:
Pradakshina patha was laid around the stupa. Devotees walked on this path to pay their

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
Building stupas and temples was not an ordinary job. It needed huge,wealth which only kings or queens could afford.

There were several stages in building a stupa or temple. Firstly, good quality stone had to be found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully selected for the new building. Secondly, these rough blocks of stone had to be shaped and covered into pillars, and panels for walls, floors and ceilings. Thirdly, these had to be placed in precisely the right position. Kings and queens spend money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.

Question 2.
Describe the paintings at Ajanta.
Answer:

• Most of the paintings inside the dark caves were done in the light of torches.
• The colours of the paintings are vivid even after 1500 years.
• The colours were made of plants and minerals.
• The artists who created these splendid works of art remain unknown.

Question 3.
Give a brief description of the iron Pillar at Mehrauli.
Answer:
The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli is a remarkable example of the skill of the Indian artisans and craftspersons. It is made of iron, is 7.2 m high and weighs about 3 tonnes. It was made about 1500 years ago and has not rusted in all these years. It was probably made by a ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 4.
In your own words, write the story about the Tamil epic ‘Silappadikaram’.
Answer:
The Tamil epic Silappadikaram was composed by a poet named Ilango. It is a story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar, and fell in love with the court girl Madhavi. Kovalan neglected his wife Kannagi. Later Kovalan and Kannagi left Puhar and went to Madurai. Kovalan was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced Kovalan to death. Kannagi’ destroyed the entire city of Madurai. She was full of grief and anger.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write the salient features of earliest Hindu temples.
Answer:
Some Hindu temples were also built during this period. The deities worshipped in these shrines were Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. The most important part of the temple was the garbhagriha which was a room where the image of the chief deity was placed. It was at this place that priests performed religious rituals and devotees offered worship to the deity.

The garbhagriha had a tower known as the shikhara built on its top. This marked the place as a sacred one. Building shikharas require careful planning. Most temples also had a mandapa. This was a hall like structure meant for common people to assemble.

Mahabalipuram and Aihole in south India were famous for their temples. These were stone temples. The monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram were very beautiful. Each of these temples was carved out of a huge, single piece of stone. It is therefore known as monoliths. The Durga temple at Aihole was built about 1400 years ago.

Question 2.
Describe the development of architecture under Satavahanas.
Answer:
Architecture : Marked progress was made in the field of architecture. The Satavahana rulers took interest in building caves, viharas and monasteries. Chaityas or large halls with a number of columns and stupas. Most of the rock caves in the Deccan were cut during this period. The caves, monasteries, chaityas and stupas of Orissa, Nasik, Karle and Bhuj are fine specimen of contemporary architecture and decoration.

Chaitya was a large hall with a number of columns. The vihara had a central hall. The Chaitya of Karle was most famous. It is 40 metres long, 15 metres wide and 15 metres high. It has rows of 15 columns on each side. Each of these columns is built on a stair like square plinth. Each pillar has a capital figure of an elephant, a horse of a rider on the top. The viharas were meant as places of residence for the monks. At Nasik there are three viharas carrying the inscriptions of Gautamiputra and Nahapana.

The most famous of these monuments are the stupas. Among them the Amaravati Stupa and Nagarjunakonda Stupa are most famous. The stupa was a large round structure built over some relic of the Buddha. The Amaravati Stupa measures 162 metres across the base and its height is 100 ft. Both these stupas are full of sculptures.

Question 3.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
(i) Good quality stone was found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully chose for the new building.

(ii) Rough blocks of stones were shaped and carved into pillars and panels for walls, floors and ceilings.

(iii) They were often placed in precisely the right position.

(iv) The money for the temples and stupas was got from:

• Kings and queens spent money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.
• The gifts from devotees were used to decorate the buildings.

(v) Merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women also paid for decorations and their names we re inscribed on pillars, railings and walls.

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Puranas : The puranas are 18 in number. The Puranas are valuable to historians and antiquarians as a source of political history on account of the genealogies even though they can be used with great caution and care.
• Gandhara School of Art: A form of art that flourished and developed around Gandhara and had a Greek influence.
• Mathura School of Art: A form of art that developed and flourished around Mathura and was totally in Indian style.
• Stupa: the dome-shaped semi-spherical building is known as a stupa which contains the relics of Buddha.
• Chaityas : The halls in which Buddhist monks offer their prayer.
• Viharas : Monasteries for Buddhist monks are known as Viharas.
• Shikhara : It means a very high square and storeyed tower.
• Mandapa: A gathering place for the people, the temple campus, or a place in the temple where people could assemble.
• Garbhagriha : A place or room in a temple where the images of the chief deities were placed.
• Silappadikaram : Silappadikaram was the oldest Tamil epic composed by Ilango 1800 years ago.
• Manimekalai : Manimekalai is another well-known epic of Tamil literature composed by Sattanar around 1400 years ago.