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Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

HBSE 8th Class Civics Law and Social Justice Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farmworkers, factory workers, or workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.
Answer:
(i) Farmworkers are not getting minimum wages in villages.
(ii) Women workers are not getting equal wages as that of men which is not permitted by law.

Question 2.
What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?
Answer:
(i) They get cheap labourers or workers in India.
(ii) Since India has the second largest population country, there is a very vast internal market of foreign goods available in India.
(iii) India’s geographical conditions are favourable. India is linked to many other countries of the world. The companies, can export their goods to major markets of the world.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice?
Answer:
The victims of Bhopal Gas Tragedy have not got justice even after 28 years of Bhopal Gas Tragedy on December 2,1984. Even today 50,000 people are too sick to work. Many of them have developed severe respiratory disorders, eye-problems and other disorders. Even today many factories, workshops mines are running wihout proper safety measures.

Question 4.
What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Answer:
(i) Meaning: Law enforcement means that the law maker and enforcer, the government ensures that safety laws are duly implemented.
(ii) The government (excutive) is responsible for enforcement of law.
(iii) The enforcement of law is so important that without enforcement, the framing of laws meaningless. Safety laws were not enforced that led to Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

Question 5.
How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.
Answer:
(i) Laws should ensure that business men use ISI marked balance, weights or measurements.
(ii) The products especially the medicines and eatables should have MRP (Maximum Retail Price) and expiry date marked on them.
It is through laws that the markets are regulated and the relation between workers, consumers and producers are not allowed to become explosive.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 km away from the present location. Write about how your life would change.
Answer:
(a) I will have to shift my family.
(b) I will have to give ‘change of address’ notice for my bank and other legal documents.
(c) I will have to change the school of my children. If they don’t get a good school, their studies will suffer.

Question 7.
Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read ah opt in this unit.
Answer:
(i) The legislative organ of the government makes laws.
(ii) The executive organ of the government implements these laws and enforcement of the laws safeguards the interests of the minorities.
(iii) The judiciary organ of the government decides punishment for the law breakers.
(iv) The government ensures that the social- justice is achieved in the society, for example Workers do not work below minimumwages ; Child-labour is not practised.
(v) The government also undertakes welfare functions and sees to it that basic needs of the . citizens are met.

Question 8.
What are the source of environment pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to: (a) air (6) water (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce the pollution. Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer:
(i) The sources of environment pollution in our area are:
(a) Air is being polluted from smoke coming from factories, chimneys.
(b) Smoke from petrol and diesel vehicles also pollute the air.
(c) Water-pollution is caused by dirt, chemical fertilizers and garbage from factories, farms and houses.
(d) Humans wastes, and dirt from factories pollute the soil.

(ii) The steps taken to reduce pollution are:
(a) New laws are being made to check the environment pollution.
(b) CNG vehicles are promoted which do not cause pollution.
(c) Actions are being taken against companies who are responsible to violate environment laws.

(iii) Other suggestions:
Laws alone cannot make the environment clean. It is the people and every individual who is responsible and should take voluntary actions to
minimise pollution.

Question 9.
How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.
Answer:
(i) Earlier, the environment was considered a free entity which anyone could spoil. There was hardly any law to protect the environment. Neither the people, nor the government could take any action.
(ii) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy has brought the issue of environment to the forefront. Indian Government has introduced laws to protect the environment. The courts have declared the environment to be a public facility and the government is responsible for checking pollution, clear rivers and punish the wrong doers.

Question 10.
What do you think the famous Cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2006 law that you read on page 125.

Answer:
(i) I think the famous cartoonist is trying to draw our attention towards child-labour. In the cartoon, a rich woman hires another child to lessen the burden of heavy school-bag on her child’s shoulders.
(ii) The law of 2006, is an amendment to the Child Labour and Prevention Act, which bans children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants or as workers in dhabas, restaurants, tea-shops etc.

Question 11.
You have read about the Bhopal gas tragedy and the on-going struggle. Students from countries across the world have come together to support this struggle for justice. From protest marches to awareness campaigns, you can read about their activities on the website www.studentsforbhopal.com. The website also has resources such as photos, posters, documentaries, victims’ statements, etc.

Use this and other sources to make a wallpaper/exhibition on the’ Bhopal tragedy for your classroom. Invite the whole school to see and talk about it.
Answer:
It is a classroom activity. Do yourself

HBSE 8th Class Civics Law and Social Justice Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why are law made to protect the interest of producers and consumers in the market?
Answer:
To ensure that the relations between the workers, consumer and producer are governed in a manner that is not exploitative.

Question 2.
Mention the health problems faced by the survivors of Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
Answer:
Many people developed severe respiratory disorders, eye problems and other disorders. Children developed peculiar abnormalities.

Question 3.
Why did Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur?
Answer:
Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred due to leakage of highly poisonous gas-methyl isocyanite (MIC) from a factory which produces pesticides.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the government ensure social justice?
Answer:
Through making, enforcing and upholding these laws the government control the activities of individuals or private companies to ensure social justice.

Question 2.
Which three states have developed plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants?
Answer:
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have developed plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants.

Question 3.
Was Bhopal Gas Tragedy an accident? If not why?
Answer:
Bhopal Gas Tragedy was not an accident Union Carbide had deliberately ignored the essential safety measures in order to cut costs. Much before the Bhopal disaster, there had been incidents of gas leakage killing a worker and injuring several people.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and the havoc caused by it.
Answer:
Union Carbide was an American Company located in Bhopal city in Madhya Pradesh where it produced pesticides. On December 2, 1884, a poisonous gas-Methyl-Isocyanite started leaking from this plant. The gas took no time to spread and the people settled in nearby areas started having breathing problems with in three days more than 8000 people died and hundreds of thousands were suffering different diseases. The people who survived developed many problems like respiratory problems, eye problems and other disorders. People became too sick and handicapped to work.

The tragedy occurred due to:
(i) Ignoring safety measures in order to cut costs.
(ii) Relaxation in enforcement of laws.
To make the matters worse; only 470 million was given as compensation as against 3 billion demanded by the court.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the given picutres and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the major cause of environmental pollution?
Answer:
Emissions from vehicles are a major cause of environmental pollution.

Question 2.
What had the Supreme Court ordered in a series of rulings (1998 onwards)?
Answer:
The Supreme Court had ordered in a series of rulings (1998) that all public transport vehicles were to switch to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

Question 3.
Why are the high levels of toxic substances present in the air?
Answer:
The high levels of toxic substances are present in the air due to emissions from cars run on diesel and a sharp increase in the number of cars on the road.

Law and Social Justice Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Consumer: An individual who buys goods for personal use and not for resale.
• Producer: A person or organisation that produces goods for sale in the market. At times, the producer keeps a part of the produce for his own use, like a farmer.
• Investment: Money spent to purchase new machinery or buildings or training so as to be able to increase/modernise production in the future.
• Workers’ Union: An association of workers. Workers’ unions are common in factories and offices, but might be also found among other types of workers, say domestic workers’ union.
• Market: Bazar or market is that place where the process of buying selling of articles take place.
• Protective Laws: The laws which are framed or passed by the legislature to protect people from different types of exploitation. These laws try to ensure that the unfair practices are kept at a minirmiman the markets.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

HBSE 8th Class Civics Public Facilities Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?
Answer:
(i) Private companies throughout the world only operate for profit. To supply clean, pure water at affordable rates is not very affordable.
(ii) The facilities provided by the private companies will not be affordable by all. A majority of the people would be deprived of the opportunity of availing the basic facilities and enjoying a decent life.

Question 2.
Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss.
Answer:
No, water is not available and affordable in Chennai by all.
(i) Areas like Anna Nagar, where Senior Government officials, reside, have tap water for a major part of the day. Even during water scarcity, a water tanker is arranged for them.
(ii) Residents of Mylapore get municipal water once in two days.
(iii) Madipakam gets water once in four days.
(iv) The residents of Saidapet, a slum area do not have separate water connection of their own. The water comes only in common tap for 20 minutes twice a ddy.
(v) The water is not affordable to all. The middle class and rich people can dig borewells, buy water from tankers or even bottled water for drinking. The poor people have the least access to water.

Question 3.
How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the government do anything in this regard?
Answer:
The sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai is affecting adversely the local people.
(i) The ground water-level of surrounding towns and villages have dropped drastically resulting in the loss of drinking waiter to local residents.
(ii) The private companies or water dealers pay farmers an advance for the rights to exploit water sources on their land. These companies are using a fleet of over 13,000 water tankers.
(iii) Water has become short for agriculture resulting in less production of foodgrains.

Question 4.
Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas?
Answer:
Private hospitals and private schools are located in major cities and not in town or rural areas because:
(i) The infrastructural and modem facilities to run such institutes are not available in towns or rural areas.
(ii) The skilled and educated doctors and educationists reside in major cities and very few of them would like to shift to rural areas or towns.
(iii) The private hospitals and schools are mainly run for profit motive and to meet their high expenses, they charge high fees which only people of major cities can afford.

Question 5.
Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.
Answer:
No, I think the distribution of public facilities in our country is not adequats and fair.
(a) In major cities, there are pucca houses but in villages most of the people are even living in kuchha houses. This is not fair for the biggest democratic country of the world.

(b) There are so many areas and villages where good road, proper schools, hospitals, good sanitation conditions, proper supply of pure water and electricity are not accessible till date.

(c) Even good hospitals and schools are also located in major cities only.

Question 6.
Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity etc. Is there scope to improve these? What in your opinion should be done? Complete the table.
Answer:
There is certainly a scope for improvement in public facilities in our area. Most important is sanitation. There is a big garbage disposal pit adjoining our area which is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Also the carbon generated from dirt in the pit leads to leakage of gas for airconditioners. The government has to take immediate actions to close the pit

Question 7.
Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.
Answer:
No, all the above facilities are not shared equally by all the people in your area. Nearly 20 percent people are living below the poverty line. They do not have access to pure and clean drinking water.
The rich people purchase sealed water bottles of branded companies. They have access to regular water supply through tap connections.

Question 8.
Data on some of the public facilities ‘ are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with you teacher when and how the census is conducted.
Answer:
Census is conducted every ten years, if The last census was conducted in 2011. The government appoints special people to 1 collect data from door to door about population, occupation, access to public facilities The data is compared with last figures and planned figures and suitable actions are takenr.

Question 9.
Private educational institutions- schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relately less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.
Answer:
The impacts of privatisation of education will be as follows:
(a) The education will be more costly.
(b) However, the new techniques of education will be followed with modem instruments. The private companies, in the competition, try to lend better facilities.
(c) There will be more inequality in society because only people from richer strata will be able to afford to send their children to private institutions.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Public Facilities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India?
Answer:
Almost over 16 hundred children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India.

Question 2.
Under which article ‘right to water* is part of the right to life?
Answer:
Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution the ‘right to water’ is part of right to life.

Question 3.
What is special about Porto Alegre?
Answer:
Porto Alegre has lowest infant death rate than other cities of the world because of the availability of safe water maintained by city water department.

Question 4.
How did the drinking water of Mahbubnagar get contaminated?
Answer:
A textile company discharged poisonous chemicals in the river near the Mahbubnagar. This has contaminated the ground water, which was the source of irrigation and drinking water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the Indian Constitution say about Right to Education and what is the contradiction that prevails in India?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Education for all children between the age of 6-14 years. According to this Right, schooling facilities are available to all children impartially. According to report on education, schooling in India continues to be highly uneven.

Question 2.
The public facility benefits many people at a time. Discuss it with example.
Answer:
Indeed, the public facility benefits many people at a time. For example, a school in a village will allow any children to get educated. In the same way by the supply of electricity to an area the farmers can run pump-sets to irrigate their fields, people can open small workshops that run on electricity, students will get help in their studies.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what areas have the private companies successfully granted public facilities and why?
Answer:
The private companies have successfully ventured opening of schools and hospitals. They also provide drinking water through tankers and sealed bottles. They provide all these facilities at a price which upper class people can afford.

Question 2.
“Indian courts have done very praiseworthy work as far as the right to water is concerned and they have also taken steps to prevent the water-pollution by some companies.” Discuss.
Answer:
(a) The constitution of India recognises the right to water as being a part of the right to life (Article 21). There have several court cases in which both the High Courts and the SupremeCourt have held that the right to safe drinking water is a Fundamental Right.

(b) For example, in 2007, the Andhra Pradesh High Court restated this (Right to get sufficient safe water) while hearing a case based on a letter written by a village of Mahbubnagar district on the contamination of drinking water.

(c) The villager’s complaint was that a textile company was discharging poisonous chemicals into a stream near his village, contaminating ground water, which was the source for irrigation and drinking water.

(d) The judges of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh directed the Mahbubnagar district collector to supply 25 litres of water to each person in the village.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the given pictures given below and answer the following question:

Question 1.
What is most important form of public transport over short distances?
Answer:
Buses are the most important forms of public transport over short distances.

Question 2.
What has the government planned as an alternative to bus transport?
Answer:
The government has planned ambitious metro-rail project for Delhi and other metropolitan cities.

Question 3.
How much money was spent from the government budget for the construction of the first segment of metro-rail in Delhi?
Answer:
W 11000 crore was spent from the government budget for the construction of the first segment of metro-rail in Delhi.

Question 4.
What negative remarks have been given by the public for such a huge expenditure?
Answer:
People have remarked that such a huge expenditure could have been avoided if only a fraction of this amount was spent on upgrading the public bus system.

Public Facilities Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Sanitation: Provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and feces.
• Company: A company is a form of business set up by people or by the government.
• Universal access: Universal access is achieved when everyone has physical access to goods and can also afford them.
• Basic needs: Primary requirements of food, water, shelter, sanitation, healthcare, and education necessary for survival.
• Right to Life: The constitution of India guarantees it for all persons living in this country.
• Parliament: It is the law-making body of the country which consists of the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, and the President of India.
• Budget: Annual account of income and expenditure by the government.
• Public Transport System: Local buses, state-owned inter-buses, local trains, metro trains, and railways are the main means of public transportation.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

HBSE 8th Class Civics Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List two fundamental rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they are treated with dignity and equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.
Answer:
(a) Right to Equality and
(b) Right to Freedom.

Question 2.
Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 scheduled caste and scheduled tribes prevention of Atrocities Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.
Answer:
Rathnam sought the support of law, filing his complaint under the Atrocities Act to protest against the domination and violence of
the powerful castes in his village. He used this as it was framed in response to demands made by Dalits and others so that the government may take seriously.

Question 3.
Why do Adivasi activists including C.K. Janu believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?
Answer:
Being an Adivasi Activist, C.K. Janu is right in believing that they can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession. This is because it lists actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their meagre resources or which force them into performing labour of slavery.
Thus, they can use this Act since it seems to punish anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by, or alloted to, a member of a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe or gets the land alloted to him transferred.

Question 4.
The poems and the song in this unit allow you to see the range of ways in which individuals and communities express their opinion, their anger and their sorrow. In class do the following two exercises:
(a) Bring to class a poem that discurses a social issue. Share this with your classmates. Work in small groups with two or more poems to discuss their meaning as well as what the poet is trying to communicate.

(b) Identify a marginalised community. Write a poem, or song, or draw a poster etc., to express your feelings as a member of this community.
Answer:

(c) For example:
A poem by Soyrabai: (Refer Pg. 96 of your Social Science and Political Life-III text book). (Read the poem and then the summarised view below.)

Soyrabai who herself belongs to the Mahar caste through her esteemed poem questions about the idea or the criterion behind being called a pure person. She argues that every human being is born in the same way and is equal. She cannot understand what makes one body less or more pure than the other. Pollution, a basic idea of casteism should not be the tool for discrimination or to separate or deny people any access to spaces, work, knowledge or dignity. According to her, it does not occur through nature of work but through one’s clear ethnicity and beliefs.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Confronting Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which Article states abolishment of untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Question 2.
What is the literal meaning of Dalit?
Answer:
The term ‘Dalit’ literally means broken.

Question 3.
Which Article states “no discrimination”?
Answer:
Article 15.

Question 4.
Name a policy that promotes justice?
Answer:
Reservation.

Question 5.
When was the Arocities Act passed?
Answer:
1989.

Question 6.
Name a bhakti saint who criticized casteism.
Answer:
Kabir.

Question 7.
In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, in our opinion being forced to carry out such a task in which the person has no belief is a violation of fundamental right. Right to freedom and right to equality are rights that are violated.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Article 15 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
The Article 15 of the Constitution states^ that no person can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or a place of birth.

Question 2.
State one reason why you think reservations play an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis.
Answer:
The law of reservation to Dalits and Adivasis is based on a simple argument that in a society like ours, where for centuries, sections of population have been denied opportunities to learn and to work in order to develop new skills or vocation, a democratic government thus needed to step in and assist, these socially or economically backward sections.

Question 3.
Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?
Answer:
The situation of fear and tension might have taken place because of the fear of undergoing starvation due to unemployment on the powerful caste’s anger. They also declared the wrath of the locality would strike them if they refused to give in.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished. What does this mean?
Answer:
Untouchability hps been abolished. It means that on one can prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities, etc. It also means that it is wrong to practise untouchability and that this practice will not be tolerated by a democratic government. Untouchability is a punishable crime now.

Question 2.
Apart from making law how does government work for the marginalised in our country?
Answer:
Government makes specific laws and policies for the marginalised in our country. There are policies or schemes that emerge through other means like setting up a committee or by undertaking a survey, etc. The government then makes an effort to promote such policies in order to give opportunities to specific groups.

Question 3.
The government operates through laws to ensure that concrete steps are taken to end inequality in the society. Mention one such law.
Answer:
One such law is the reservation policy. This law reserved seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis people. It is based on an important argument that in a society like ours where for centuries sections of the population have been denied equal opportunities to learn and work, a democratic government needs to step in and assist these section.

Question 4.
How does the reservation policy work?
Answer:
Governments across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes (or Dalits) Tribes and Backward and the more Backward castes. The Central Government too has its list. Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts of government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status. If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can avail the benefit of reservation.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the picture below and complete the sentences:

The (a) ……………… government passed the Scheduled Tribe and other (b) ………….. Forest Dwellers Act in (c) ……… , The introduction states that it shall undo (d) ………… injustices. The Act also points out that the right to forest dwellers include conservation of (e) …………. and (f) …………. .
Answer:
The (a) Central government passed the Scheduled Tribe and other (b) Traditiona Forest Dwellers Act in (c) 2006. The introduction states that it shall undo (d) historical injustices. The Act also points out that the right to forest dwellers include conservation of (e) Forests and (f) biodiversity.

Confronting Marginalisation Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Assertive: Groups of people that can express their views strongly.
• Confront: To come face-to-face or to challenge someone or something. For example: The groups challenging marginalisation.
• Delusion: A false impression.
• Dispossessed: To have to give up ownership or to give up authority.
• Invoking: Imploring, appealing by authority.
• Morally reprehensible: An act that violates all norms of decency and dignity that society believes in. It usually refers to a hideous and repugnant act that goes against all values that society has accepted.
• Policy: A stated course of action that provides direction for the future, sets goals to be achieved, or lays out
• principles or guidelines to be followed and acted upon.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you, understand by the word ‘marginalisation’.
Answer:
‘Marginalisation’ is a social process by which certain sections of the society are confined to lower social standing. It results, to certain minority (such as Muslims) or Dalits (particularly among the Hindus) in having a low social status and not having equal access to education and other resources.

Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.
Answer:
Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised because:
(i) They are radically different from communities organised around the principle of jati-vama (castes).
(ii) Their way of life is quite different from the majority of people. They wear colourful costumes, strange type of head gears and have different cultures. They like to live in seclusion.

Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities is very important.
Answer:
The Constitution safeguards to protect minority communities to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote equality as well as justice.

Question 4.
Reread the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population.

Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ‘Muslims are a marginalised community’ using the data provided in this chapter list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Muslims are marginalised community because:
(i) They do not have equal access to basic amenities such as pucca house, electricity, piped water, etc.
(ii) Muslims have lowest literacy rates as compared to other religious groups of India.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.”
List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
(i) Adivasis led excluded life in different hilly and forests areas of India till the middle of the nineteenth century or the dawn of British imperialism in India.

(ii) Adivasis are not a homogeneous population. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups ‘n our country. They are particularly numerous, in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and in the north¬eastern states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

(iii) Adivasis practise ancestor worship and believes in all types of supernatural spirits like the primitive men.

Question 7.
In the story board, you read about how Helen hope to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
The story runs like this:
A foreign company has planned to establish a metal company in area of Adivasis. They are forced to move in very large number to various areas of India. A man and his girl friend decide to make an association. They approach to district authority, state Govt, and lastly to central government.

Under their leadership, the Adiyasis demand three things forest, water and livelihood. After a long struggle, Human Right Commission comes forward and their demands are accepted. They are handed over fairly large forest-lands, supply of water and they are given employment in companies and some newly started small scale industries etc.

Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
The different reports about the marginalisation point out that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked.
(i) In terms of occupation, houses, piped water, Muslims lag behind many other religious groups.

(ii) Most of the Muslims work in unorganised sector and have lower living standards than Hindus as a whole. Because of lack of education, they find it difficult to get both public as well as private sector jobs.

(iii) Since they are economically backward, they fail to attain a higher status in Indian society. Thus, economic and social marginalisation are interdependent.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are Adivasis?
Answer:
Adivasis literally means ‘original inhabitants’ who lived and often continue to live, in close association with forests.

Question 2.
How much percent of India’s population is Adivasi?
Answer:
Around 8 percent.

Question 3.
Name the important mining ana industrial centres where Adivasis are located.
Answer:
Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Bhilai.

Question 4.
About how many Adivasi groups are there in India?
Answer:
About 500 different Adivasi groups are there in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have Adivasis been treated by the state and private industrialists for the past 200 years.
Answer:
Adivasis have been increasingly forced through economic chagnes, forest policies and political force applied by the state and private industry. They migrated to live as worker in plantations, as construction sites, in industries and households.

Question 2.
Why are safeguards required for minorities?
Answer:
(i) To protect minority communities against the possibility of being culturally dominated by the majority.
(ii) To protect minorities against any discrimination and disadvantage that they may face.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have the forests been important for life and development of Adivasis?
Answer:
Forests have been very important for life and development of Adivasis.
(i) Metal ores like iron and copper, gold and silver, coal and diamonds, invaluable timber, most medicinal herbs and animal products and animal themselves all come from forests.
(ii) The continuation of life depended heavily on forests, that help recharge many of India’s rivers.
(iii) Forests covered the major part of our country till the nineteenth century.

Question 2.
By whom were the following demands being made on forest land?
(a) Timber for construction of houses and railways.
(b) Forest land for mining.
(c) Reserved by government and wild life parks.
In what ways would this effect tribal people?
Answer:
(a) Timber for construction of houses demanded by companies enaged in construction, work Or by individual rich people or by joint groups or companies. Timber for railways is demanded by Central Government or by Railway Contractors.
(b) By mining companies, by industrialists or industrial companies.
(c) Ministry of Forest and Environment on behalf of government.

Question 3.
In what ways would this affect tribal people?
Answer:
These would affect life of tribal people in following ways:
(i) Tribal people will loose their land and forests.
(ii) Their lives will be disturbed as the continuation of life depends heavily on forests, that help recharge many of our country’s rivers.
(iii) The tribal people will face shortage in the availability and quality of air and water.
(iv) More than 50 percent of tribal persons have been displaced.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the pictures and answer the following questions.


Question 1.
What do the two pictures reflect?
Answer:
The two pictures reflect the traditional dresses and life-style of Adivasis.

Question 2.
What image do we get about Adivasis from the pictures?
Answer:
We come to know that Adivasis were ‘exotic’ and ‘backward’.

(B) Look at the adjoining picture of Niyamgiri Hill and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Where is Niyamgiri Hill located?
Answer:
Niyamgiri Hill is located in Kalahandi district of Orissa.

Question 2.
Name the Adivasi community which inhabits this area.
Answer:
Dongarria Konds.

Question 3.
Why is Adivasi Community endangered to be displaced from here?
Answer:
Adivasi Community is endangered to be displaced from here because a major aluminium company is planing to set-up a mine and a refinery here.

Question 4.
What action has been taken by Adivasi Community against it?
Answer:
Adivasi people have strongly resisted this proposed development and have been joined by environmentalists as well. A case against the company is also pending in Supreme Court.

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Hierarchy: A graded system or arrangement of persons or things. Usually persons at the bottom of the hierarchy are those who have the least power.
• Ghettoisation: A ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members of a particular community. Ghettoisation refers to the process that leads to such a situation.
• Mainstream: Literally this refers to the main current of a river or stream. In this chapter it is used to refer to a cultural context in which the customs and practices that are followed are those of the dominant community. Mainstream is also used to refer to those people or communities that are considered to be at the centre of a society.
• Displaced: This, here, refers to people who are forced or compelled to move from their homes for big development projects including dams, mining etc.
• Militarised: An area where the presence of the armed forces is considerable.
• Malnourished: A person who does not get adequate nutrition or food.
• Adivasis: The term adivasis, literally means ‘original in habitants’.
• Socially Marginalised: To be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the centre of things or set-up.
• Santhali: A language mainly spoken by Santhal adivasis.
• Republic Day: It is the day (26th January) when the constitution of our country was adopted.
• Scheduled Castes: Those dalits or damits who have been officially enlisted for special reservation and facilities so that their development may take place quickly in the society and grouped as scheduled caste.
• Sachar Committee: The government set-up a high-level committee in 2005, that was chaired by justice Rajinder Sachar to examine status of the Muslims.
• Tribals: Tribals are also referred to as Adivasis.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the ground on which the final between both teams is to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured. Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system.
First divide the class into the following four groups of person:
1. Police.
2. Public Prosecutor.
3. Defence Lawyer.
4. Judge.
The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions it needs to perform to bring justice.

Match the above columns correctly.
Answer:

Question 2.
Now take the same situation but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta club to perform all the functions listed above.
Answer:
Self-activity.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims can get justice if only one person performed all the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not?
Answer:
The victims cannot get justice if one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system. Every function requires special skill to perform the task and also if one person performs all the functions, there is least possibility of cross-check. The police receives a complaint, the defence lawyer tries to defind the accused, the judge gives decision in the court and decides the punishment for the culprit. If only one person performed all the functions of the criminal justice system, that will lead to end of democracy.

Question 4.
State two reasons why do you believe that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system.
Answer:
The two reasons to support the view that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system are:
(i) The police and the judges are on one side and the Public Prosecutor and the Defence Lawyers on the other. This keeps a balance between two sides of the judicial edifice and ensures an impartial and fair justice.

(ii) If the duty of charging a person and punishing him is given to a single person, it would be the end of a democracy. In such a situation, the Fundamental Rights will have no meaning.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are the four key players in the criminal justice system?
Answer:
(i) The Police
(ii) the Public Prosecutor
(iii) the Defence lawyer
(iv) the Judge.

Question 2.
What is done by police under investigation?
Answer:
A police records statements of witnesses and collects different kinds of evidence under investigation.

Question 3.
Who decides whether a person is guilty or innocent?
Answer:
The judge decides whether a person is guilty or innocent.

Question 4.
What does Article 21 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
Article 21 of the Constitution that guarantees the Right to Life that a person’s life or liberty can be taken away only be following a just and reasonable legal procedure.

Question 5.
When does the role of the public prosecutor begin?
Answer:
The role of the public prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court.

Question 6.
What is an FIR (First Information Report)?
Answer:
The First Information Report is the information that a police officer receives about the commission of a crime.

Question 7.
Who is a Public Prosecutor?
Answer:
Public Prosecutor is a gazetted officer who is appointed by the state to help in the prosecution of offenders to keep the society free from crimes.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write three functions of the judge.
Answer:
The functions of the judge are:
(а) The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and defence.
(B) The judge decides whether the person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.
(c) The judge pronounces the sentence for the accused. He may sei die person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes. .

Question 2.
What are the functions of the defence lawyer?
Answer:
The functions of the defence lawyer are:
(a) He gets a copy of the chargesheet and statements of the witnesses and he questions and cross examines the witnesses of the prosecution.
(B) He confirms that a fair trial is conducted.
(c) He presents witnesses in the defence of the accused.
(d) He collects and produces strong evidences to defend his client and to set him free.

Question 3.
Write three salient features of an FIR.
Answer:
(a) An FIR must be in writing, duly signed, and the copy must be handed over to the informant.
(b) An FIR must contain the place, date, time and an elaborate description of the incident.
(c) There is no fixed time for filing an FIR but is best if it is filed at the earliest, soon after the incident as the delay may prove fatal for the victim.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to every arrested person under Article 22 of the constitution?
Answer:
Article 22 of the constitution and criminal law guarantee to every arrested person the following Fundamental Rights:
(i) The right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.
(ii) The right to be presented before a magistrate with in 24 hours of arrest.
(iii) The right not to be ill-treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.
(iv) Confessions made in police custody can not be used as evidence against the accused.
(v) A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

Question 2.
What are the various preconditions of a fair trial?
Answer:
The following are the preconditions of a fair trial:
(i) The FIR (First Information Report) of the complainant should be registered at the Police Station and its copy should be given to every accused person.
(ii) A person can be arrested only with the permission of the court and on some valid ground.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Accused: This refers to the person who is tried by a court for a crime.
• Cognizable: This refers to an offence for which the police may arrest a person without the permission of the court.
• Cross-examine: This refers to the questioning of a witness who has already been examined by the opposing side in order to determine the veracity of his/her testimony.
• Detention: This refers to the act of being kept in illegal custody of the police.
• Impartial: The act of being fair or just and not favoring one side over another.
• Offense: Any act that the law defines as a crime.
• To be charged with a crime: This refers to the trial judge informing the accused, in writing, of the offense for which he/she will face trial.
• Witness: This refers to the person who is called upon in court to provide a first-hand account of what he/she has seen, heard, or knows.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

HBSE 8th Class Civics Judiciary Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You read that one of the main functions of the Judiciary is holding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this important function?
Answer:
An independent judiciary is necessary to carry out the function of ‘upholding the law and enforcing Fundamental Rights’ so that every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

Question 2.
Read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in chapter I. How do you think the Right of Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of Judicial review?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies and the idea of judicial review in both the cases, judiciary has the power to make amendments or corrections in the law if it believes that they are in violation of the basic structure of the constitutions. Judiciary acts as the guardian of our constitution.

Question 3.
In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgements given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class.

Answer:
Judgments given by various courts in the Sudha Goel case are:
(i) Lower Court: Laxman, his mother Shakuntala and his brother-in-law Subhash Chandra all the three were sentenced to death.
(ii) High Court: Laxman, Shakuntala and S ubhash Chandra were acquitted.
(iii) Supreme Court: Laxman and Shakuntala were sent to prison for life. Brother- in-law Subhash was acquitted due to lack of evidence against him.

Question 4.
Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sen tences that are true and correct the ones that are false.
(a) The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the trial court.
(b) They went to the high court after Supreme Court had given its decision.
(c) If they don’t like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the trial court.
Answer:
(a) Correct
(b) False. They went to the High Court after the Trial Court had given its decision.
(c) False. They have to accept the Supreme Court verdict, since it is the highest court. The accused cannot go back to the Trial Court.

Question 5.
Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?
Answer:
The introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all because it allowed any individual or organisation to file a PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights were being violated. The legal process was greatly simplified and even a letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court or the High Court could be treated as a PIL. ,

Question 6.
Reread excerpts from the judge¬ment on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood as part of the Right to Life. .
Answer:
The Right to Livelihood is the part of the Right to Life because no person can live without the means of living. In the case of Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation, the people live in slum. They have small jobs in the city and for them there is nowhere else to live. The eviction of their slum will lead to deprivation of their livelihood and consequently to the deprivation of life. Thus, it can be said that Right to Life means the need of basic requirements of livelihood, i.e., food, shelter and cloth.

Question 7.
Write a story around the theme, “Justice delayed is justice denied.”
Answer:
The delay in giving justice amounts to a negation of the principle of justice.
A story around the theme runs like this, Gopal took a loan of 1,00,000 from a money-lender for the marriage of his daughter. As he was coming back, a thief snatched the bag of money from him. He screamed and luckily, the people in the locality helped him to take his bag from the thief. However, the bag first went to the police custody and the case took a long time in the court so that Gopal could not get the money on time and the marriage of his daughter was cancelled and he was also mentally harassed. Hence, it is true to say “Justice delayed is justice denied.”

Question 8.
Make sentences with each of the glossary words given below:
(a) Acquit
(b) To appeal
(c) Compensation
(d) Eviction
(e) Violation
Answer:
(a) Acquit: He was honorably acquitted of blame by a court martial.
(b) To appeal: Our school made efforts for fund raising for the tsunami appeal.
(c) Compensation: The court granted huge compensation to the young lady after the divorce.
(d) Eviction: Unlawful eviction and harassment is a criminal offence in the United Kingdom.
(e) Violation: Violation of traffic rules can lead to huge losses.

Question 9.
The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign.

Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food. How does the phrase “Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns! We will not accept it!” used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?
Answer:
The constitution of India grants the citizens the Right to live. Right to live is closely associated with the Right to Food.
The duties of the government to uphold the right to food are:
(a) to provide at least minimum food item to the people either totally free or charging very nominal cost.
(b) to check the hoarding of wheat, rice, sugar.
(c) to check unnecessary inflation in price of food items.
(d) to provide mid-day meals to the poor- children in the school.
‘Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns’ is not at all acceptable in a civilized society. Instead, the need of the hour is Guru Nanak’s saying; “HINDI” If the hoarding of food is not discouraged, the people with hungry stomachs will attempt to commit crimes.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Judiciary Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what ways can the work of judiciary be divided?
Answer:
(a) Dispute Resolution
(b) Judicial Review
(c) Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
When was the Supreme Court of India established? .
Answer:
26 January, 1950.

Question 3.
Where is the Supreme Court of India located?
Answer:
New Delhi.

Question 4.
Who presides over the Supreme Court?
Answer:
Chief Justice.

Question 5.
In which three Presidencies were the High Courts first established?
Answer:
(a) Calcutta (now Kolkata)
(b) Bombay (now Mumbai)
(c) Madras (now Chennai).

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the eligibility conditions for appointment as a judge of the High Court?
Answer:
To qualify for appointment as a judge of the High Court, the person:
• must be a citizen of India.
• should have 10 years of experience as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts in succession.

Question 2.
What are the functions of High Court?
Answer:
(i) The High Court issues writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
(ii) It passes rules on election petitions and other election-related disputes.
(iii) It hears appeals in both civil and criminal cases against the decisions of the subordinate courts and reviews the judgements.
(iv) It controls and superwises the working of the subordinate courts.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Criminal Law and Civil Law.
Answer:

Question 4.
What are the qualifications for the appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
To qualify for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court, the person must:
(a) be a citizen of India.
(b) have experience of at least five years as a judge of a High Court, or at least 10 years as an advocate of a High Court, or be a distinguished jurist in the President’s opinion.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In India, we have an integrated judicial system. What does it mean?
Answer:
It means that the decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts. This integration can also be understood through the appellate system that exists in India. It means that a person can appeal to a higher court if he believes that the judgement passed by the lower court is not just.

Question 2.
Why was the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) introduced by the Supreme Court?
Answer:
In our courty the courts are available for all. But in reality, access to courts has always been difficult for a vast majority of the poor in India. Legal procedures involve a lot of money and paper work as well as take-up a lot of time. For a poor person who cannot read and write and whose family depends on a daily wage, the idea to going to court to get justice often seems remote. Therefore, the Supreme Court devised a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation.

Judiciary Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Acquit: This refers to the court declaring that a person is not guilty of the crime which he/ she was tried for by the court.
• Compensation: This refers to the money given to make amends for an injury or a loss.
• Eviction: This refers to the removal of persons from land/homes that they are currently living in.
• Violation: This refers both to the act of breaking a law as well as to the breach or infringement of Fundamental Rights.
• Tenure: The period for which an official remains in his office.
• Civil Cases: Cases relating to property, taxes, contracts, etc.
• Criminal Cases: Cases involving a violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault etc.
• Jurisdiction: It refers to the territorial limits within which the court’s authority can be exercised. The area of authority is called jurisdiction.
• Appellate Jurisdiction: It refers to the power of superior courts to hear and decide appeals against the judgment of lower courts.
• Original Jurisdiction: Types of cases that come directly before the Supreme Court and it has the sole right to give judgment.
• Court of Record: The Supreme Court and High Courts are called the court of record because all the decisions and proceedings of these courts are kept as records and similar circumstances are quoted as precedents in the courts.
• Lok Adalat: Lok Adalat means people’s court set up for speedy and economical justice to the poor and downtrodden and to prevent delay in justice.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Laws Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Answer:
Rule of law:
This means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. Neither a government official, neither a wealthy person nor even the President of the country is above the law.
Example: Jones, a boy of 17 years belongs to an ordinary family. He is caught driving without licence. His parents are fined and put in jail.

Utkarsh, the son of minister of 16 years of age is also caught driving but since he is the son of minister; his parents are neither fined nor is he thrown in jail. This is an example of violation of rule of law.

Question 2.
State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
Answer:
Two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India are:
(i) The colonial law was arbitrary, i.e., nothing was fixed under British rule and it was instead left to one’s choice or judgement.
(ii) The Indian Nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal spheres in British India.

Question 3.
Re-read the story board on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.
Answer:
People of India came to know from their own direct experiences and through observations and through mass-media that the Indian women were not treated equally and well at their homes and work-places.
(i) Several husbands beat their wives.
(ii) Some old women were ill-treated by their sons, daughters-in-law.
(iii) Some women (unmarried/widows/ divorces or having no kids) were verbally abused or insulting remarks were passed.
(iv) Some women who gave birth to only daughters, not a son were also abused.
Indian women wanted protection against being beaten, from all sorts of physical or social violence.

Throughout the 1990s the need for a new law for giving protection to women was raised in different forums. In 1999, a group of lawyers known as lawyers collective, law students and social activists, after a nationwide consultation, took the lead in drafting the domestic violence bill. Some NGOs started the women movement. The Parliament Standing Committee in its report accepted most of the demands of women’s group. Finally a bill was introduced in the parliament in 2005. After being passed by the Parliament and getting the approval of the President, the Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006.

Question 4.
Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on page 44-45.
They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
Answer:
(a) The word The/ in the above passage stands for the Indian nationalists who were participating in freedom.
(b) The nationalists wanted “rule of law’ dining the colonial period.
(c) They protested against the law that any one protesting or criticising the British Government could be arrested without due trial.
(d) The legal rights of Indians were defended.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Laws Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When was the Sedition Act passed?
Answer:
1870.

Question 2.
What was Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005?
Answer:
According to Hindu succession Amendment Act; sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share of family property.

Question 3.
When does parliament need to change a law?
Answer:
Parliament needs to change a law when a large number of people begin to feel that a wrong law has been passed.

Question 4.
How did people become aware of the need of the Women Protection Law?
Answer:
NGOs and other awakened people met the members of the Indian Parliament to make laws for the protection of the women. They participated in conferences and group discussion.

Question 5.
What can the people do if they find any law unfavourable for them?
Answer:
If people find any law unfavourable for them, they can approach the court to decide on the issue. The court has the power to modify or cancel laws if it finds that they don’t adhere to the constitution.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which ways the Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during the colonial period?
Answer:
(i) Indians adopted legal profession and they demanded respect in the colonial courts.
(ii) They began to use law to defend the legal rights of Indians.
(iii) Indian judges also began to play a greater role in making decisions.

Question 2.
How can the voice of citizen be heard by the government or parliament?
Answer:
The voice of the citizen can be heard through TV reports, newspaper editorials, radio broadcasts, local meetings, etc.

Question 3.
Why did Rosa Parks an African- American woman refuse to give up her seat on a bus to white man
Answer:
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on abus to white man because she was protestiig the law on segregation that divided up all public spaces, including the streets, between the Whites and the African-Americans.

Question 4.
Which event led to the start of the Civil Rights Movement in USA? Also write its one effect.
Answer:
Rosa Parks, an African-American woman refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement. This movement led to the Civil Right Act in 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in the USA.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of parliament in making a law?
Answer:
(a) The Parliament is the law-making body at the central level. It frames new laws and amends or repeals them, if necessary, on all the 97 subjects of the Union list and all the Residuary Subjects which have not found a place in any of the lists.

(b) As far as the 47 subjects in the concurrent list are concerned, both the Parliament and the State Legislatures have got the right to make laws. But if any state law comes into conflict with the central law, the central law shall prevail.

(c) It can enact laws on the 66 subjects of the state list also if:
(i) The Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with 2/3 majority to the effect that the particular subject of the State List has come to assume national importance.
(ii) Two or more states request the Centre to pass a law for them on one or more subjects mutually agreed upon by them.
(iii) A state of national emergency is proclaimed by the President.
(iv) President takes over the administration of a state on the break-down of the constitutional machinery in that state.
Such laws will concern only the states for which they are passed.

Question 2.
How does a bill become a law?
Answer:
Acts, before they are passed by the Parliament, are called Bills. Bills are of two types-(a) Ordinary bills, and (b) Money Bills. Ordinary bills are those in which money is not involved while all such bills which are related to income and expenditure are called Money Bills. With a little difference in procedure, both the Ordinary Bills and Money Bills have to pass through various stages before they are finally passed. First is the stage of introduction.

Money Bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha while Ordinary Bills can be introduced in either of the two Houses of the Parliament. Then comes the Second Stage when the Bill is debated clause by clause and amendments, if any, and that too passed by a majority vote, are included in it. In the Third stage, the Bill is either passed or rejected as a whole. If passed, it is sent to the other house where the same procedure is adopted once again. If the Bill is passed by the second house also, it is sent to the President for his approval. After his assent, it becomes a law.

Picture-Based Questions

A. Look at the above picture and answer the following questions

Question 1.
Which incident is depicted in the above picture?
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Question 2.
When did this happen?
Answer:
13 April, 1919.

Question 3.
Why had the public gathered at Jallianwala Bagh?
Answer:
The public had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to:
(i) protest against the arrest of Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
(ii) protest against the Rowlatt Act.

Question 4.
Who ordered the troops to fire?
Answer:
General Dyer ordered the troops to fire.

Question 5.
What happened as a consequence?
Answer:
Several hundreds of people died in the gunfire and many more were wounded including women and children.

Understanding Laws Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Violation of Law: To act or do something against the law (a crime).
• Rule of Law: To govern or to maintain or deal the situation according to law.
• Equality of the law: To consider all tUfe persons equal before law. Not to discriminate between persons on the basis of their caste, class, gender, religion, ideology and social backgrounds.
• Arbitrary: When nothing is fixed and is instead left to one’s judgement or choice.
  Sedition: This applies to anything that the Government might consider as stirring up resistance or rebellion against it.
• Criticise: To find fault with or disapprove of a person or thing.
• Evolution: This refers to the process of development from a simple to a complex form and is often used to discuss the development of a species of plants or animals.
• Repressive to control severely in order to prevent free and natural development or expression.
• Civil Cases: Cases relating to property, taxes, contracts, etc.
• Criminal Cases: Cases involving a violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault, etc.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament? Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

HBSE 8th Class Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament? Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think the nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
The nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote because:
(a) The nationalists had started openly criticizing the British government and make demands.
(b) As far back as 1885, the Indian National Congress demanded that there be elected members in the legislation with a right to discuss the budget and ask questions.
(c) The Government of India Act, 1909 allowed for some elected representation. However, they did not allow for all adults to vote nor could people participate in decision-making.
(d) With the coming of independence, it was felt that the government had to be sensitive to people’s needs and demands.
This led the nationalist movement to support the idea that all adults have a right to vote.

Question 2.
In this 2004 map of Parliamentary constituencies alongside, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the IMP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue?
Answer:
Self-study for students. Take help from your teachers or other educated persons of your area.

Question 3.
You have read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (central government) and the various State Legislatures (state governments). Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area.
Fill in the table with your individual answers.

Answer:

Student do yourself according to the area you belong to.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament? Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did India become independent?
Answer:
India became independent on 15 August, 1947.

Question 2.
What is the basic idea of a demo¬cratic form of government?
Answer:
The basic idea of democratic form of government is that the individual or the citizen is the most important person and that in princi-ple the government as well as other public institu¬tions need to have the trust of these citizens.

Question 3.
What is the Parliament?
Answer:
The Parliament of India (Sansad) is the supreme law-making institution.

Question 4.
Name the two houses of parliament.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha.

Question 5.
What can be the maximum strength of the members of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The maximum strength of the members of the Lok Sabha can be 552.

Question 6.
How many members does Rajya Sabha have?
Answer:
There are 233 elected members plus 12 members nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What made our nationalists to feel that all persons in independent India would be. able to participate in making decisions?
Answer:
The experience of colonial rule as well as the participation of different people in the struggle for freedom made our nationalists to feel that all persons in independent India would be able to participate in making decisions.

Question 2.
Write two important features of the Parliament of India?
Answer:
(a) The Parliament of India (Sansad) is the supreme law-making institution.
(b) The Indian Parliament is the expression of faith that the people of India have in the principles of democracy.

Question 3.
How are members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
Members of the Lok Sabha are elected through the general elections. Elections take place every five years. For the purpose of elections, the country is divided into constituencies. Only one person is elected from each constituency. All citizens above 18 years have the right to vote. A single winner is chosen in a given constituency by virtue of his/her getting more votes than any other individual representative.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how the people of India form the government and also control it.
Answer:
Through election the people elect their representatives to the Parliament. Then one group from among these elected representatives forms the government. The parliament, which is made up of all representatives together, controls and guides the government. In this sense people, through their chosen representatives, form the government and also control it.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of question hour in the Parliament.
Answer:
The questions hour is an important mechanism through which MPs elicit information about the working of the government. This is a very important way through which the Parliament controls the executive. By asking questions the government is alerted to its shortcomings and also comes to know the opinion of the people through their representatives in the Parliament.

Question 3.
What have recent changes been noticed in the selection of representative members of the Parliament?
Answer:
The Parliament now has more and more people from different backgrounds. For example, there are more rural members as also members from regional parties. Groups and peoples that were unrepresented, are now being elected to the Parliament. There has also been an increase in political participation from the Dalit and backward castes and the minorities.

Question 4.
Differentiate between the features of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Why Do We Need A Parliament? Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Approval: To give one’s consent to and be favourable towards something. Here, it refers both to the formal consent that Parliament has as well as the fact that it needs to continue to enjoy the people’s trust.
• Coalition: A temporary alliance of groups or parties. Here it refers to the alliance formed by political parties after elections when no party has been able to get adequate seats to form a clear majority. For example, NDA or UPA.
• Unresolved: This refers to situations in which there are no easy solutions to problems. For example, the problem of Common Civil Laws for each and every Indian.
• Colonial Rule: British rule over India from 1757 to 14 August, 1947.
• Nationalists: People who are loyal to the nation.
• Adults: Male and female having age of 18 years and above.
• Parliament: The parliament of India is the supreme law-making body. It consists of two houses- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• Bicameral Legislature: It means a legislature which has two houses, the lower house and the upper house.
• Unicameral Legislature: It means a legislature with only one house elected by the voters, for a specific term.
• Executive: In India, it comprises the President, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
• Judiciary: In India, it comprises the Supreme Court (as head), High Courts and Lower Courts of the states.
• Prorogue: To discontinue a meeting of Parliament for a time without dissolving it.
• Question-hour: During a Parliamentary session, the time fixed for asking questions from ministers and answering them orally is called question hour.
• Speaker: He is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha and is responsible for the efficient business in the Lok Sabha.
• Money Bills: Money bills contain provisions relating to tax regulations, regulations of borrowing of money by the government, payment to or withdrawal from the contingency or the consolidated fund of India.
• Ordinary Bills: Ordinary bills are draft proposals for ordinary legislation.
• Constitutional Amendment Bills: Constitutional Amendment Bills deal with the amendment of our constitution.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighborhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing, etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practices?
Answer:
The different types of practices that we find in our neighborhood are:
(a) Going to temples and gurudwara.
(b) Performing yajna.
(c) Satsang. (Hymn Recitement)
(d) Reading namaaz. (Muslim prayers)
(e) Worshipping idols.
(f) Saying prayers.
(g) Reading epics.
All these things indicate that India is a secular country and the constitution of India grants religious freedom and equality. State does not promote any religion. Everybody is free to worship any god in any manner he or she likes.

Question 2.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanti¬cide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, the government will intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide. We can give the following reasons for our answer:
(a) No religion of the world allows anyone the murder of an infant. All the religions promote non-violence.
(b) System of sacrifice was promoted by superstitions and selfish religious leaders in ancient or medieval times. No righteous man will support this.

Question 3.
Complete the following table:

Answer:

Question 4.
Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them certain to different religions? What does this indicate?
Answer:
We get about 30 days of holidays every year in which 25 of them pertain to different religions..Like Holi and Diwali {Hindu festivals), Id (Muslim Festival), Good Friday, Christmas (Christian festivals), Guru Nanak Birthday (Sikh festivals), Mahavir Jayanti (Jain festivals), Budh Jayanti (Budh’s festival). This indicates that in India all religious are treated equally. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices.

Question 5.
Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.
Answer:
Examples of different views within the same religion:
(a) Hindu are divided in Vashnav (followers of Lord Vishnu) and Shiva (worshippers of Lord Shiva).
(b) Muslims are divided into Shiyas and Sunnis.
(c) Buddhists are divided into Mahayan and Hinyan.
(d) Followers of Lord Mahavir are called Jain.
They are also divided into Shwetambaer and Digambar.

Question 6.
The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervene in religion. This idea can be confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might come up with.
Answer:
Indian State keeps away from religion because if major religious group has access to state power then it could be easily applicable the power and financial resources against the persons of other religions. The majority could quite easily prevent minorities from practising their religions.

To prevent the practice of untouchability among the Hindus, the Indian Constitution bans untouchability. In this case, the State is intervening in religion in order to end a social practice that it believes discriminates and excludes and that violates the fundamental rights of Tower castes’ who are citizens of this country.

Question 7.
This poster alongside highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says, “Peace is a never ending process. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?
This chapter had three drawings on religious tolerance made by students of your age. Design your own poster on religious tolerance for your peers.

Answer:
Peace is loved by all. All religions preach peace, non-violence, humanity and brotherhood. Peace is needed for everyone for the sake of security, property protection and for living with honour.

‘Peace’ is a human phenomenon which is for the protection of all. Terrorism is to be condemned by all of us. A picture can be drawn showing the celebration of some festival like Diwali, Holi, Dussehra, being celebrated together by people of more than one religion.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Secularism Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a secular state?
Answer:
A state where all religions command equal respect is called a secular state.

Question 2.
What is the main idea behind secularism?
Answer:
Secularism refers the separation of religion from the State.

Question 3.
Write the names of any two non-secular states or countries.
Answer:
(a) Israel (Pro-Jewish)
(b) Saudi Arabia.

Question 4.
Write the names of three former French Colonies.
Answer:
(i) Algeria
(ii) Tunisia
(iii) Morocco

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the objectives of secul-arism in India?
Answer:
The secularism in India has the following objectives:
(a) One religious community does not dominate another.
(b) The same members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
(c) The State does not enforce any particular religion nor takes away the religious freedom of individuals.

Question 2.
Give one example from the US (United States of America) that is considered an objectionable practice by some children in government school, as a religious saying.
Answer:
In the United States of America, most children in government schools have to begin their school day reciting the ‘Pledge of Allegiance’. This pledge includes the words “Under God”. It was established more than 60 years ago that government school students are not required to recite the pledge if it conflicts with their religious beliefs. Despite this, there have been several legal challenges objecting to phrase “Under God” saying that it violates separation between Church and State that the First Amendment of the US constitution guarantees.

Question 3.
Give examples of violation of the Fundamental Rights in Indian Society.
Answer:
People from minority have sometimes gone to Internal Human Rights Commission. The children below 14 years of age are still seen working in rich families in cities. Female infanticide is practised in some towns though it has been banned by law.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries?
Answer:
(а) There is strict separation between religion and the State in American secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs.
(b) The Indian Constitution on a way permits the State to intervene in religious practices.
For example:
(i) to establish untouchability in Hindu religious practices.
(ii) to ensure that laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected.
In the USA, the separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another.

Question 2.
Why is it important to separate religion from the State?
Answer:
It is important to separate religion from the State because:
(а) In almost all countries of the world there are more than one religious groups living there. If one majority group uses the power and financial resources of the state against minority, this will lead to tyranny of the majority on the minority religious groups.
(b) Once a secular state can ensure the freedom of the individuals and can protect the Fundamental Rights of all its citizens.
(c) The right to freedom of religion is guaranteed to all citizens in a democratic society.

Understanding Secularism Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Coercion: To force someone to do something. It refers to the force used by a legal authority like the State.
• Freedom to interpret: The independence that all persons shall have to understand things in their own way.
• Intervene: It refers to the State’s efforts to influence a particular matter in accordance with the principles of the constitution.
• Untouchability: The wrong and highly objectionable practice of the Hindus (before India became a republic, 26 January 1950 under which the so-called (or claims upper castes most of the Hindus) dominate other members.
• Fundamentalism: That narrow and irrational religious ideology that inspires to think only for the interest of one’s own religion and to hate or discriminate against others because they are followers of his/her religion.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

HBSE 8th Class Civics The Indian Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why does a democratic country need a constitution?
Answer:
A democratic country needs a constitution for the following purposes:
(a) It lays down rules that guard against the misuse of power by our political leaders.
(b) The constitution guarantees the right to equality to all persons and no citizen can be discriminated against on grounds of religion.
(c) Constitution provides certain funda¬mental rights as well as certain duties to the citizens.
(d) The constitution also ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups.

Question 2.
Look at the wordings of two documents given on next page. The first document is from the 1990 Nepal constitution. The second column is from the more recent interim constitution of Nepal.

What is the difference in who exercise ‘Executive Power’ in the above two constitutions of Nepal. Keeping this in mind, why do you think Nepal needs a new constitution today?
Answer:
According to constitution of Nepal 1990, the executive power is vested solely in the hands of king. He could exercise his powers as desired. On the other hand according to Interim Constitution of 2007, Executive power will be vested in the council of ministers. It means the Parliamentary democracy will function in Nepal.

Nepal needs a new constitution which will decide the functions and powers of different heads of government. It will also divide the functions of legislative, executive and judiciary.

Question 3.
What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?
Answer:
If there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives then there will also be possibility that the elected representatives misuse their power. The misuse of authority and power can lead to gross injustice.

Question 4.
In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.
(a) In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.
(b) In a city 5 percent of the population are Buddhists.
(c) In a factory mess for all employees, 80 percent are vegetarians.
(d) In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.
Answer:
(a) Minority are the females. It is important to respect the view of minority (females) because they are equally qualified to males and equally contributing to run the institution.

(b) Minority are the Buddhists. It is important to respect their views because every religious group has the right to preserve and develop their own culture.

(c) Minority are the non-vegetarians. It is important to respect their views because everyone has the right to have their own food habits br taste.

(d) Minority are the students who belong to average or poor families. It is important to respect the views of minority because being students of the same class, their ideas cannot be ignored. By ignoring their ideas there may develop inferiority complex among the minorities which would influence their performance in the class.

Question 5.
The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian constitution. In the other column write two sentences in your own words, on why you think this feature is important.

Answer:
1. Federalism:
India is a large country divided into states. It is not possible to run the whole country from the centre (national capital). To run our country efficiently, we have government at the state level and Panchayati Raj at the village level.
2. Separation of Powers: To prevent the misuse of power by the legislature, executive and the judiciary.
3. Fundamental Rights: These rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolte exercise of power by the state.
4. Parliamentary Form of Government: People of India have a direct role in electing then- representatives.

Question 6.
Colour in the following countries in this map:
(а) Colour India in red.
(b) Colour Nepal in green.
(c) Colour Bangladesh in yellow.

HBSE 8th Class Civics The Indian Constitution Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a constitution?
Answer:
A constitution is a set of rules, laws or principles according to which a country is governed.

Question 2.
What is Preamble?
Answer:
The Preamble is an introductory document which explains the goals of the government. It states the aims and objectives of the constitution.

Question 3.
Define Socialism.
Answer:
Socialism is that everyone must enjoy social and economic equality. Everyone must have equal status and opportunities. Everyone must also enjoy equitable distribution of wealth and a decent standard of living for all.

Question 4.
Why did the Constituent Assembly include provisions to control the actions taken by the executive branch of government?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly included provisions to control the actions taken by the executive branch of government because the assembly feared that the executive might become too strong and ignore its responsibility.

Question 5.
Why did Dr. Ambedkar urge Scheduled Castes to join the government as well as the civil services?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar urged Scheduled Castes to join the government as well as the civil services because though the laws might exist to safeguard the interests of scheduled castes but the administration of these laws were in the hands of‘Caste Hindu officers.’

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Directive Principles of State Policy? Why were they added to the constitution?
Answer:
The Directive Principles of State Policy are the guidelines that are given to the government to ensure the welfare to the people. They are contained in Part IV of our constitution. They were added in our constitution:
(a) to ensure greater social and economic reform.
(b) to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State
(c) to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses.

Question 2.
How is a ‘state’ different from a ‘government’?
Answer:
By ‘Government’ we mean a body which is responsible for administering and enforcing laws. The government can change with elections.
The state on the other hand refers to a political institution that represents sovereign people who occupy a definite territory. For example, we can say, the Indian State, the Nepalese State etc.

Question 3.
Which Fundamental Rights will the following situations violate?
(a) If a 13-year old child is working in a factory manufacturing carpets.
(b) If a politician in one state decides to not allow labourers from other states to work in his state.
(c) If a group of people are not given permission to open a Telugu-medium school in Kerala.
(d) If the government decides not to promote an officer of the armed forces because she is a woman.
Answer:
(a) Right against exploitation.
(b) Right to freedom.
(c) Cultural and Educational Rights.
(d) Right to Equality.

Question 4.
All persons are equal before the law. Which fundamental right states this? What does this mean?
Answer:
This is given under Right to Equality. This means that all persons shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. It also states that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste or sex. Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops etc. The state cannot discriminate against anyone in matters of employment.

Question 5.
“India is a democratic state.” Explain.
Answer:
India can be called a democratic state in the following context:
(a) The ultimate source of political and constitutional authority in India is vested with the people.
(b) Periodical elections are held on the basis of adult franchise.
(c) Equality, the basic principle of a democratic form of government, is adhered to in the constitution.
(d) Citizens of India enjoy Fundamental Rights, which are clearly enumerated in the constitution.
(e) Rule of law is an essential feature of the Indian democratic state.

Question 6.
Is India a Welfare State? Explain.
Answer:
A state is called welfare state where Government does a lot of work for the welfare of citizens. Too much importance is given to the Directive Principles of the State Policy and Fundamental Rights of the citizens. Fundamental Duties are also shown alongwith the Fundamental Rights so that welfare programmes can be continued. Stress is given on the welfare of the backward and tribal people in this way.

Question 7.
What is the difference between the fundamental rights and the directive principles?
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the main features of the Indian Constitution as stated in Preamble of the constitution.
Answer:
The main features of the Indian Constitution are as follows:
(a) Preamble: Our constitution begins with a preface or introduction called the preamble. It highlights the goals and aspirations of the Indian people.
(b) Sovereign State: Sovereign means that India is now independent, it is no longer governed by any external authority and is its own master.
(c) Socialist: Everyone is given equal opportunities to make use of resources of the country.
(d) Secular: All religions are treated equally. There is no official religion.
(e) Democratic: The people of India choose their elected representatives through elections which are conducted at regular intervals.
(f) Republic: The Indian constitution proclaims that the head of the state will be elected, and not be a hereditary ruler.
(g) Justice: The Indian constitution strives to ensure an equitable and just society by reducing economic and social inequalities.
(h) Liberty: The constitution gives the citizens the freedom to express their opinion, follow their own path and also choose the occupation of their choice.
(i) Equality: All citizens are equal before the law.
(j) Fraternity: Indian State will observe a sense of fraternity or brotherhood to preserve the unity and oneness of India.

Question 2.
Explain all the six Fundamental Rights which are granted by the Indian Constitution to all Indian citizens.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights:
The Indian Constitution has granted six Fundamental Rights to its citizens which are:
(i) Right to Equality: Right to Equality is a valuable right. In India, the right to equality is guaranteed to every citizen without any discrimination on grounds of religion, caste, creed, colour or untouchabilh”

(ii) Right to Freedom is the essence of human existence. The Indian constitution provides to every citizen the right to freedom of speech, peaceful associations, movement and residence in any part of Indian territory.

(iii) Right against Exploitation: All religions in India have equal respect. Religion and politics are two different aspects.

(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion: India is a country of many religions. All religions have equal respect and religion and politics are different aspects.

(v) Cultural and Educational Rights: The Constitution states that all minorities, religions or linguistic, can setup their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own culture.

(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right allows a citizen to move to court if they believe that any of their above Fundamental rights have been violated by the state.

Question 3.
Explain the provisions made in the Indian Constitution for improving the condition of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Answer:
The Constitution of free India, which came into force from the 26th January, 1950, guaranteed some provisions for the welfare, security and development of Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. The main provisions are given below:
(i) The Constitution ends discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, race or sex. It gives the right of entry and use of every place like shops, hotels, roads, wells and places of entertainment to every Indian without any discrimination.

(ii) The Constitution abolished untouch-ability in any form. Practice or preaching of untouchability is a punishable offence (Article 17).

(iii) The Constitution provides protection to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes from any type of social and economic exploitation
(Article 46).

Picture-Bases Questions With Answers

I. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

Social and Political Life III.

Question 1.
Which Assembly is shown in the picture?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly is shown in the picture.

Question 2.
Between what period did the Constituent Assembly draft a constitution for independent India?
Answer:
Between December 1946 and November 1949, the Constituent Assembly drafted a constitution for independent India.

Question 3.
Who is addressing in the picture?
Answer:
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru is addressing the Constituent Assembly in the picture.

The Indian Constitution Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Constitution: A constitution is a set of rules, laws and principles according to which a country is governed.
• Democracy: Rules by the people.
• Monarchy: Rule by king or queen.
• Arbitrary: When nothing is fixed and is instead left to one’s judgement or choice. This can be used to refer to rules that are not fixed, or decisions that have no basis etc.
• Ideal: A goal or a principle in its most excellent or perfect form.
• Indian national movement: The Indian national movement started in nineteenth century. India saw thousands of men and women together to fight against British rule. This culminated in India’s independence in 1947.
• Polity: A society that has an organised political structure. India is a democratic polity.
• Sovereign: The sovereignity means the independence of the people who are masters of their own destiny.
• Trafficking: The practice of the illegal buying-selling of different commodities across national borders. In this chapter, it refers to illegal trade in human beings, particularly women and children.
• Tyranny: The cruel and unjust use of power or authority.
• Amendment: Any change made in law of articles of constitution by the Parliament.