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Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Struggles for Equality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Struggles for Equality

HBSE 7th Class Civics Struggles for Equality Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you think is meant by the expression ‘power over the ballot box? Discuss.
Answer:
The expression ‘power over the ballot box means the power to vote. Every adult (a person of 18 years or above) in India has the equal right to vote during elections. This right has been used by people to elect or replace their representatives.

Question 2.
What issue is the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) fighting for?
Answer:
The Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) is fighting for the rights of displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 3.
Why did the villagers set up this organisation?
Answer:
The villagers set up this organisation to fight for the right, to fish catch in the ‘Tawa Reservoir’.

Question 4.
Do you think that the large- scale participation of villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS? Write two lines on why you think so.
Answer:
Yes, the large-scale participation of the villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS. It shows that when people are united, they can successfully fight for their rights. It is the power of the voice of the people in a democracy which ultimately wins. The committee of government, recommended their right to catch fish in the Tawa Reservoir.

Question 5.
What role does the Constitution play in people’s struggle for inequality?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution plays a great role in People’s struggle for inequality.

• The Indian Constitution is a living document which recognises the equality to all persons.
• Movements and struggle for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice for all.
• The Constitution highlights the challenges to equality in democracy like (a) privatisation of health services in the country, the increasing control that business houses exert on media, the low value given to women and their work.
• Whenever any Fundamental Right is violated, we can go to the court.

Question 6.
Read the poem on page 120 NCERT. Why grains rots in godowns while I don’t even get a fistful of rice. What does the poet mean when he says, “My hunger has the right to know?”
Answer:
It means we have plenty of grains stored in godown but of hoarders and merchants put the poor people are still not getting a single bit of rice. They are still facing hunger.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Struggles for Equality Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by equality during elections?
Answer:
Equality during elections means that all adults in India have the equal right to vote.

Question 2.
Why are people displaced?
Answer:
When dams are built or forest areas are declared sanctuaries for animals, a large number of people are displaced.

Question 3.
When did the government give the rights for fishing to private contractors?
Answer:
In 1994, the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors.

Question 4.
Why are people discriminated in India?
Answer:
People are discriminated on the basis of a person’s religion, caste and sex.

Question 5.
Why is a dam built?
Answer:
A dam is built across a river at sites where one can collect a lot of water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What factors are considered significant in treating people unequality in India?
Answer:
(i) Discrimination on the basis of a person’s religion, caste and sex are the significant factors for- why people are treated unequally in India.
(ii) For example, Omprakash Valmiki was forced to sweep the school yard because he was a Dalit, Ansaris were not given apartment on lease because they wepe Muslims.

Question 2.
What were the effects of displacement of poor people in urban area?
Answer:

• In urban area basis (localities) in which poor people live are often uprooted. As a result, some of these poor people are relocated to areas outside the city.
• Its consequences are that Poor people’s work as well as their children’s schooling is severely disrupted.
• It is because of the distance from the outskirt of the city to these locations.

Question 3.
What does the Indian Constitution say about the equality?
Answer:
(i) The Indian Constitution recognises all Indians as equal before the law.
(ii) It also states that no person can be discriminated on the basis of their religion, sex, caste or income and wealth.

Question 4.
People’s lives in India are highly unequal. Discuss.
Answer:

• The man who sells juice does not have the resources to compete with all of the major companies who sell branded drinks through expensive advertising.
• Thus, poverty and the lack of resources are considered a basic reason in making so many people’s lives in India unequal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the Indian Constitution called a living document?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is called a living document because :

• Indian Constitution recognizes the equality of all persons.
• Indian Constitution has a real meaning in our lives.
• The foundation of all movements for justice and the inspiration and for all the poetry and songs is the recognition of equality among people. The Indian Constitution recognises of equality among people.
• Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice to all.

Question 2.
How does the Right to Equality establish the Social Equality in India? Do you think it is practically achieved in our country?
Answer:
Article 15 provides that the state shall not discriminate against citizens on grounds of religion, sex, caste, colour. The same article provides that all the citizen shall have access to the public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment etc.

However, the right to equality given under Constitution is not practised in reality. The increasing privatisation of health services and the neglect of government hospitals have made it difficult for most poor people to get good quality healthcare do not have the resources to afford expensive private health services.

Struggles for Equality Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Equality : A state when everyone should be given equal opportunities for their all round development.
• Scheduled Caste : Certain castes which are linked with the Govt, of India due to their backwardness.
• Social Justice: A condition in which there should be equality of opportunity of progress for every citizen of the country without any discrimination.
• Constitution: Fundamental law and principles according to which a country is governed.
• Economic Justice: It is a condition where all the citizens are guaranteed a decent standard of living without any economic disparity.
• Welfare State: A system in which the government provides free social services like health and education to help the old, the unemployed, and the sick.
• Basti: Area around the urban areas, where poor people live in Jhuggi-Jhopfi.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Deserts Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly :
(a) What are the two types of deserts found in the world?
(b) In which continent is the Sahara desert located?
(c) What are the climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert?
(d) What mainly attracts tourists to Ladakh?
(e) What type of clothes the people of the Sahara desert wear?
(f) Name the trees that grow in Ladakh.
Answer:
(a) (i) Hot Deserts
(ii) Cold deserts.

(b) Africa

(c) The climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert are cold and dry.

(d) (i) Gompas
(ii) Meadows and glaciers
(iii) Ceremonies and festivities of local people.

(e) People of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.

(f) Willows, poplars, apples, apricots and walnuts.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Sahara is located in which part of Africa?
(a) eastern
(b) northern
(c) western
Answer:
(b) northern

(ii) Sahara is what type of desert?
(a) cold
(b) hot
(c) mild
Answer:
(b) hot

(iii) The Ladakh desert is mainly inhabited by __________.
(a) Christians and Muslims
(b) Buddhists and Muslims
(c) Christians and Buddhists.
Answer:
(b) Buddhists and Muslims

(iv) Deserts are characterised by __________.
(a) scanty vegetation
(b) heavy precipitation
(c) low evaporation
Answer:
(a) scanty vegetation

(v) Hemis in Ladakh is a famous __________.
(a) temple
(b) church
(c) monastery.
Answer:
(c) monastery.

(vi) Egypt is famous for growing.
(a) Wheat
(b) Maize
(c) Cotton.
Answer:
(c) Cotton.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give the reasons:
(i) There is scanty vegetation in the desert.
Answer:
There is scanty vegetation in desert due to extreme harsh temperature.

(ii) People of Sahara desert wear heavy robes.
Answer:
People of Sahara desert wear heavy robes for their protection against dust storms and hot winds.

Question 5.
Map skills :
(i) On the outline map of Africa, mark the Sahara Desert.
Answer:

(ii) On the outline map of India, mark the Karakoram Range, Zanskar Range, Ladakh and Zoji La pass.
Answer:

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Deserts Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which continent does the Sahara Desert lie?
Answer:
North Africa.

Question 2.
Define Desert?
Answer:
It is an arid region characterized by extremely high or low temperature and has scarce vegetation.

Question 3.
Name the eleven states of Africa that touch the Sahara Desert?
Answer:
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara.

Question 4.
What is the area of the world’s largest desert?
(Hint : World’s largest Desert is the Sahara Desert.)
Answer:
8.54 million sQuestion km.

Question 5.
Name two nomadic tribes in the Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Bedouins Tuarega.

Question 6.
What is the etymology of Ladakh?
Answer:
La – Meaning a maintain pass
Dak – meaning country.

Question 7.
Which is one of the coldest inhabited place on earth.
Answer:
Brass.

Question 8.
Why is Ladakh known as Khapa – Chan?
Answer:
Ladakh is known as Khapa – Chan as the word – means snow land.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Illustrate the climate of the Sahara Desert.
Answer:
The climate of the Sahara Desert is searching hot1 and parch dry. It has a short rainy season. The sky is cloudless and clear. Days are unbelievable hot upto 50°C. The nights are freezing cold nearing zero degree.

Question 2.
Describe the location of Ladakh.
Answer:
Ladakh lies in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram range in the north and the Zaskar mountain in the south bound it.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the people living in the Sahara Desert?
Answer:

• The people of the Sahara Desert are Bedouins a Tuaregs which are nomadic tribes rearing livestock.
• They are provided with milk, hides from which they make leather for mat, carpets, clothes and blanket.
• They wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.

Question 4.
What are changes undergoing in the cultural landscape of the Sahara?
Answer:
(a) Gleaming glass cased office buildings tower over mosques and super highways criss-cross the ancient camel paths.
(b) Trucks are replacing camels in the salt trade.
(c) Tuaregs are seen acting as guides to the foreign tourists. More and more nomadic herdsmen are taking to city life finding jobs in gas and oil operation.

Question 5.
Determine the location of Ladakh with the help of physical features.
Answer:
Ladakh is a cold desert lying in the Great Himalayas (mountains) on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram range in the north and the Zanskr range in the south enclose it. Several rivers especially Indus flow through it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the climate of Ladakh region.
Answer:

• The climate of Ladakh is extremely cold and dry.
• The day temperatures in summar are just above 0°C and the night temperatures are below 30°C.
• Winters are freezing cold. The temperature remains below 40°C for most of the time.
• This region receives a little rainfall, as low as 10 centimetres annually.

Question 2.
Contrast the desert of Ladakh and Sahara.
Answer:

Life in the Deserts Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Cramps : Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh.
• Wadi : It is a stream in hot deserts.
• Rainshadow : An area with small average rainfall occurring on the leeward side of mountains.
• Oasis : An area in the desert where some groundwater comes up like spring.
• Wasteland : Applied to the land which was previously used but is now abandoned.
• Homestead : Farmhouse and their adjoining areas.
• Nomads : People who travel in search of food and fodder are called nomads.
• Sand-dunes : Hill of loose sand.
• Spring : Small opening in the ground through which underground water comes to the surfaces.
• Homo sapiens : Species of human beings that exist today.
• Desert: An arid region often empty and receiving less than 25 cm of rainfall annually.
• Extreme Climate : A climate that is too hot or too cold.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Temperate Grasslands Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the Temperate Grasslands of North America called?
(b) What are the cattle farms in the North American Grasslands known as?
(c) Name the rivers that drain the velds.
(d) When is the rainy season in the Velds?
(e) What is the major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands?
Answer:
(a) The temperate grasslands of North America are called Prairies.
(b) The cattle farms in the North American Grasslands are called ranches.
(c) The tributaries of rivers Orange and Limpopo.
(d) The velds enjoy rainy season mainly in the summer months from November to February.
(e) The major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands is sheep rearing.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) River Mississippi drains
(i) Canada
(ii) Africa
(iii) USA
Answer:
(iii) USA

(b) Drakensberg Mountains bound the _________.
(i) Prairies
(ii) Velds
(iii) Pampas
Answer:
(ii) Velds

(c) Merino is a species of _________.
(i) Fish
(ii) Elephant
(iii) Sheep
Answer:
(iii) Sheep

(d) Kimberley is famous for _________.
(i) diamonds
(ii) silver
(iii) platinum
Answer:
(i) diamonds

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’.
(ii) Rise of wool industry in the Velds.
Answer:
(i) The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’ due to the huge surplus of wheat production.

(ii) Sheep rearing is the most important occupation in the Velds. Merino sheep is a popular species and their wool is very warm. Sheep is bred and reared mainly for wool. This has given rise to wool industry there.

Question 5.
On an outline map of North- America, mark the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes, river Mississippi, river Saskatchewan, the cities-Chicago and Winnipeg.
Answer:

Question 6.
For Fun :
Make a grass whistle
You will require a blade of grass about 5 cm in length. Be sure to choose the grass blade longer than your thumb. The thickness of the grass should be about 0.5 to 0.7 cm. Choose the grass that is broad and wide. Narrow blade is difficult to hold. Put your thumb together as your nails are facing you. Stretch the blade of grass lengthwise between the thumbs and the base of the hand.

Your hands should be cupped to create a hollow or a narrow opening between your palms. You should just be able to see the edge of the grass only through the narrow opening. Place your lips over the opening and blow gently into the palm. You may even feel the grass blade vibrating as you blow. As you gradually blow you will hear sound of whistle created by grass.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Temperate Grasslands Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the Prairies bound by?
Answer:
The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the west and the Great Lakes in the East.

Question 2.
What type of wind blows in the prairies?
Answer:
A local wind “Chinook” blows in the prairies due to the absence of the north-south barrier.

Question 3.
What kind of trees grow in Prairies where water is available?
Answer:
Where water is available, trees such as willows, alders and poplars grow in prairies.

Question 4.
Who looks after ranches?
Answer:
Sturdy men called cowboys look after ranches.

Question 5.
What factors have made North America a surplus food producer?
Answer:
Scientific methods of cultivation and use of tractors, harvesters and combines has made North America a surplus food producer.

Question 6.
Why are the Prairies known as the “Granaries of the world?”
Answer:
The Prairies are known, as the “Granaries of the world” due to the huge surplus of wheat production.

Question 7.
What is the extent of the dairy belt in the Prairies?
Answer:
The dairy belt -in the Prairies extends from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast in the east.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the terrain and vegetation of the prairies.
Answer:

• The prairies is a region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land.
• Whereas, prairies are treeless, but, near the low lying plains, flanking river valleys, woodlands can be found.
• Tall, grass, upto two metres high dominates the landscape.
• The prairies is actually a sea of grass.

Question 2.
Describe the location and surroundings of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds lie in the temperate grasslands.
• The velds is bound by the Drakensburg mountains on the east.
• Kalahari desert lies to the west of the velds.
• The “high velds” are located on the north-eastern part.

Question 3.
Write four climatic features of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean.
• Winters are cold and dry. Temperature vary between 5°C and 10°C and July is the coldest month.
• Summers are short and warm. The temperature of Johannesburg is about 20°C in summers.
• The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November to February.

Question 4.
What are the three broad divisions of the veld?
Answer:
The three broad divisions of the Veld are:

• High Veld – Highest ranging from 1120 m to 1670 m.
• The Middle Veld – It is a plateau ranging from 610 m to 1120 m.
• Low Veld – below 610 m.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the two main occupations sheep rearing and dairy farming practised in the velds.
Answer:
Sheep rearing :

• Sheep is bred mainly for wool.
• It has given rise to the woollen industry in the velds.
• Merino sheep is a popular species and their wool is very warm.

Dairy farming :

• Cattles are reared in the warmer and wetter regions.
• Dairy products like butter and cheese are produced for both domestic supply and also for expert.

Question 2.
Write the climatic conditions of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean.
• Winters are cold and dry.
• Temperature vary between 5°C and 10°C.
• Summers are short and warm.
• The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November and February.

Life in the Temperate Grasslands Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Grassland : A region where the grasses form the dominant type of plant life.
• Mixed Farming: Cultivation of crops and animal rearing is done on the same farm.
• Trans-continent: Across the continent from east to west.
• Temperate Region : Region which lies in the interior of the continents and received low rainfall.
• Combine Harvester : A grain machine that reaps threshes and sacks the wheat in one operation.
• Contour Ploughing: Cutting farm beds across the hill slopes, following the contours rather than ploughing up and down the slopes.
• Strip Cropping : Growing of crops in continuous strips along the contours of a hill slide.
• Prairies : Mid-latitude grasslands in North America.
• Cowboy : A man on the back of a horse who guides the one who has cattle in the Prairies
• Velds : Temperate grasslands of South Africa
• Chinook : Hot wind that blows in the winter
• Fauna : Species of animals
• Flora : Plants species of a particular region
• Ranches : Cattle’s shed in Prairies
• Red Indians : The Native Americans

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located.
(b) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin?
(c) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rain forests of the Amazon.
(d) What are the major cities located on the river Ganga?
(e) Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found?
Answer:
(а) South America.
(b) The people of the Amazon Basin grow tapioca, pineapple, and sweet potato. Cash crops such as coffee, maize, and cocoa are also grown.
(c) Toucans, hummingbirds, birds of paradise with their brilliantly coloured plumage.
(d) The major cities located on the river Ganga are Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna, and Kolkata.
(e) The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) Toucans are a type of:
(i) birds
(ii) animals
(iii) crops
Answer:
(i) birds

(b) Manioc is the staple food of:
(i) Ganga Basin
(ii) Africa
(iii) Amazon
Answer:
(iii) Amazon

(c) Kolkata is located on the river:
(i) Orange
(ii) Hooghly
(iii) Bhagirathi
Answer:
(ii) Hooghly

(d) Deodars and firs are a type of:
(i) Coniferous trees
(ii) Deciduous trees
(iii) Shrubs
Answer:
(i) Coniferous trees

(e) Bengal tiger is found in:
(i) Mountains
(ii) Delta area
(iii) Amazon.
Answer:
(ii) Delta area

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:
(i) (f)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (g)
(iv) (c)
(v) (a)

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(i) The rainforests are depleting.
Answer:
The rainforests are depleting because:

• Big developmental activities that result in cutting of trees.
• Setting up of large scale-industries after clearance of forest patches.
• Floods can submerge them or wash away the top soil.

(ii) Paddy is grown in Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.
Answer:
As paddy needs a sufficient amount of water and it rdins heavily in plains. Paddy is grown in the-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.

Question 5.
Map Skills:
(i) On an outline map of Indian subcontinent, draw the rivers of Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the month. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers.
Answer:

(ii) On the political map of the South Africa, draw the equator. Mark the countries located on equator.
Answer:

Countries : Ecuador, Columbia Peru and Brazil.

Question 6.
For Fun :
Make a collage to show places of attractions in India. You can divide the class in different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance.
Answer:
Students do yourself.

Question 7.
Activity:
Collect under mentioned material and observe how destruction of trees effect the soil cover.
Material:
(i) Three small flowerpots or food cans (example – cold drinks tin cans)
(ii) One big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a sprinkling can),
(iii) Twelve coins or bottle caps
(iv) Soil.

Process:
Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil to make it ‘ level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with ’ holes and fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden. Now, sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water very slowly so that no soil s splashes out. Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the second can. On the third v. can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that unprotected soil splashes out. Where the ‘rain’ is heavy the amount of soil that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a river’s mouth?
Answer:
The place where a river flows into another body of water is called river’s mouth.

Question 2.
What are Bromeliads?
Answer:
Bromeliads are special plants that store water in their lives.

Question 3.
What is population density?
Answer:
It means the number of people that live in 1 sq km. of area.

Question 4.
Which forests cover the Ganga-Brahmaputra deltaic regions?
Answer:
Mangrove forests.

Question 5.
Define Terrace farming.
Answer:
Terraces are built on steep slopes to create flat surface on which crop are grown.

Question 6.
Name the animals found in Amazon forest.
Answer:
Monkey, sloth and ant-eating tapirs:

Question 7.
How are people housed in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plain?
Answer:
Some families live in thatched houses shaped like beehives. There are other large apartment like houses called “Maloca” with a steep slanting roof.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have developmental activities adversely affected the rain¬forests?
Answer:

• Development activities have led to gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rainforests.
• A large area of rainforests have disappeared in the Amazon basin.
• The top soil washes away as the rain falls and the lush forest converts into a barren landscrape.

Question 2.
What is slash and burn agriculture?
Answer:
Slash and burn is a way of cultivating land where farmers clear a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees and bushes. After two or three crops, the soil loses fertility. So farmers abandon that patch and clear another plot of land to cultivate.

Question 3.
Write the climatic conditions of the Amazon basin.
Answer:

• Amazon basin is characterised by hot and wet climate throughout the year.
• Both days and nights are almost equally hot and humid.
• It rains almost everyday.

Question 4.
How have the rainforests of the Amazon basin been made accessible?
Answer:

• The Trans-Amazon highway have made all parts of the rainforests accessible.
• Aircrafts and helicopters are also used to reach various places of the rainforests.

Question 5.
How has the environment played a significant role in the distribution of the population?
Answer:
The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore, less number of people live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. The plain area provides the most suitable land for human habitation. The soil is fertile. The density of the population of the people is also very high.

Question 6.
How is River Ganga polluted?
Answer:
River Ganga is polluted because the waste water from big towns and cities and industries is discharged into river. This leads to its pollutions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was tourism flourished in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
Answer:
The places which are worth visiting in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin :

• Taj Mahal on the banks of river Yamuna in Agra.
• Allahabad on the confluence of the River Ganga and Yamuna.
• Buddhist stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• Imambara in Lucknow.
• Kaziranga and Manas wildlife sanctuaries in Assam.

Question 2.
Describe the variety of wildlife found in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin.
Answer:

• Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are common.
• The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plains.
• In the delta area, Bengal tigers, crocodiles and alligators are found.
• Aquatic life abounds in the fresh river waters, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal. The popular varieties of the fishes are the – Rohu, Catla and Hilsa.

Map Time

Question I.
Mark the Amazon Basin and its neighbouring areas of it on a physical map of south America.
Solution:

Question II.
Mark the location of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin on the Indian River Map long with the rivers.
Solution:

Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Tropical Region : Region which lies around the equator between 10°N and 10°S latitudes.
• Temperate Regions : Interior regions of continents receive less rainfall.
• River Basin : A single river system which drains a certain area.
• Seringuerious : Method of collecting rubber in Amazon Basin.
• Shifting Agriculture : A system of constantly moving over a new field as old ones wear out.
• Head Stream: The stream constituting the major sources of river to develop in later phase.
• Tributaries : These are the small rivers that join the main river.
• Rain Forests : A vegetation zone characterised by high rainfall (above 200 cm.) well distributed throughout the year and tropical evergreen trees.
• Indigenous : Original occupants of the region.
• Tsangpo : Name given to river Brahmaputra in Tibet.
• Sasu : Blind dolphin.
• Manioc : This is the staple food of the people of the Amazon basin.
• Maloca : Large apartment houses with steeply slanting roofs.
• Piranha : It is a type of fish that eats.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(а) What are the four means of transport?
Answer:
The four means of transport are :

• Roadways
• Railways
• Waterways
• Airways

(b) What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
Answer:
Settlements are places where people build their homes.

(c) Which are the activities practised by human people?
Answer:
The activities practised by the rural people are farming, fishing, forestry, trading and craftswork.

(d) Mention two merits of railways.
Answer:
Two merits of railways are:

• The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distances quickly.
• The railway fare is less compared to waterways and airways.

(e) What is mass media?
Answer:
Mass media is the medium of communicating to large number of people like print media, radio and television.

Question 2.
Tick (√) of the correct answer:
(i) Which is not a mean of communication?
(a) Telephone
(b) Books
(c) Table
Answer:
(c) Table

(ii) Which type of road is constructed under the ground?
(а) Flyover
(b) Express ways
(c) Subways
Answer:
(c) Subways

(iii) Which mode of transport is most suitable to reach an island?
(a) ship
(b) train
(c) car
Answer:
(a) ship

(iv) Which vehicle does not pollute the environment?
(a) cycle
(b) bus
(c) aeroplane
Answer:
(a) cycle

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b).

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(a) Today’s world is a shrinking.
Answer:
World is shrinking today because of the various modes of communication which are provided by worldwide information and interaction.

Question 5.
For Fun :
Mention which mode of communi-cation you will prefer most in the following situations.
(a) Your grandfather has suddenly fallen ill. How will you inform the doctor?
(b) Your mother wants to sell the old house. How will she spread this news?
(c) You are going to attend the marriage of your cousin for which you will be absent from the schools for the next days. How will you inform the teacher?
(d) Your friend has moved out with his/her family to New York. How will you keep in touch on a daily base?
Answer:
(a) Telephone
(b) Newspaper
(c) Letter/Application
(d) Telephone/Internet.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is wet point settlement?
Answer:
The settlement growing around water is known as wet point settlement.

Question 2.
Name the cheapest means of transport.
Answer:
The cheapest means of transport is waterways.

Question 3.
What is temporary settle-ment?
Answer:
Settlement which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlement.

Question 4.
Which means of transport is free from physical barrier?
Answer:
Air transport is free from physical barrier.

Question 5.
Which transport system is suitable for light and perishable articles?
Answer:
Road transport system is suitable for light and perishable articles.

Question 6.
Which are the types of human settlement?
Answer:
Rural and urban settlements are two kinds of human settlement.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are temporary settlements? Who dwell in these settlements and what are their main occupations?
Answer:

• Settlements which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlements.
• The people living in deep forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains often dwell in such temporary settlements.
• Their main occupations are hunting, gathering, shiftsing cultivation and transhumance.

Question 2.
Name the various animals used for transport in different parts of the world. .
Answer:

• In India, donkeys, mules, bullocks and camesl are used.
• In the Andes mountains of South America, Llamas are used.
• In Tibet, yaks are used.

Question 3.
Write four important features of airways.
Answer:

• Airways is the fastest means of transport.
• It is the most expensive due to high cost of fuel.
• It can reach even the most remote and distant areas, especially where there are no roads and railways.
• Helicopters are extremely useful in most inaccessible areas and in times of calamities for rescuing people and for distributing food, water, clothes and medicines.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between transport and communication.
Answer:

Question 2.
Distinguish between National Highways and State Highways.
Answer:

Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Site : The place where a building or a settlement develops.
• Settlements : Places where people build their homes.
• Transport: The means by which people and goods move is called transport.
• Subways : Roads built underground.
• Communication : The process of conveying messages to others.
• Mass Media : The means through which we can communicate with a large number of people.
• Metalled Roads : Pucca roads that can be used in all the weather.
• Unmetalled Roads : Kuchcha roads are out of work during extreme weather.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 11 New Empires and Kingdoms

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
State whether true or false :

1. Harishena composed a prashasti in praise of Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni.
2. The rulers of Aryavarta brought tribute for Samudragupta.
3. There were twelve rulers in Dakshinapatha.
4. Taxila and Madurai are important centres under the control of the Gupta rulers.
5. Aihole was the capital ofPallavas.
6. The local assemblies functioned for several centuries in South India.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False
6. True.

Question 2.
Mention three authors who wrote about Harshvardhana.
Answer:

• Banabhatta (court poet of Harshvardhana).
• Xuan Zang.
• Harshvardhan himself.

Question 3.
What changes do you find in the army at this time?
Answer:
Kings of this time had a large and well maintained army. Except this regular army there were some military leaders who provided king with troops whenever they required. These military leaders were not paid salaries. They collect revenue from the land granted by the king and used collected revenue for maintaining gQod army. Thus during these days the military leaders who provided army to kings were known as ‘Samantas’. At this time ‘Smantas system’ became the important part of army.

Question 4.
What were the new administrative arrangements during this period?
Answer:
New administrative arrangements came into existence during this period. Although the village remained the basic emit of administration, some new developments emerged. Kings adopted several steps to get the support of powerful and influential persons.
→ Some important administrative posts were now hereditary. This means that son succeeded fathers to these posts. For example, the poet Harishena got the post of maha-danda-nayaka or chief judicial officer from his father.

→ Sometimes, one person handled the responsibility of many offices. For example, Harishena was not only a maha-danda-nayaka, but also a kumar- amatya, meaning an important minister and a Sandhi-Vigrahika, meaning a minister of war and peace.

→ Some influential persons like nagara- shreshthi or chief banker or merchant of the city, the Sartharaha or leader of the merchant a caravans, the prathamakulika or the chief craftsman and the head of the kayasthas or scribes had a say in the local administration.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
What do you think Arvind would have to do if he was acting as Samudragupta?
Answer:
If Arvind was acting as Samudragupta, he would do what is written on the Ashokan pillar at Allahabad. He would dress up like a warrior. Sometimes, he would sit on the throne in Raj Darbar and would seem busy doing his administrative jobs.

Question 6.
Do you think ordinary people would have read and understand the Prashastis ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
“Prashasti” is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of. Hence, the prashastis are composed in praise of contemporary kings (rulers). They were written by either royal poet or written by the visitors who visited India during this time.

We think ordinary people must read these k prashastis because they can know the glimpse of their recent past and know what was the economic, social and political condition of the state that time.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you had to make a genealogy for l yourself, who are the people you would include in it? How many generations would like to show? Make a chart and fill l it. t
Answer:
The word ‘genealogy’ means to make the list of ancestors. Make the list of persons to whom you know 1 very well as with whom your blood relation. The I people I would like to include in my genealogy:

• My father.
• My grandfather.
• The old-grandfather (grandfather of my I father).

At least two generations we would like to include. Related to the above genealogy try to make the chart with the help of your teacher.

Question 8.
How do you think wars affect the lives of ordinary people today?
Answer:
The wars affect the lives of the ordinary people today in the following ways:

• The war causes tremendous loss of life and property.
• Number of people lose their lives during war.
• Daily routine of the life gets affected.
• It gives birth to number of diseases.
• It increases the rate of poverty.

HBSE 6th Class History New Empires and Kingdoms Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mention the expedition led by Harsha.
Answer:
Harsha conquered both Magadha and Bengal. He tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan but was stopped by Pulakesin II, the ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.

Question 2.
What is prashasti?
Answer:
A prashasti is a special kind of inscription written in praise of a ruler or a king.

Question 3.
What happened to the rulers of Aryavarata under Samudragupta’s empire?
Answer:
The nine rulers of Aryavarata were uprooted and their kingdoms were made a part of Samudragupta’s empire.

Question 4.
When did the Arabs conquer Sind?
Answer:
The Arabs conquered Sind (in present Pakistan) about 1300 years ago.

Question 5.
What information we get in the biography of Harshacharita?
Answer:
In the biography of Harshacharita, we came to know about the genealogy of King Harsha and ends with his becoming king.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do we know about Pulakeshin II from his prashasti?
Answer:

• Pulakeshin II’s prashasti tells us about his ancestors who are traced back through four generations from father to son.
• Pulakeshin evidently got the kingdom from his uncle.
• He led expeditions along both the west and the east coasts.
• He checked the advance of Harsha.

Question 2.
What do you know about Allahabad Pillar Inscription?
OR
State the military achievement of Samudragupta as given in the Allahabad inscription.
Answer:
The most authentic source of information about Samudragupta’s conquests are given in Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his poet Harisena. It tells us that Samudragupta was not only a conqueror but also an able administrator. It also tells us detailed about the rulers against whom he waged campaigns.

Question 3.
Why did Harsha change (shift) his capital?
Answer:
When Harshavardhana ascended the throne his kingdom was threatened by the rulers of Bengal and Gujarat. After the accession his first task was to rescue his sister Rajyashri. Then he united the kingdoms of Thanesar and Kannauj. Thereafter, he change his capital from Thanesar to Kannauj. Harsha then strengthened his position and then set out on a long campaign of conquests in north-India.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of‘Assemblies in the Southern Kingdom’?
Answer:

• The Sabha: The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention a number of local assemblies. Sabha was an assembly of Brahmin land owners. The sub-committees of Sabha looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making roads, local temples, etc.
• The Ur: The ‘Ur’ was a village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not Brahmins.
• Nagram : ‘Nagram’ was an organisation of merchants. These assemblies were probably controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants.

Question 5.
How did the Gupta administration differ from that of the Mauryan administration?
Answer:
The governors of the provinces were more independent than they had been in Mauryan times. The provinces were divided into districts and the people of the districts were asked to the help in the administration. There were district councils to advise the governor, and these councils consisted not only of the officers out also of citizens from the towns. Paying the salaries of the officers by land grants instead of money which meant that the king did not have much control over the officers as had the Maurya Kings.

Question 6.
Describe the achievement of Gupta period in the Held of science.
Answer:
The Gupta contributed significantly towards the development of science. Aryabhatta, the famous astronomer and mathematician lived during this period. He wrote the Aiyabhatta and Surya’s Siddhanta which describes the details of solar and lunar eclipses. He reaffirmed that the earth revolves round the sun and rotates on its axis.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
The Pallavas and the Chalukya were the most important ruling dynasties in India during Harsha’s period. Explain the statement.
Answer:
Indeed, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in South India during Harsha’s period.
1. The kingdom of Pallavas spread from the region around their capital, Kanchipuram to the Kaveri delta, while that of the Chalukyas was centered around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra.

2. The Pallavas and Chalukyas frequently attacked one another’s areas, particularly they attacked the capital cities, which were prosperous towns.

3. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important trading and commercial centre. Initially this town developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples.

4. During the days of Pulakeshin II the Chalukyas defeated Harsha of Kanauj and Thanesar. But this victory was short lived.

5. Ultimately, both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

Question 2.
What is written about Harshvardhana by Banabhatta and Xu an Zang?
Answer:
Banabhatta wrote about Harshvar-dhana in Harshacharita in Sanskrit. He wrote about the genealogy of Harsha till he became king.
Xuan Zang also spent a lot of time at Harsha’s court and wrote in detail about him.
We come to know that:

• Harsha was not the eldest son of his father, but became the king of Thanesar after both his father and elder brother died.
• Harsha attacked the ruler of Bengal as he had killed his brother who was the ruler of Kanauj.
• Harsha was successful in the east and conquered both Magadha and Bengal.
• Harsha was, however, not successful elsewhere.
• Harsha tried to cross the Narmada to march into Deccan, but was stopped by a ruler belonging to the Chalukya dynasty, Pulakeshin II.

Question 3.
Discuss the life of the ordinary people in Harsha’s period.
Answer:
We come to know about the life of the ordinary people in Harsh’s period through literary sources.
(a) The plays written by Kalidasa depict the life of people in court. The ruler and the Brahmins are shown as speaking Sanskrit while women and men other than ruler and Brahmin use Prakrit.

(b) The most famous play of Kalidasa Abhijanans Shakuntalam, is the story of love between the king named Dushyanta and a young woman named Shakuntala. We find an interesting and impressive description of the plight (condition) of a poor fisherman in this play. This character of the play (i.e., the fisherman) found a costly ring, which the king (Dushyanta) had given to Shakuntala, but which had been accidently swallowed by a fish. When he went to the palace with that ring, the gateman (of the palace) accused him of theft and the chief police officer was rather rude. However, the king was happy when he saw the ring and sent a reward for the fisherman. Then the police officer and the gateman decided to take a share of the reward, and went along with the fisherman to have a drink.

(c) During the reign of Chandragupta II, the Chinese pilgrim Fa Xian noticed the plight of those who were treated as untouchables by the high and mightly people of the Indian society of those days. They were expected to live on the outskirts of the city (capital city-Pataliputra was referred by Fa Xian). He writes, “If such a man enters a town or a market place, he strikes a piece of wood, in order to keep himself separate, people, hearing his sound, know what it means and avoid touching him or brushing against him.”

New Empires and Kingdoms Class 6 HBSE Notes

• The Hunas : The foreign tribe from Central Asia attacked India in the fifth century A.D.
• Murals : The wall paintings in the Ajanta caves.
• Nayannars : The devotees of Shiva.
• Zend Avesta : The sacred book of the ZoroastriAnswer:
• Brahmi: A script used in ancient times in India.
• Maharajadhiraja : The king of kings.
• Sculptures: A work of art that is solid figure or object made by cutting and shaping woods, stones, clay, metal, etc.
• Devadasis : The women employed to serve the deities in the temple.
• Prashasti : It is a Sanskrit word which means ‘in praise of . These were composed in praise of kings.
• Tribute : Cash paid/gift paid/payment made by one ruler to another in lieu of protection against any other king.
• Land-grants: Land allotted to some powerful men from where he can collect land revenue and render his military services to the king.
• Vishyapati : Head of the district during Gupta empire.
• Kumaramatyas : These were the official incharge at provincial level during Vardhan age.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 12 Buildings, Paintings, and Books

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall:

Question 1.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :

1. ________ was a great astronomer.
2. Stories about the gods and goddesses are found in the ________.
3. ________ is recognised as the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana.
4. ________ and ________ are two Tamil epics.

Answer:

1. Aryabhatta
2. Puranas
3. Valmiki
4. Silappadikaram, Manimekalai.

Let’s Discuss:

Question 3.
Make a list of the chapters in working. What are the metals which you find mention of metals objects mentioned or shown in those chapters?
Answer:
List of the chapters in which we find mention of metal working :

• In the earliest cities..
• What Books and Burials Tell us.
• Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic.
• Vital Villages, Thriving Towns.
• Traders, Kings and Pilgrims.

Question 4.
Read the story on page 130. In what ‘ ways is the monkey king similar to or different from the kings you read about in Chapter 6 and 11?
Answer:
The monkey king had similar powers as other kings. He is intelligent, diplomatic and brave. He has the ability to take right decisions. When he observes the situation of the attack on his community by the King’s men, he makes a quick plan to save his army. First, he let all of them cross the river. As he is the last, he gets tired and exhausted. He falls down and is dead. This way, he proves himself to be a great protector and saviour of his army and kingdom. He has all the good qualities that a good human king possesses.

Question 5.
Find out more and tell a story from one of the epics.
Answer:
The epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata teach us a lot from their stories.

One of the stories of Mahabharata runs like this: Yudhishtra, the victor in the Kurukshetra war, ruled the Kuru kingdom wisely. After sometime, his brothers and Draupadi decided to retire to the forest to lead an austere life. On the day, they were leaving, two Brahmins approached Yudhishtra. Brahmin A told him that he had bought a piece of land from Brahmin B for building a house, and having paid the money, he had legally registered the dead. When he started to dig the land for laying the foundation he had discovered a pot of gold.

Brahmin B came to know about this and was claiming the gold as it was his ancestors who had obtained the title for the land, whatever was found in the land automatically belonged to him. Yudhishtra heard the two Brahmins and turned to Bhima who was nearby. He wanted to know what Bhima thought of the dispute. Bhima told his brother, “Respected elder brother, yesterday these two Brahmins came to me with the same problem.

Brahmin A, the new owner of the land, said that he had only bought the land and hence had no claim over the treasure. But Brahmin B would have nothing of it. The treasure came from the land which now belonged to Brahmin A, he said. In fact, they are telling just the opposite of what they are presenting today. This means that from today Dwaparayuga is over and Kaliyuga is bom.” In Kaliyuga, where we live, morals are : completely dead.

Let’s Do:

Question 6.
List some steps that can be taken to make buildings and monuments accessible to differently abled people.
Answer:
Round, tall, big and small buildings and monuments are accessible to differently abled people. In these buildings bodily remains of abled can be kept. Their teeth,, bones, ashes, clothes can also be placed there.

Question 7.
Try and list as many uses of paper you can.
Answer:
Uses of paper:

• It is used for printing books.
• It is used for making note-books on which we write.
• It is used for making post-cards, inland post-cards and acrogroms through which we can convey message from one part to another.
• Paper is also used for making postal stamps and revenue stamps.
• Our currency is also made up of paper.

Question 8.
If you could visit any one of the places described in this chapter which one would you choose and why?
Answer:
If we visited Delhi, definitely we would like to visit Mehrauli. The Iron Pillar situated at Mehrauli is the one of the finest example of the skill of Indian crafts persons. It is made of Iron and weighted over three tonnes. The height of the pillar is about 7.2 m and it was made 1500 years ago. On this pillar the date of Chandragupta (ruler of Gupta empire) was clearly mentioned. Even today this pillar look like so as it was 1500 years ago.

We visited there because at this place we can get the glimpse of‘Golden Age’ of Indian History. We can get exact date about the Gupta Dynasty and their extent of empire.

HBSE 6th Class History Buildings, Paintings, and Books Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How do we come to know that Iron Pillar at Mehrauli was made about 1500 years ago?
Answer:
We came to know about the date of Iron Pillar because there is an inscription on the pillar mentioning a ruler named Chandra, who probably belonged to the Gupta dynasty.

Question 2.
What are epics?
Answer:
Epics are grand, long compositions about heroic men and women, and include stories about gods.

Question 3.
What is a pradakshina patha? Why was it built.
Answer:
Pradakshina patha was laid around the stupa. Devotees walked on this path to pay their

Short Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
Building stupas and temples was not an ordinary job. It needed huge,wealth which only kings or queens could afford.

There were several stages in building a stupa or temple. Firstly, good quality stone had to be found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully selected for the new building. Secondly, these rough blocks of stone had to be shaped and covered into pillars, and panels for walls, floors and ceilings. Thirdly, these had to be placed in precisely the right position. Kings and queens spend money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.

Question 2.
Describe the paintings at Ajanta.
Answer:

• Most of the paintings inside the dark caves were done in the light of torches.
• The colours of the paintings are vivid even after 1500 years.
• The colours were made of plants and minerals.
• The artists who created these splendid works of art remain unknown.

Question 3.
Give a brief description of the iron Pillar at Mehrauli.
Answer:
The Iron Pillar at Mehrauli is a remarkable example of the skill of the Indian artisans and craftspersons. It is made of iron, is 7.2 m high and weighs about 3 tonnes. It was made about 1500 years ago and has not rusted in all these years. It was probably made by a ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 4.
In your own words, write the story about the Tamil epic ‘Silappadikaram’.
Answer:
The Tamil epic Silappadikaram was composed by a poet named Ilango. It is a story of a merchant named Kovalan, who lived in Puhar, and fell in love with the court girl Madhavi. Kovalan neglected his wife Kannagi. Later Kovalan and Kannagi left Puhar and went to Madurai. Kovalan was wrongly accused of theft by the court jeweller of the Pandya king. The king sentenced Kovalan to death. Kannagi’ destroyed the entire city of Madurai. She was full of grief and anger.

Long Answer Type Questions:

Question 1.
Write the salient features of earliest Hindu temples.
Answer:
Some Hindu temples were also built during this period. The deities worshipped in these shrines were Vishnu, Shiva and Durga. The most important part of the temple was the garbhagriha which was a room where the image of the chief deity was placed. It was at this place that priests performed religious rituals and devotees offered worship to the deity.

The garbhagriha had a tower known as the shikhara built on its top. This marked the place as a sacred one. Building shikharas require careful planning. Most temples also had a mandapa. This was a hall like structure meant for common people to assemble.

Mahabalipuram and Aihole in south India were famous for their temples. These were stone temples. The monolithic temples of Mahabalipuram were very beautiful. Each of these temples was carved out of a huge, single piece of stone. It is therefore known as monoliths. The Durga temple at Aihole was built about 1400 years ago.

Question 2.
Describe the development of architecture under Satavahanas.
Answer:
Architecture : Marked progress was made in the field of architecture. The Satavahana rulers took interest in building caves, viharas and monasteries. Chaityas or large halls with a number of columns and stupas. Most of the rock caves in the Deccan were cut during this period. The caves, monasteries, chaityas and stupas of Orissa, Nasik, Karle and Bhuj are fine specimen of contemporary architecture and decoration.

Chaitya was a large hall with a number of columns. The vihara had a central hall. The Chaitya of Karle was most famous. It is 40 metres long, 15 metres wide and 15 metres high. It has rows of 15 columns on each side. Each of these columns is built on a stair like square plinth. Each pillar has a capital figure of an elephant, a horse of a rider on the top. The viharas were meant as places of residence for the monks. At Nasik there are three viharas carrying the inscriptions of Gautamiputra and Nahapana.

The most famous of these monuments are the stupas. Among them the Amaravati Stupa and Nagarjunakonda Stupa are most famous. The stupa was a large round structure built over some relic of the Buddha. The Amaravati Stupa measures 162 metres across the base and its height is 100 ft. Both these stupas are full of sculptures.

Question 3.
How were stupas and temples built?
Answer:
(i) Good quality stone was found, quarried and transported to the place that was often carefully chose for the new building.

(ii) Rough blocks of stones were shaped and carved into pillars and panels for walls, floors and ceilings.

(iii) They were often placed in precisely the right position.

(iv) The money for the temples and stupas was got from:

• Kings and queens spent money from their treasury to pay the crafts persons.
• The gifts from devotees were used to decorate the buildings.

(v) Merchants, farmers, garland makers, perfumers, smiths and hundreds of men and women also paid for decorations and their names we re inscribed on pillars, railings and walls.

Buildings, Paintings, and Books Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Puranas : The puranas are 18 in number. The Puranas are valuable to historians and antiquarians as a source of political history on account of the genealogies even though they can be used with great caution and care.
• Gandhara School of Art: A form of art that flourished and developed around Gandhara and had a Greek influence.
• Mathura School of Art: A form of art that developed and flourished around Mathura and was totally in Indian style.
• Stupa: the dome-shaped semi-spherical building is known as a stupa which contains the relics of Buddha.
• Chaityas : The halls in which Buddhist monks offer their prayer.
• Viharas : Monasteries for Buddhist monks are known as Viharas.
• Shikhara : It means a very high square and storeyed tower.
• Mandapa: A gathering place for the people, the temple campus, or a place in the temple where people could assemble.
• Garbhagriha : A place or room in a temple where the images of the chief deities were placed.
• Silappadikaram : Silappadikaram was the oldest Tamil epic composed by Ilango 1800 years ago.
• Manimekalai : Manimekalai is another well-known epic of Tamil literature composed by Sattanar around 1400 years ago.