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Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 How the State Government Works

HBSE 7th Class Civics How the State Government Works Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how is the person elected?
Answer:
An MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) is a person affiliated with a political party.
A person is elected an MLA in the following manner:
(i) Every state is divided into different areas of constituencies.
(ii) The elections are held in each constituency.
(iii) All the adults above 18 years of age can vote.
(iv) The person who get the maximum votes is elected.
From each constituency people elect one representative who then becomes an MLA.

Question 2.
How did some MLA’s become ministers?
Answer:
(i ) After the elections, the party which obtains more than 50 percent of total seats is an Assembly is termed as the ruling party.
(ii) The members of the ruling party choose their leader who becomes the Chief Minister. The Governor gives oath to the Chief Minister.
(iii) The Chief Minister then nominates people as ministers from the ruling party or from outside.
(iv) The Governor of the states appoints them as ministers and gives oath to them.

Question 3.
Why should decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers be debated in the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers should be debated in the Legislative Assembly because of the following reasons :
(i) MLA’s can express their opinion and ask questions related to the issues or give suggestions about what should be done by the government to implement policies for the peoples and . the state.
(ii) Adverse points in the decisions can be deleted.

Question 4.
What was the problem in Patal Puram? What discussion/action was taken by the following. Fill in the table.

Public Meeting
Legislative Assembly
Press Conference
Chief Minister

Answer:
Patalpuram was facing the problem of shortage of water and sanitation which had caused diarrhoea in the city.
(i) Public Meeting: Meeting, people raised voice to bring sanitation in the area and control diarrhoea.
(ii) Legislative Assembly : The discussion based on bad conditions in hospital, shortage of water, proper doctors in Patalpuram.
(iii) Press Conference : The health ; minister explained the steps taken by the government to check diarrohea and supply safe drinking water.
(iv) Chief Minister : Chief Minister explained the residents of Patalpuram that the due compensation would be given to the kins of the dead.

Question 5.
What is the difference between the work that MLAs do in the Assembly and the work done by the government department?
Answer:
An MLA works for the welfare of his people and is even responsible for wrong doings. > MLA’s raise the issue in the Assembly and want solution to the problems facing the masses. Government departments make laws. The various government departments also implement these laws.

EXRCISE

Question 1.
(i) What is happening in Patalpuram?
(ii) Why is this problem serious?
(iii) What action do you think can be taken in above situations and who do you think should take the action? ‘ .
Answer:
(i) The district headquarter of Patalpuram was facing the problem of shortage of water and sanitation.
(ii) This problem was serious because a large number of people were facing the problem of acute diarrhoea.
(iii) The municipal committee should take immediate actions with the help of state governments to control the situation.

Question 2.
Write two measures that the government undertook for controlling diarrhoea.
Answer:
The government undertook the following measures for controlling garbage :
(a) Removal of garbage,
(b) Arrangement of drinking water through tanker trucks.

Question 3.
What is the purpose of a press conference? How does the press conference help you get information on what the government is doing?
Ans.
The purpose of press conference is to hear about or ask questions on a particular issue about the steps. The data collected by press conference is printed in newspapers for the common people.

Question 4.
M. times, the ruling party may not be a single party but a group of parties working together. This is called a coalition. Discuss with your teacher.
Answer:
The coalition is formed by two of more parties coming together. The parties come together and elect their leader. The governor appoints their leader as CM. The coalition party prepares a Common Minimum Programme and f execute the programme during the period for which coalition is formed.

Question 5.
What were the main arguments put forward by different MLAs who thought that the government was not taking the situation in a serious manner and what were the opposition party.
Answer:
Debate : Opposition Party MLA, 1 put forward the problem of diarrhoea in his constituency of Akhandagaon. He wanted to draw the attention of minister to solve the problem.

MLA 2 (Opposition Party): Commented upon the bad situation of hospitals. He wanted to know about the government plans to control the epidemics.

MLA 3 (Opposition Party): Belonged to the constituency of Tolpatti which faced a serious shortage of water. He wanted to confirm if the government is taking actions to clean and disinfect the wells and ponds.

MLA 4 (Ruling Party) : However, supported the government telling that water tankers have been put into service and ORS packets were distributed.

MLA 5 (Opposition Party): Commented upon the bad deteriorating situation in hospitals.

MLA 6 (Ruling Party): Told about the negligence of the previous party and actions being taken by the ruling party to clear the garbage.

Question 6.
If you were the health minister, how would you respond to the above discussion?
Answer:

• I would have taken the immediate action to solve, the problem in each area.
• I would have started special doctors and started the mobile health care vans with all the necessary equipment.

Question 7.
Do you think the above debate would have been useful in some ways? How? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes, because it has brought forward many issues concerning public wealth made the health minister aware about the serious situation and immediate need of the hour.

Question 8.
In the working of the government, explains the difference being on MLA and an MLA who is also a minister.
Answer:
An MLA highlights some issues in the assembly and can suggest some solutions. An MLA who is a minister takes the decision and implements it.

HBSE 7th Class Civics How the State Government Works Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by MLA?
Answer:
The members of legislative assembly is called MLA.

Question 2.
Who becomes the Chief Minister of a State?
Answer:
The leader of the majority party becomes the Chief Minister of a State.

Question 3.
What does the word ‘government’ refer to?
Answer:
The word ‘government’ refers to the government departments and the various ministers who head them.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Legislative Assembly?
Answer:
A Legislative Assembly is a place where all the MLAs, whether from the ruling party or from the opposition meet to discuss issues/problems of urgent needs, a bill introduced for making law, etc. .

Question 2.
Who takes decisions and run the government in a State?
Answer:
(a) The Chief Minister and other Ministers take decisions on behalf of the government in the State.
(b) The Chief Minister alongwith his Council of Ministers implements the programmes of the Government and thus run the Government.

Question 3.
What is legislative and what does it do?
Answer:
(a) All the MLAs in the legislative assembly together constitute the legislature.
(b) They take part in debate, approve the policy and programmes of the government and supervise the actions taken of the gdMemment outside the assembly.

Question 4.
What is relation between law, the Legislative Assembly and the government?
Answer:
(i) Any bill introduced in the Legislative Assembly when is passed by majority of the MLAs is called law.
(ii) A law made by the State Legislative Assembly is enforced in the State by the Government of the State.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a brief note on a debate held in the Legislative Assembly of a State?
Answer:
(a) A debate can be held in a Legislative Assembly on a specific problem of urgent food.
(b) During the debate, MLAs express their opinion and ask questions related to the issue.
(c) They also give suggestions about what should be done by the government.
(d) The concerned minister replies to the questions. He/She also tries to assure the Assembly that adequate steps are being taken.

Question 2.
Write about the democratic process adopted for the formation of Government in a State.
Answer:
(a) It is the democracy through which the people of 18 years and above elect their representatives as the members of legislative assembly (MLAs).
(b) The MLAs of the majority party elect their leader who is appointed the Chief Minister of the State by the Governor.
(c) The Ghief Minister selects some MLAs to head different departments/ministeries and they are appointed as ministers by the Governor of the State.
Thus, a Government is formed in a State by democratic process.

How the State Government Works Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Constituency: A particular area from which all the voters living there choose their representatives. For example, a panchayat ward or an area that chooses an MLA.
• Majority: Majority is a situation when more than half the number in a group supports a decision or an idea. This is also called a simple majority.
• Opposition: This refers to elect representatives who are not members of the ruling party and who play the role on questioning government decisions and actions as well as raising new issues for consideration in the Assembly.
• Press Conference: A gathering of journalists from the media who are invited to hear about and ask questions on a particular issue and are then expected to report On this to the larger public.
• Epidemic: A disease that attacks a large number of people in an area at the same time is called an epidemic.
• Ruling Party: The political party which has more than 50 percent of the total representatives in Panchayat, Corporation, Assembly, or Parliament is known as the Ruling Party.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Role of the Government in Health

HBSE 7th Class Civics Role of the Government in Health Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In this chapter, you have read that health is a wider concept than illness. Look at this quote from the Constitution and explain the terms ‘living standard’ and ‘public health’ in your own words.

An important part of the Constitution says it is the duty of the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health.
Answer:
Living Standard:
It refers to the standard of living enjoyed by the people in reference to the facilities provided by the government or family. It also refers to the status earned by the people.

Public Health:
‘Public Health’ refers to the provision of quality healthcare services either free or at low cost by the government. It also includes the actions to prevent the spread of diseases such as TB, Jaundice and Malaria among public.

Question 2.
What are the different ways through which the government can take steps to provide healthcare for all? Discuss.
Answer:The different ways in which
government can take steps to provide health care for all are:
(a) opening of primary health centres, dispensaries and family welfare centres.
(b) prevention of spread of diseases.
(c) making provisions to deal with emergency or epidemics.
(d) provision of cheaper health-services for the poor.

Question 3.
What difference do you find between private and public health service in your area? Use the following table to compare and contrast these.

Facility	Cost of service	Availability of services
Private
Public

Answer:

Facility	Cost of service	Availability of service
Private	Expensive	Good, quality but to limited high standard of people.
Public	Free or at very low cost	Ordinary services, not maintained, available to all sectors of society.

Question 4.
“Improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.” Explain with the help of example.
Answer:
Lack of clean water and sanitation is the second most important risk factor for the occurrence of diseases after malnutrition.
(i) Consumption of contaminated water causes many water-borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea.
(ii) Many vector-borne diseases like malaria, Japanese encephalities are caused due to dirty and stagnant water.
So, improvement in water and sanitation can control many diseases.

The Story Of Hakim Sheik

Hakim Sheik was a member of the Paschim Banga Khet Mazdoor Samity (PBKMS), an organisation of agricultural labourers in West Bengal. One evening in 1992, he accidentally fell off a running train and suffered head injuries. He was in ci very serious condition and needed immediate treatment.

He was taken to a government hospital in Kolkata but they refused to admit him because they did not have a spare bed. Another hospital did not have the facility or the specialised doctors necessary for his treatment. In this way he spent 14 hours in a critical state and was taken to eight different government hospitals, but none of them admitted him.

Finally, he was admitted in a private hospital, where he. received treatment. He spent a lot of money on his treatment. Angry and upset over the indifferent attitude of all the hospitals that refused to admit him., Hakim Sheik and PBKMS filed a case in the court.

Question 1.
Read the story given above. Then imagine that you are a judge in the country. What would you say to Hakim Sheik?
Answer:
Being a judge, I would give a fair judgement in Hakim Sheik’s case. He would be granted due compensation. The doctors of government hospitals will be punished for dereliction of duty.

Question 2.
What problems did Aman face in the public hospital? How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss.
Answer:
Aman faced the following problems in the public hospitals:
(а) Long queue at the OPD counter.
(b) Great such at the test centre.
(c) Change of doctor, the whole treatment not by the same doctor.
(d) Non-availability of medicines.

Question 3.
What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss.
Answer:
(i) India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world.
(ii) It is among the largest producers of doctors.
(iii) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years.
(iv) India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries.
(v) India is the fourth largest producer of medicine in the word.

Question 4.
In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above left hand columns, do you think this is true? Discuss.

India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world and is among the largest producers of doctors. ApproximatelylS,000 new doctors qualify every year.	Most doctors settle in urban areas. People in rural areas have to travel long distances to reach a doctor. The number of doctors with respect to the population is much less in rural areas.
Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years. In 1950, there were only 2,717 hospitals in India. In 1991, there were 11,174 hospitals. In 2000, the number grew to 18,218.	About five lakh people die from tuberculosis every year. This number is almost unchanged since Independence!
India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries. They come for treatment in some of the hospitals in India that compare with the best in the world.	Almost two million cases of malaria are reported every year and this number isn’t decreasing.
India is the fourth largest producer of medicines in the world and is also a large exporter of medicines.	We are not able to provide clean drinking water to all. 21per cent of all communicable diseases are water borne. For example, diarrhoea, worms, hepatitis, etc.

Answer:
It is not true because after reading the left hand column, we come to know:
(i) India has the largest number of medical colleges in the world.
(ii) It is among the largest producers of doctors.
(iii) Healthcare facilities have grown substantially over the years.
(iv) India gets a large number of medical tourists from many countries.
(v) India is the fourth largest producer of medicine in the word.

Question 5.
Private health facilities can mean many things. Explain with the help of some examples from your area.
Answer:
Private health facilties can mean many things. Today these facilities or clinics are run by big companies. Such companies are run by many businesses, associated with these centres. For example, some facilities of medicines, pathology, X-ray, ultrasound are associated with these facilities. Sometimes Answer:The problem faced in private hospitals are:
(а) High cost of treatment.
(b) The doctors prescribe more tests than required that include high costs.
big business houses also have medical facilities associated with them.

Question 6.
Would you associate all or some of these picture (shown on the textbook page 19) with ‘health’?
Answer:
Some of the pictures given on textbook page 19 associated with the health are:
(а) On the top, van with cross sign is in a rural area (i.e. village). Government sends mobile health centre in the form of a van with emergency health service facilities. The doctors and nurses go along with this van in villages, and check the ill people and also treat them by giving medicines.
(b) Some doctors are shown in operation theater operating a patient. These doctors are taking care of the health problems of the patient.

Question 7.
Pick two situations from the collage (shown on page 19) that are not related to illness and write two sentences on how they are related to
health.
Answer:
(i) A woman having two earthen pots on her head is going to fetch water. The women like her, collect water from other open water wells. The water so collected is not clean and creates health problems.
(ii) Two garbage Containers are shown kept in front of the houses in a slum. The containers are used to put in all types of wastes even rotten food particles. The house flies sitting on these wastes carry pathogenic germs to our eatables, as a result we become ill.

Question 8.
(i) Can you provide a title to these columns (given on the textbook page 20)?
Answer:
Titles:
(i) Left hand column: Progress of Health Care System in India
(ii) Right hand column: Paradox of Health Care Progress
(iii) In India, it is often said that we are unable to provide health services for all because the government does not have enough money and facilities. After reading the above left hand column. (see textbook page 20), do you think this is true? Discuss.
Answer:
Yes. It is true that India has progressed a lot in healthcare system since independece.
(a) The healthcare facilities we had in 1950, were insufficient for the population.
(b) Even today when infrastructure of healthcare has developed and increased tremendously, it does not saturate the needs of our growing population.
(c) Our healthcare system in the rural areas is not in a state of meeting the needs of the people.
(d) There is shortage of government hospitals and healthcare centres in the rural area. Even in the cities, we can observe queue of patients.
(v) India is investing on healthcare even less than the average of South Asian countries.

Question 9.
Read the story given (on textbook page 21). Then imagine that you are a Judge in the court. What would you say to Hakim Sheik?
Answer:
(i) This is the fault of our government hospital healthcare services.
(ii) The head of said hospitals would be called upon and asked why Hakin Sheik was refused the admission and treatment.
(iii) This is a fault on the part of the government and for that it will have to compensate Hakim Sheik for the amount that he spent in private hospital on his treatment.

Question 10.
(i) Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money? Give reasons.
Answer:
(a) Ranjan had to spend so much money to make use of the facilities available in private hospitals.
(b) By spending so much money, he saved his time and went through the easy process of treatment.

(ii) What problem did Aman face in the public hospital?
Answer:
(a) Aman had to wait in a long queue at the OPD counter and blood testing room.
(b) He got the blood test results after three days and then went back to the hospital to consult the doctor.
Thus, he faced lot of hardship in the hospital.

(iii) How do you think the hospital can work in a better manner? Discuss.
Answer:
If the number of counters and doctors will be raised and the management of some of its services like cleanliness (safai) and diagnostic tests such as blood tests, stool and urine tests, x-ray, ultrasound, etc. are handed over to the private bodies, the hospital can work in a better manner.

(iv) Where do you go when you are ill? Are there any problems that you face? Write a paragraph based on your experience.
Answer:
(a) We go to the doctoer when we are ill.
(b) Yes.
(c) First problem we face is to wait for long hours in queue for registration. There after, we have to stand in queue to see the dogtor.
After checking doctor advice a number of tests like ECG, blood, urine, x-ray, etc. which cost a lot not only in terms of money but also in terms of time because there is another queue for these tests and their reports.

(v) What problems do we face in private hospitals? Discuss.
Answer:
(a) We have to pay a lot of money for every service that we use in private hospitals.
(b) Sometimes doctors advise costly tests which are not required for the diagnosis.

Question 11.
The inside back cover (cover three) of this book has a map of India. Using your pencil outline the state of Kerala on this way. (NCERT Page 28)
Answer:
(Hints: Here is a guideline for students to do this question. Take a butter paper. Put it on the map of India given on the back cover of this book. With the help of pencil outline the state of Kerala alongwith outer boundary of India on the butter paper and attach it with your answer sheet.)

Question 12.
(i) In what ways is the public health system meant for everyone?
Answer:
(a) According to our Constitution, it is the primary duty of the government to provide health care facilities to all. The government has to safeguard the Right to Life of every person as ensured in the constitution under Fundamental Rights.
(b) So, public health system has to provide medical facilities to all, from poors to rich, domestic worker to the Prime Minister of the country without any discrimination.

(ii) List some public health centres (PHCs) or hospitals near your place. From your experience (or by visiting any one of them), find out the facilities provided and people who run the centre.
Answer:
(Hints: Students do this themselves, but for their guidance a description is given below)
Facilities: I visited Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital. It is run by the Central Government. At present, it is the most clean government hospital in Delhi with a lot of facilities such as-computerised counters for registration for different types of treatment, seating arrangement types of treatment, seating arrangement for the visitors, doctor’s rest room, etc. Most of the tests are conducted in the hospitals.

HBSE 7th Class Civics Role of the Government in Health Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is health?
Answer:
Health means our ability to remain free from physical illness and injuries. It also includes mental health.

Question 2.
What are communicable diseases?
Answer:
Communicable diseases refer to those diseases that spread from one person to another in many ways such as through water, food and air etc.

Question 3.
Why did Ranjan have to spend so much money on his treatment? Give reasons.
Answer:
Ranjan had to spend so much money on his treatment because he was admitted in a private hospital where the cost of treatment is very high.

Question 4.
What do you understand by ‘Right to Life’?
Answer:
‘Right to Life’ means every individual has the right to live a meaningful and dignified life with basic facilities like food, shelter, clothing and education.

Question 5.
Which organisation in responsible for policy making on healthcare in India?
Answer:
The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for formulating policy on healthcare in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the main centres for healthcare facilities and who are the persons associated with him?
Answer:
The main centres for healthcare facilities in India are:
(a) health centres
(b) hospitals
(c) pathological laboratories
(d) blood banks.
The persons associated with these centres are: nurses, health workers, doctors. They can treat, advise and dignose illness.

Question 2.
Describe the work of Medical Council of India.
Answer:
The main functions of Medical Council of India are:
(a) maintenance of uniform and high standards of medical education in India.
(b) registration of medical practitioner.
(c) monitoring of medical practice in the country.
(d) granting recognition of medical qualifications.

Question 3.
What do you understand by ‘medical ethics’?
Answer:
Medical ethics refer to the values that guide medical professional. Such values refer to the honesty, justice, dignity of work practised by medical practitioners.

Question 4.
What are the private health services available in our country?
Answer:
(i) In urban areas, many doctors run their private clinics.
(ii) Some hospitals and nursing homes are privately owned.
(iii) There are pathological laboratories which do tests and offer facilities like X-ray and Ultrasound.
(iv) There are also private chemist shops from where we buy medicines.

Question 5.
Indian doctors do not prefer to work in India, even if they get their education here?
Answer:
Indian doctors prefer to work abroad because:
(i) They get better professional opportunities and research opportunities.
(ii) They get better material benefits for their services.
(iii) Doctors are less professionally discriminated against in other countries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Comment on the policy of Kerala Government in 1996 towards healthcare services.
Answer:
Some major changes introduced by Kerala Government in 1996 are:
(i) 40% of the entire state budget was given to panchayats.
(ii) The villages could now make proper planning for water, food, women’s development and education.
(iii) Health centres were improved.
(iv) The working of schools and anganwadi was ensured.
(v) Water supply schemes were checked to ensure good health.
Though the situation improved yet there were loopholes like shortage of medicines, insufficient hospital beds and less than required number of doctors.

Question 2.
Why healthcare services available equally to all in India? What can be done to remove inequalities in healthcare services?
Answer:
Healthcare services are not available equally to all in India because:
(i) More and more healthcare services are privatised now and they are concentrated in urban areas.
(ii) These services are run for profit and they use modern facilities but they are not affordable by all.
(iii) The poor people are unable to use them.
(iv) Very less percentage of the population can afford medicines required during illness.
(v) The poor people visit government hospitals during sickness which are poorly maintained.

To remove inequalities in healthcare, services:
(a) The government should provide healthcare services to all citizens, especially the poor and the disadvantaged.
(b) The government should improve the basin health condition and sanitation conditions of the people so that diseases do not spread.

Question 3.
Describe the drawbacks of India’s rural healthcare system. What can be done to improve India’s rural healthcare them?
Answer:
The basic drawback of India’s rural healthcare system are:
(a) Lack of specialist doctors.
(b) Lack of modem machines and medical tools.
(c) The local villagers who study medicine prefer to work in city.

To improve India’s rural healthcare system:
(а) The government should increase awareness among rural people about sanitation and healthy environment.
(b) More medical camps should be organised.
(c) The skilled doctors should be given incentives to open clinics in villages.
(d) Provisions of medical facilities even given in small villages.

Role of the Government in Health Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Public: An activity or service that is meant for all people in the country and is mainly organised by the government. For example schools, hospitals, telephone services.
• Private: An activity or service that is organized by an individual or company for their own profit.
• Medical Tourists: This refers to foreigners who come to this country specifically for medical treatment at hospitals that offer world-class facilities at a lower cost than what they would have to pay in their own countries.
• Communicable Diseases: These are diseases that are spread from one person to another in many ways such as through water, foods, air, etc.
• OPD: This is the short form for ‘Out-Patient Department.’ This is where people are first brought in and treated in a hospital without being admitted to any special ward.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 On Equality

HBSE 7th Class Civics On Equality Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Do you think Kanta has enough reason to doubt whether she really is equal? List three reasons from the story above that might make her feel like this?
Answer:
Yes, the poverty of Kanta makes her feel that she is not equal. This is because of the following reasons:
(i) Kanta cannot take a day off from work when she needs to.
(ii) She cannot attend a good private hospital but has to attend a government hospital where most people standing are poor.
(iii) She lives in a dirty slum and not in a clean area.

Question 2.

Circle the reference to caste in the matrimonial advertisements given above.
Answer:
(i) Caste no bar
(ii) Gupta Boy
(iii) Tamil Brahmin.

Question 3.
Why do you think Om Prakash Valmiki was being treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates? Imagine yourself as Om Prakash Valmiki and write four lines about how you would feel if you were in the same situation as him.
Answer:
Om Prakash Valmiki was treated unequally by his teacher and his classmates because he was a Dalit boy and was hence seriously discriminated against. He was considered to be of low caste and hence assigned menial task of sweeping.

If I would have been Om Prakash Valmiki, I would have felt really sad and pensive over the injust treatment given to me. I would have felt disappointed and questioned my identity. My dignity would have been violated. I would have faced extreme inequality.

Question 4.
Why do you think the Ansaris were being treated unequally? What would you do if you were in the Ansari’s position and could not find a place to live because some people did not want to live next to you because of the religion you practice.
Answer:
Ansaris were being treated unequally becaqse of their national origin and the religion they practice. They were discriminated against because they belonged to a minority community. If I were in the Ansari’s place, I would have frankly stood out. If the landlord would not have given me the flat on this basis, I would havd narrated the lesson on values. I woulcj have made them understand how all religions lead to one God.

Question 5.
What is the mid-day meal programme? Can you list three benefits of the programme? How do you think this programme might help promote greater equality?
Answer:
(a) Mid-day meal refers to scheme introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunch. Its benefits are:
(i) Poor children have begun enrolling and regularly attending school.
(ii) With this scheme, a poor child’s mother does not have to interrupt work to feed the children at home.
(iii) The mid-day meal scheme also helps reduce the hunger of poor students who often come to school and cannot concentrate because their stomach is empty.

(b) It also helps reduce inequality in the following ways:
(i) It reduces caste prejudices because both lower and upper caste children in the school eat this meal together.
(ii) Dalit women have been employed to cook the meal.

Question 6.
If you were one of the Ansaris how would you have responded to the suggestion that you change your name?
Answer:
I would have vehemently refuted on the decision of changing my identity as that would mean shattering myself respect.

EXERCISES

Question 1.
In a democracy why is universal adult franchise so important?
Answer:
All adults (18 years or above) have the right to vote in the Indian democracy. This aspect is important because it is based on the basic idea of equality. It states that every adult in the country irrespective of their wealth and communities he/she belongs to has one vote.

Question 2.
Re-read the box on Article 15 and state two ways in which the article addresses unequality.
1.The state shall not discriminate against any citizens on grounds only or religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them.
2. No citizen shall on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them be subject to any disability, liability, restriction or condition with regard to.
(a) Access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and places of entertainment.
Or
(b) The use of wells, tanks, bathing ghats, roads and places of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general experience.
Answer:
There is discrimination in India on basis of sex, race, caste and religion. But our constitution prohibited all these discrimina¬tion. There are also some inequalities even today such.
(a) Gender discrimination.
(b) Discrimination on the basis of caste still prevail in many part of our country.

Question 3.
In what ways was Om Prakash Valmiki’s experience similar to that of the Ansaris?
Answer:
Both of them Om Prakash Valmiki and the Ansaris had to face inequality because of the race or caste they were born in. Both of them faced a violation of human dignity. While Valmiki had to sweep the grounds, Ansaris were no basis ignored when they sought a free apartment.

Question 4.
What do you understand by term, “all persons are equal before the law? Why do you think it is important in a democracy?
Answer:
The statement means that all persons should be treated equally and in the same manner, irrespective of religion, race, caste, gender, sex or any of them it is important. It hence recognises the dignity of all people. This means that every individual in the country including male or female persons from all castes, religions, tribes, educational and economic background as equal.

Question 5.
The government of India passed the Disabilities Act in 1995. This law states that all persons with disabilities have equal rights, and that the government should make possible their full participation in society. The government has to provide free education and integrate children with disabilities into main stream school. This law also states that all public places including buildings, schools etc. should be accessible and provided with ramps.

Look at the photographs and think about the boy who is being carried down the stairs. Do you think the above law is being implemented in his case? What needs to be done to make the building more accessible to him?
Answer:
The Disabilities Act in 1995 is not wholly implemented in the scene as the building is not feasiable for him to walk. Ramp facilities should be provided to the building

for a better view of its construction for disabled or specially abled students. Being carried by a wheelchair may- make him feel insecure. Not only this, it will also affect his security. He will not be given dignity as he would be recognised as unequal in the eyes of others.

HBSE 7th Class Civics On Equality Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the essential condition for all democracies.
Answer:
Universal adult franchise is an essential condition for all democracies.

Question 2.
Which is one of the most common forms in equality in India.
Answer:
Caste system is one of the most common forms of inequality in India.

Question 3.
What is ‘Joothan’?
Answer:
Joothan is an autobiography of a Dalit writer, Om Prakash Valmiki.

Question 4.
On what idea is the Universal Adult Franchise based.
Answer:
The Universal Adult Franchis is v based on the idea of equality.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What two steps did the government take to implement the equality guaranteed in the constitution.
Answer:
(i) The first step that the government has taken to implement equality is through making the law. For example, there is a law made which declares untouchability as a crime in India.

(ii) Second, the government has set up schemes or programmes to help disadvantaged communities. For example, mid-day meal scheme has been implemented in all government elementary schools.

Question 2.
What did the property dealer tell Mr. and Mrs. Ansari? How did they respond to the property dealer’s suggestion.
Answer:
The property dealer told Mr. and Mrs. Ansari to change their names from Mr. and Mrs. Ansari to Mr. and Mrs. Kumar for finding accomodation in the apartment. But they refused to do this.

Question 3.
How does the government guarantee equality?
Answer:
Equality is guaranteed through:
(i) laws prescribed in the constitution
(ii) government programmes or schemes to the disadvantaged communities.

Question 4.
Explain in detail how laws and schemes have helped recognize equality.
Answer:
(i) There are several laws in India that protect every person’s right to be treated equally.
(ii) The government has also set up several schemes to improve the lives of communities and individuals who have been treated unequally for several centuries.-These schemes are to ensure greater opportunity from disadvantaged people.

Question 5.
When will people be stored treating as equal?
Answer:
When people begin to feel that no one is inferior and that every person deserves to be treated equally with dignity, people x’ would then start treating as equal.

Question 6.
What led to Civil Rights Movement?
Or
Explain in brief the defiant act by Rosa Parks.
Answer:
A refusal to give up her seat for a white man by Rosa Parks started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which Africans-Americans were treated.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How were the African, Americans treated unequally in the United States of America?
Answer:
The African-Americans were treated unequally in a number of ways.
(i) For example, when travelling by bus, they either had to take the back seats in the bus or get up from their seats whenever a ; white person wished to sit.
(ii) African-American children were not admitted in schools in which white men’s children studied. They attended separate schools specially set up for them.

Question 2.
Lay down the provisions of the constitution that ensure equality.
Answer:
The recognition of equality includes some of the provisions in the constitution.
1. Every person is equal before the law. It means that every person; President or a domestic worker has to obey the same laws.
2. No person can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, race, caste, place of birth or whether they are male or female.
3. Every person has access to all public places, including playgrounds, hotels, shops and markets. All persons can use publicity available wells, roads and the bathing ghats.
(iv) Untouchability has been abolished.

Question 3.
What is Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
1. Universal adult franchise is the essential condition for all democracies.
2. It gives all adult, irrespective of what religion they belong to, how much educated, what caste they are from or whether they are rich or poor, the right to vote.
3. It is based on the principle of equality, i.e., one person one vote, and one vote one value.

Question 4.
Describe the event in Rosa Park’s life that led. to Civil Rights Movement.
Answer:
1. Rosa Parks was an African-American woman.
2. Fixed after a long day at work, she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man on 1 December 1955.
3. Her refusal that day started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African-Americans were treated. This led to the Civil Rights Movement.

On Equality Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Civil Rights Movement: It is a movement that began in the USA in 1950s in which African-American people demanded equal rights and an end to racial discrimination.
• Constitution: This is a document that lays down basic rules and regulations for people and the government of a country.
• Dalit: ‘So-called lower caste people to use to address themselves. It literally means ‘broken’.
• Democracy: A democracy is a form of government in which people elect their representatives.
• Dignity: This refers to thinking of oneself and other persons as worthy of respect.
• Equality: The act of treating each person in the same manner.
• UAF (Universal Adult Franchise): An important aspect of a democratic society that means all adults (those who are 18 years and above) citizens have the right to vote irrespective of their social and economic backgrounds.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Eighteenth Century Political Formations

HBSE 7th Class History Eighteenth Century Political Formations Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the following:

Subedar	a revenue farmer
Faujdar	a high noble
Ijaradar	provincial governor
Misl	Maratha
Chauth	a Mughal military commander
Kunbis	a bond of Sikh warriors
Umara	tax levied by the Marathas

Answer:

Subedar	provincial governor
Faujdar	a Mughal military commander
Ijaradar	a revenue farmer
Misl	a bond of Sikh warriors
Chauth	tax levied by the Marathas
Kunbis	Maratha

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Aurangzeb fought a protracted war in the ……………. .
2. Umara and Jagirdars constituted powerful sections of the Mughals ………….. .
3. Asaf Jah was given charge of the Deccan subedari in …………….. .
4. The founder of the Awadh Nawabi was ………….. .

Answer:

1. Deccan
2. Administration
3. 18th century
4. Burhan-ul-Mulk-Saidat Khan.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:

1. Nadir Shah invaded Bengal.
2. Sawai Raja Jai Singh was the ruler of Indore.
3. Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.
4. Poona became the capital of the Marathas in the eighteenth century.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True.

Question 4.
What were the offices held by Shaidat Khan?
Answer:
Offices held by Shaidat Khan Subedari, Foujdari, Diwani. He was responsible for managing political, financial and military affairs.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did the Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal try to do away with the Jagirdari system?
Answer:
The Nawabs of Awadh and Bengal tried to do away with the Jagirdari system to reduce the influence of Mughals in their states.

Question 6.
How were the Sikhs organised in the eighteenth century?
Answer:
The following steps were taken by the Sikhs in the eighteenth century to organise themselves:
1. Sikhs organized themselves into a number of bands called jathas and later on misls.
2. They combined their forces which were known as the grand army (dal Khalsa).
3. The entire body used to meet at Amritsar at the time of Baisakhi and Diwali to take collective decisions known “resolutions of the Guru (gurunatas).”
4. Guru Gobind righ organised the Sikhs with the inspiration that their destiny was to rule.
5. The well-knit organization of the Sikhs enabled them to put up a successful resistance to the Mughal governors first and then to Ahmad Shah Abdali who had seized the rich province of the Punjab and the Sarkar of Sirhind from the Mughals.

Question 7.
Why did the Marathas want to expand beyond the Deccan?
Answer:
The Marathas wanted to expand beyond the Deccan to challenge Mughal Empire in the peninsula.

Question 8.
What were the policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position?
Answer:
The policies adopted by Asaf Jah to strengthen his position were as follows:
1. As he had become the actual ruler of the Deccan, he brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India who welcomed the new opportunities in the south.
2. He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.
3. Mughal emperors could not interfere in the administration of Asaf Jab.

Question 9.
Do you think merchants and bankers today have the kind of influence they had in the eighteenth century?
Answer:
During the eighteenth century, banks were not so organised so merchants were more influential than bankers. They used to provide more loan opportunities at higher rate of interest.

Today, however the bankers are more influential. They provide loans and other financial assistance at cheaper rates. They also act as the safeguard of public money.

Question 10.
Did any of the kingdoms mentioned in this chapter develop in your state? If so, in what ways do you think life in the state would have been different in the eighteenth century from what it is in the twenty-first century?
Answer:
The students should develop their own answers. As an illustration in Punjab state, many princely states were acting as a puppet in the hands of the British. Today, India being a democratic country. It is different from the eighteenth century when we had to follow the directions of a monarch.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out more about the architecture and culture associated with the new courts of any of the following Awadh, Bengal or Hyderabad.
Answer:
Account of the development of the architecture and culture associated with the new courts of Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.
(i) The rulers of Awadh followed secular political policy. The Nawabs did not discriminate between Hindus and Muslims. The people of both community were given state jobs.

(ii) Construction of Mask and temple were allowed.

(iii) The prolonged period of peace and of economic prosperity of the nobles under the government of the Nawabs resulted in time in the growth of a distinct Lucknow culture around the Awadh court. Lucknow, for long an important city of Awadh and the seat of the Awadh Nawabs after 1775, soon rivalled Delhi in its patronage of the arts and literature. It also developed as an important centre of handicrafts. Crafts and culture also percolated to towns under the patronage of local chieftains and zamindars.

Question 12.
Collect popular tales about rulers from any one of the following groups of people the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs or Marathas.
Answer:
The most outstanding Rajput ruler of the 18th century was Raja Sawai Jaui Singh of Amber (1681-1743). He was a distinguished states man, law-maker arid reformer, But most of all he show as a man of science in an age when Indians were oblivious of scientific progress. He founded the city of Jaipur and made it a great seat of science and art. Jaipur was built upon strictly scientific principles and according to a regular plan. Its broad streets are intersected at right angles.

Jai Singh was above everything a great astronomer. He erected observatories with accurate and advanced instruments, some of them of his own invention, at Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain, Varanasi and Mathura. His astronomical observations were remarkably accurate. He drew up a set of tables, entitled Zij Muhammad Shahi, to enable people to make astronomical observations. He had Euclid’s “Elements of Geometry” translated into Sanskrit as also several works on trignometry, and Napier’s work on the construction and use of logarithms.

Jai Singh was also a social reformer. He tried to enforce a low to reduce the lavish expenditure which the Rajput had to incur on their daughter’s weddings. This had given rise to the evil practice of infanticide. The remarkable prince ruled Jaipur for nearly 44 years from 1699 to 1743.

HBSE 7th Class History Eighteenth Century Political Formations Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was Aurangzeb responsible for depleting the military and financial resources of his empire?
Answer:
Aurangzeb fought a long war in’the Deccan which resulted in the depletion of the military and financial resources of the empire.

Question 2.
What were the two major groups or factions in which the empire was further divided into?
Answer:
The two major groups or factions were Iranis and Turapis.

Question 3.
What were the three states that were carved out of the old Mughal Provinces in the 18th century?
Answer:
Awadh, Bengal and Hyderabad.

Question 4.
Why did Zamindars of Bengal borrow money from bankers and moneylenders?
Answer:
Zamindars of Bengal borrowed money to pay the revenue in cash.

Question 5.
Why was ‘rakhi’ introduced?
Answer:
The system of‘rakhi’ was introduced to give protection to cultivators on the payment of a tax of 20% of the produce.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were revenue farmers?
Answer:
In the state of Awadh, revenue farmers were local bankers and Mahajans who were highest bidders for the right to collect tax. These revenue farmers agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money.

Question 2.
Where did Banda Bahadur established sikh rule?
Answer:
Banda Bahadur established Sikh rule between the “Sutlej” and the Jamuna rivers.

Question 3.
After Shivaji’s death who led Marathas?
Answer:
After Shivaji’s death effective power in the Maratha state was wielded by a family of Chitpavan Brahmanas, who served Shivaji’s successors as Peshwa (or principal minister).

Question 4.
Name some Maratha chiefs.
Answer:
Sindhia of Gwalior, Gaekwad of Baroda, Bhonsle of Nagpur and Holkar of Indore were a few powerful Maratha chiefs.

Question 5.
Which taxes were collected by Maratha king?
Answer:
The Maratha king collected the taxes of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi in the entire region that he captured from Mughal emperors.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did administrative system break down under weak successors of Aurangzeb?
Answer:
1. The weak successors of Aurangzeb could not keep vigil on their powerful mansabdars.
2. Nobles appointed as governors, often controlled the offices or revenue and military administration.
3. This gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal empire.
In this way, the Mughal administrative system declined under the weak successors of Aurangzeb.

Question 2.
Why did peasants and zamindars of North India rebel against Mughal emperor?
Answer:
1. The revolts of peasants and zamindars were caused by the pressures of mounting taxes.
2. Due to challenge to the emperor’s authority, nobles became outrageous and increased taxes on land or produce.
3. This was a big trouble to the peasants who were unable to pay increased taxes. Thus, they rebelled.

Question 3.
How did the Nawab of Awadh decrease Mughal influence in the Awadh?
Answer:
1. The Nawab of Awadh reduced the number of office holders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.
2. He also reduced the size of jagirs and appointed his own loyal servants of vacant positions.
3. The accounts of jagirdars were checked to prevent cheating, and the revenues of all districts were reassessed by official appointed by the Nawab’s court.
4. He seized a number of Rajput Zamindari and the agriculturally lands of the Afghans of Rohilkhand.
Thus, the Nawab of Awadh decreased ‘ Mughal influence in the Awadh.

Eighteenth Century Political Formations Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Great Mughals: From 1526 to 1707 is called the age of the Great Mughals.
• Later Mughals: The Mughal successors of Aurangzeb were knows as Later Mughals.
• Generation: A successive step in natural descent.
• Succession: The order by which an office changes hands.
• Swaraja: It means own kingdom. The term is used by the Marathas.
• A loose union of states is known as a confederacy.
• Chauth: It was the 1/4th of revenue paid to the government under Marathas.
• Sardeshmukhi: A tax equal to 1/10th of the land revenue levied by Marathas.
• Bigotry: The term Bigotry is used for sectarian religious outlook usually against other religions.
• Spear: A weapon consisting of a pointed head on a long shaft is called a spear.
• Guerilla Warfare: A kind of irregular warfare that is fought from behind. A council of eight ministers under Shivaji called the Astha Pradhan.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

HBSE 7th Class History The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Avanatavarman	Kerala
Jagannatha	Bengal
Mahodayapuram	Orissa
Lilatilakam	Kangra
Mangalakavya	Puri
Miniature	Kerala

Answer:

Avanatavarman	Orissa
Jagannatha	Puri
Mahodayapuram	Kerala
Lilatilakam	Kerala
Mangalakavya	Bengal
Miniature	Kangra

Question 2.
What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in the language.
Answer:
Manipravalam literally means diamonds and corals. It is a language. The name of a book written in this language is Lilatilakam.

Question 3.
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
Answer:
The Mughals were the major patrons of Kathak.

Question 4.
What were the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
Answer:
The important architectural features of the temple of Bengal were as follows:
(а) When local deities, once worshipped in thatched huts in villages gained the recognition of the Brahmans, their images began to be housed in temples.
(b) The temples began to copy the double-foofed or four-roofed structure of the thatched huts.
(c) In the comparatively more complex four-roofed structure, four triangular roofs placed on the four walls move up to coverage on a curved line or a point.
(d) Temples were usually built on a square platform.
(e) The interior was relatively plain but the outerwalls of many temples were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did ministrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
Answer:
The ministrels proclaimed the achievements of heroes in order to:
(i) preserve their memories.
(ii) inspire others to follow their example.

Question 6.
Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
Answer:
Rulers adopted many methods to preserve their achievements, such as, ministrels singing their heroic stories, paintings inscriptions, historical worth, donation to temples, etc., while ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. Therefore, we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people.

Question 7.
Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
Answer:
As the temple gained an importance , as a centre of pilgrimage, its authority in social and political matters also increased. All those who conquered Orissa, such as the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India Company, attempted to gain control over the temple. They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

Question 8.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer:
The temple builders of Bengal wanted to demonstrate their power and proclaim their piety. Therefore, they built, temples.

LET’ DO

Question 9.
Describe the most important features of the cultures of your region, focussing on buildings, performing arts and painting.
Answer:
Students do yourselves.
(Hint: Take Delhi for example)
(i) Architecture of Delhi presents old as well as new buildings, such as Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Parliament House, India Gate.
(ii) Delhi is the centre of all types of arts such as dances, plays, poetry sessions, etc.
(iii) All types of paintings are found and done im Delhi.

Question 10.
Do you use different languages for (a) speaking, (b) reading, (c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting?
Answer:
Students do yourselves.
(Hint: Punjabi)
(i) Usually at home, you speak Punjabi.
(ii) You read and write book written in Gurumukhi, Hindi and English languages.
(iii) Let one major book of Punjabi (Gurumukhi) language be Guru Granth Sahib. It is the religious holy book Sikhs and teaches us about religious tolerance, therefore it is interesting.

Question 11.
Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any differences and similarities that you notice.

States	Foods
Punjab (North)	Makki ki Roti, Sarson ka Sag, Rajma Chawal, Dal-Chapatis
Rajasthan (West)	Dalia, Dal and Churma, Mama Kachori
Kerala (South)	Rice and Fish, Idli, Sambhar, Dosa
West Bengal (East)	Rice and Fish
Madhya Pradesh	Dal-Chapattis, (Central) Rice, Pulses

Similarities and Differences:
Rice and Chapatti is common throughout India. However, in some parts more of non- vegetaticn food is pupular.

Question 12.
Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.
Answer:
Clothes of Man of five States:
(i) Pants, Jeans
(ii) Shirt
(iii) Bush-Shirt
(iv) Coat
(v) Jackets
(vi) Pyjama Kurta
(vii) Shawls
(viii) Sweaters

List of Clothes worn by women:
(i) Sarees
(ii) Petikot
(iii) Blouse
(iv) Salwar-Kameez
(v) Dupatta
(vi) Undergarment
(vii) Ghagra-Choli
(viii) Shawls, Sweater
(ix) Skirt
(x) Jeans
(xi) Trousers.

HBSE 7th Class History The Making of Regional Cultures Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which language was introduced by the Chera kings?
Answer:
The Chera kings introduced Mdlayalam langugage and script in their inscriptions.

Question 2.
Name two gharanas associated with Kathak.
Answer:
The two gharanas or traditions associated with Kathak are: Rajasthan . (Jaipur) and Lucknow.

Question 3.
Name the six classical dance forms of our country.
Answer:
Kathak, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Manipuri are the six classical dance forms of our country.

Question 4.
What are miniature paintings?
Answer:
The miniature paintings are small sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or paper.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did regional cultures evolve?
Answer:
(a) Regional cultures today are often the product of complex processes of inter-mixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the sub-continent. Some , traditions appear specific to some regions, others seem to be similar across regions and yet others derive from older practices in a particular area, but take a new form in other regions.

Question 2.
What place did women find in the stories about Rajput heroes?
Answer:
The women found a place in the stories about Rajput heroes as:
(a) They figure as the cause for conflicts, as men forht with one another to either win or protect men.
(b) Women are also depicted as following their heroic husbands in both life and death.
(c) There are stories about the practice of sati or the immolation of windows as the funeral pyre of their husbands.

Question 3.
What did ‘purs’ include?
Answer:
The term ‘pirs’ included saints or sufis and other religious personalities, daring colonisers and defied soldiers, various Hindu and Buddhist deities and even animistic spirits. The cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1
How did Kathak develop and enrich as a dance form?
Ans.
(i) Kathak developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style in the courts of Mughal emperors and nobles.
(ii) It developed in two traditions: one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow.
(iii) Kathak grew into a major art form under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh.
(iv) By the third quarter of the nineteenth century it developed firmly as a dance form in areas other than Rajasthan and Lucknow such as present, day Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.
(v) Emphasis was laid on intricate and ; rapid footwork, elaborate costumes, as well as on the enactment of stories.

Question 2.
What are two categories in which early Bengali literature be divided into? Differentiate between these two categories.
Answer:
The two categories in which early Bengali literature was divided into as follows:

Were	as follows
(i) Literature indebted to Sanskrit.	(i) Literature independent of Sanskrit.
(ii) It includes translations of the Sanskrit epics, the Mangalakavyas (auspicious poems dealing with local deities) and bhakti literature such as the biographies of Chaitanyadeva, the leader of the Vaishnava bhakti movement.	(ii) It includes Nath literature such as the songs of Maynamat and Gopi Chandra, stories concerning the worship of Dharma Thakur, and fairy tales, folk tales and ballads.
(iii) They are easier to date, as several manuscripts have been found indicating that they were composed between the late fifteenth and mid-eighteenth centuries	(iii) They circulated orally and cannot be precisely dated. They were particularly popular in eastern Bengal, where the influence of Brahmanas was relatively weak.

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Apabhramsa: The various languages spoken by local people are called Apabhramsa.
• Portrait: Drawing sketches of a living beings is called a portrait.
• Dialect: Sub-division of a particular language spoken is called dialect.
• Gharana: Tradition of classical dance, and music.
• Rajputana: Region which constitutes most of present-day Rajasthan, was called Rajputana.
• Animism: Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
• Subas: Different provinces under Mughal Empire.
• Brihaddharma Purana: 13th century Sanskrit text from Bengal which permits the Bengali Brahmans to eat certain types of fish.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

HBSE 7th Class History Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

The Buddha	Namghar
Shankardeva	Worship of Vishnu
Nizamuddin Aulia	Questioned Social differences
Nayanars	Sufi Saint
Alvars	Worship of Shiva

Answer:

The Buddha	Questioned Social differences
Shankardeva	Namghar
Nizamuddin Aulia	Sufi Saint
Nayanars	Worship of Shiva
Alvars	Worship of Vishnu

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Shankara was an advocate of …………… .
2. Ramanuja was influenced by the …………… .
3. ……………. , ………….. and ……………. were advocates of Virashaivism.
4. …………. was an imkrtant centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.

Answer:

1. Advaita
2. Alvars
3. Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, Akkamahadevi.
4. Pandharpur.

Question 3.
Describe the beliefs and practices of Nath Panthis, Siddhas and Yogis.
Answer:
(a) Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis advocated renunciation of the world
(b) They believed that the path to salyation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realisation of oneness with it.
(c) To achieve salvation, they advocated intense trading of the mind and body through practices like Yogasanas, breathing exercises and meditation.
(d) They did not believe in rituals and conventional religion.

Question 4.
What were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?
Answer:
I. Ideas of Kabir:
(i) Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions.
(ii) His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
(iii) Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

II. How did Kabir express his ideas:
Kabir expressed his ideas through poetry and bhajans. The languages of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi widely understood by ordinary people. He also sometimes used cryptic languages, which is difficult to follow.

We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by wondering bhajan singers. Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani’and Bijak.

LET′S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
What were the major belief and practices of sufis?
Answer:
(i) The sufis often rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by Muslim religion scholars.
(ii) They sought union with God much as a lover seeks his beloved with a disregard for the world.
(iii) Like the saint poets, the sufis to composed poems expressing their feelings, and a rich literature in prose, including anecdotes and fables, developed around them.
(iv) The sufis too believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way. They developed elaborate methods of training using Zikr (chanting of a name or sacred formula), contemplation, sama (singing), rags (dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the guidance of a master or pir.
(v) Thus emerged the silsilas, a genealogy of Sufi teachers, each following a slightly different method (tariqa) oi instruction of ritual practice.

Question 6.
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
Answer:
Many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices because these were based on social differences, excess ritalism and outward display piety.

Question 7.
What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak?
Answer:
(i) Guru Nanak emphasised the importance of the worship of one God.
(ii) He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was baaed on the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
(iii) He used the terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of his teaching, which actually meant right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct.
(iv) He gave importance to right-belief and worship, honest living and helping others.
(v) Guru Nanak, thus, promoted the idea of equality.

LETS DISCUSS

Question 8.
For either the Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
Answer:
The attitude of Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra towards caste was as follows:
(a) They had a humanistic attitude.
(b) They believed in the equality of all human beings.
(c) They were against Brahmanical ideas about caste and the treatment of women.

• They believed that Bhakti means sharing other pains.
• They wished society where people could live in harmony without any feelings of high and low, rich and poor.

Question 9.
Why do you think ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai?
Answer:
Ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai because:
(i) Though she was a Rajput princess married intq the royal family of Mewar. But she had no interest of ‘worldly affairs.
(ii) She was devoted to Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion.
(iii) Her devotion to her deity was supreme. She lived a simple life with ordinary people.
(iv) Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the ‘upper’ caste and became popular with the masses in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

LET’S DO

Question 10.
Find out whether in your neighbourhood these are any dargahs, gurudwaras or temples associated with saints of the bhakti tradition in your neighbourhood. Visit any one of these and describe what you see and hear?
Answer:
Yes, these are many dargah, gurudwara or temple associated with saints of bhakti tradition in our neighbourhood. I have visited all these religious places from time to time along with my mother or father or elder brother. I have seen that people go there with devotion and they after prayer and hear preaching of religious people with great devotion.

Question 11.
For any of the saint-poets where compositions have been included in this chapter, find out more about their works, noting down other poems. Find out whether these are sung, how they are sung, and what the poet wrote about?
Answer:
We have read about many bhakti saint and sufi saint in this chapter. I have heard about Kabir, Baba Guru Nanak, Mirabai, Goswami Tulsidas and Surdas. Their religious works poems, bhajans are read out and sung at religious place and by bhakt singers and poets. I have heard devotional song on radio and television. I have also read certain books related with above reffered saint poet.

Question 12.
There are Several saint poets whose names have been mentioned but their works have not been included in the chapter. Find out more about the language in which they were composed, whether their composition were sung and what their composition were about.
Answer:
(i) All Marathi saint such as Janeshwar, Namdev, Eknath an Tukaram had sung in Marathi.
(ii) Narsi Mehta had written and sung in Gujarati,
(iii) Tulsidas – Awadhi (Hindi)
(iv) Surdas – Brij Bhasha (Hindi)
(v) Mirabai – Rajasthani
(vi) Kabir – Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, other languages.
(vii) Guru Nanak – Hindi, Punjabi

HBSE 7th Class History Devotional Paths to the Divine Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the idea advocated in the Bhagavadgita?
Answer:
The idea that was advocated in Bhagvadgita was that of a Supreme God who could deliver humans from such bondage if approached with devotion.

Question 2.
What was Sangam literature?
Answer:
Sangam literature was the earliest example of Tamil literature, composed during the early centuries of the common Era.

Question 3.
What is Advaita?
Answer:
Advaita is the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality.

Question 4.
Who were Chokhamela?
Answer:
Chokhamela was the family who belonged to the ‘untouchable’ Mahar caste.

Question 5.
What was monotheism?
Answer:
Monotheism refers to submission to one God.

Question 6.
What was ‘Shariat’?
Answer:
‘Shariat’ was a holy lav/ developed by Muslim scholars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the ideas of Nayanars and Alvars for a new kind of Bhakti?
Answer:
The Nayanar and Alvars had the following ideas of Bhakti:
(A) They were sharply critical of the Buddhists and Jainas and preached love of Shiva or Vishnu.
(B) They drew upon the ideals of love and heroism as found in the Sangam literature and blended them with the values of bhakti.
(C) They went from place to place composing exquisite poems in praise of the deities enshrined in the villages they visited, and set them to music.

Question 2.
What were the developments in Bhakti movements^ between the tenth and twelfth centuries?
Or
How were links between Bhakti tradition and temple worship strengthened?
Answer:
(A) The Chola and Pandya kings built elaborate temples around many of the shrines visited by the saints- poets, strengthening the links between the bhakti tradition and temple worship.
(B) Their poems were compiled during this time.
(C) Religious biographies of the Alvars and Nayanars were composed.

Question 3.
What were the ideas and teachings of Shankara?
Answer:
The ideas and teachings of Shankara were as follows:
(A) He was an advocate of Advaita.
(B) He taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless and without any attributes.
(C) He considered world around us to be an illusion or maya.
(D) He preached renunciation of the world and adoption of path of the knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What did the saints of Maharashtra do?
Answer:
(a) All saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism outward display of piety and social differences based on birth.
(b) They even rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live with their families.
(c) They earned their livelihood like any other person, while humbly serving fellow human beings in need.
(d) They insisted that Bhakti lay in sharing others pain.

Question 2.
What is the uniqueness of the Bhakti saints?
Answer:
(i) The unique feature of most of the Bhakti saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung.
(ii) They became immensely popular and were handed down orally from generation to generation.
(iii) Usually, the poorest and women transmitted these songs, often during their own experience.

Map Time

Question 1.
On the political map of India, mark the state to which the following saints belong to:
(i) Guru Nanak
(ii) Dadu
(iii) Mirabai
(iv) Narsi Mehta
(v) Eknath
(vi) Namdev
(vii) Shankradeva
(vii) Chaitnyadeva
(ix) Kabir
(x) Ramananda
(xi) Raídas
(xii) Vallabhacharya
(xiii) TuJsidas
(xiv) Purand radas
(xv) Nammalvar
Answer:

Devotional Paths to the Divine Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Koran: The holy book of the Muslims.
• Idol Worship: The image worship of God and Goddess.
• Kayamat: The day of Judgement before God.
• Ramjan: Month of fasting.
• Haj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Sufi: The Muslim devotees who emphasized the personal devotion of man to God through lov^..
• Pirs: Religious teachers of the Sufis.
• Dohas: Couplets which Kabir composed and taught to his followers.
• Adi-Granth: The religious book of Sikhism.
• Bhakti: Trust in God.
• Tawakkul: Single-minded devotion to one God.
• Murids: The disciples are called murids in the Sufi system.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

HBSE 7th Class History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Questions and Answers

IMAGINE

Question 1.
You are a member of a nomadic community that shifts residence every three months. How would this change your life?
Answer:
Shifting residence every three months would change our style of living frequently.

• We would have to shift our belongings every now and then and we would not hatfe any settled life.
• We would not be able to practise any settled occupation.

LETS RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Garh	Khel
Tanda	Chaurasi
Labourer	Caravan
Clan	Garha Katanga
Sib Singh	Ahom State
Durgawati	Paik

Answer:

Garh	Chaurasi
Tanda	Caravan
Labourer	Paik
Clan	Khel
Sib Singh	Ahom state
Durgawati	Garha Katanga

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The new castes emerging with in varnas were called ………….. .
(b) ……….. were historical works written by the Ahom.
(c) The ……….. mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to ………… and ………….. .
Answer:
(a) jatis
(b) Buranjis
(c) Akbamama
(d) temples, Brahmanas.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:
(а) Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
(b) There were no tribal communities in the north-western part of the subcontinent.
(c) The Chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
(d) The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of sub continent.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) Flase
(c) Flase
(d) Flase.

LETS UNDERSTAND

Question 4.
What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists?
Answer:
The nojnadic pastoralists exchanged wool, ghee, etc. with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and other products.

Question 5.
How was the administration of Ahom state organised?
Answer:
The following were the ways in which the administration of Ahom state was organised.
(a) The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state were called paiks.
(b) A census of the population was taken. Each village had to send a number of paiks by rotation.
(c) People from heavily populated areas . were shifted to less populated areas.
(d) Ahom clans were thus broken up.
(e) By the first-half of the seventeenth century, the administration became quite centralised.
(f) Almost all adult males severed in the army during war.
(g) Ahom society was divided into clans or Khels.

Question 6.
What changes took place in Varna-based society?
Answer:
The following changes took place in uama-based society:
(i) Smaller castes or Jatis emerged within varnas.
(ii) Many tribes and social groups were taken into caste-based society and given status of jatis.
(iii) Specialised artisans. such as smiths, carpenters and masons were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.
(iv) Jatis rather than varna became the basis for organising society.
(v) Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful by the eleventh and twelth centuries.

Question 7.
How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state?
Answer:
The emergence of large states changed the nature of tribal society.
(A) The Gond Society:
(i) The basically equal society of Gond gradually got divided into unequal social classes.
(ii) Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond rajas and became more influential.
(iii) The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognised as Rajputs.

(B) The Ahom Society:
(i) Ahom society became very sophisticated.
(ii) Poets and scholars were given land grants.
(iii) Theatre was Encouraged.
(iv) Important works of Sanskrit were translated into local language.
(v) Historical works, known as banjaras were also written first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 8.
Were the banjaras important for the economy?
Answer:
The banjaras were the important for the economy. They were the most important trader-nomads.
(i) Sultan Alauddin Khilji used the banjaras to transport grain to the city markets.
(ii) Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
(iii) Banjaras transported food grain for the Mughal towns. They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns.

Question 9.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities?
Answer:
History of Gonds was different from Ahom in the following ways:

Gonds	Ahoms
(i) Gonds lived in Gondwana.	(i) Ahoms lived in Brahmaputra valley.
(ii) Gonds practised shifting culti-vation.	(ii) Ahoms did not practise shifting cultivation.
(iii) Gonda kingdoms were large.	(iii) Ahom kingdom was small.
(iv) Gond kingdoms were divided into grahs.	(iv) Ahoms built a ‘ large state.
(v) Gonds did not use fire arms.	(v) Ahoms used fire arms for the first time in the history of the subcontinent.

LET’S DO

Question 10.
Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and environment of the area where they lived.
Answer:

(A) Tribe of Bhils: The large tribe of Bhils was spread across western and central India. Many of them because settled agriculturists and some even zamindars. They remained hunter gatherers.
(B) Kolis, Beards lived in Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka.

Question 11.
Find out about present day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about thdse.
Answer:
(i) Government has reserved some seats in State Assemblies and in Lok Sabha.
(ii) Some seats have been reserved in state and central government jobs.
(iii) Some economic and educational facilities are provided to tribal population.
(iv) Economic, agricultural and industrial development is being provided them for quick growth and development.
(v) Their culture, religion, customs are not being disturbed. In short very good and progressive policies are being followed towards tribal population.

Question 12.
Find out more about present day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by the groups?
Answer:
(i) There are several present day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. They keep sheep, goat, cows, camels, horses, etc. Many tribals obtained their livelihood from forests, agriculture, hunting and gathering also.

(ii) Most often they combined their economic activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived.

(iii) Some tribes are still nomadic and move from one place to another.

(iv) A tribal nomadic group controlled land and pastures jointly and divide these amongst households according to its own rules.

(v) Usually they are living in different forests, hills, deserts and places difficult to reach the sub-continent.

(vi) The Nagas are living in Nagalands. The Ahoms are still living in Assam. The Cheros are living in Jharkhand. The Mundas and Samtals are living in Orissa, Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. Kolis are living in Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka. The Banjaras are living in Rajasthan. The Gonds are living in a vast forest region still called Gondwana.

HBSE 7th Class History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name a Himalayan tribe.
Answer:
The Himalayan shepherd tribe is Gaddi.

Question 2.
Tribes of which areas adopted Islam as their religion.
Ans.
Many tribes of Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier adopted Islam as their religion.

Question 3.
What was the name of the son of Rani Durgawati?
Answer:
The name of the son of Rani Durgawati was Bir Narain.

Question 4.
Which Mughal general attacked Garh Katanga?
Answer:
Asaf Khan attacked Garba Katanga.

Question 5.
Which Mughal general attacked Ahoms?
Answer:
Mir Jumla attacked Ahoms.

Question 6.
Which Gond king assumed title of Sangram Shah?
Answer:
Aman Das, the Gond raja of Garha Katanga assumed the title of Sangram Shah.

Question 7.
How was Ahom society divided?
Answer:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is shifting cultivation practiced?
Answer:
Trees and bushes in a forest area are first cut and burnt. The crop is sown in the ashes. When this land loses its fertility an other plot of land is cleared and planted in the same way.

Question 2.
How can you say that Garh Katanga is a rich estate?
Answer:
Garha Katanga was rich estate. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms. When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they captured a huge booty of precious coins and elephants. They annexed part of the kingdom and granted the rest of Chandra Shah.

Question 3.
Who were paiks? To which region did they belong to?
Answer:
The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state are called paiks.

Question 4.
Ahom State was very sophisticated. Explain.
Answer:
Ahom society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. Important works of Sanskrit were translated into local language.

Question 5.
How was the rule, under Durgawati Rani?
Answer:
Dalpat died early. Rani Durgawati was very capable and started ruling on behalf of her five year old son, Bir Narain. Under her, the kingdom becaihe even more extensive. In 1565, the Mughal forces under Asaf Khan attacked Garha Katanga. A strong resistance was put up by Durgawati. She was defeated and preferred to die rather than surrender.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of the life style of tribal people.
Answer:
(a) Members of tribal groups were united by friendship or kingship bonds.
(b) Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter gatherers or herderers.
(c) Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources in the area they lived.
(d) A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst household according to its own rules.

Question 2.
Illustrate the tribal rule of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand.
Answer:
In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero chiefdoms had emerged by the 12th century. Raja Man
Singh, Akbar’s famous general attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591.
The Hundas and Santals were among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Banjaras.
Answer:
(a) The Banjaras were the most important trade nomads.
(b) They moved through caravans called tandas.
(c) They were used by Sultan Alauddin Khilji to transport grains to the city market.
(d) Banjaras carried grains on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
(e) They transported it for the Mughal Army during Military campaign.

Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Pastoralism: The system which is related with the care and domestication of grazing animals.
• Polygamous: Practising system of having many wives.
• Nomads: Wanderer members of those group of people are called nomads who move from place to place in search of food items.
• Assimilation: To become adjusted.
• Aristocracy: Government run by nobles are known as aristocracy.
• Itinerant groups: Wandering tribes are known as itinerant groups.
• Swayamvara: Women were allowed to choose their husbands df their own choice.
• Jauhar: Practice of mass sacrifice by women to save their honour and chastity.
• Adivasi: The primitive people living in a particular area are called Adivasis.
• The Gonds are the largest tribe in Central India.
• Gondwana: The region of-central India is known as Gondavana due to the concentration of the Gonds in that area.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftpersons

HBSE 7th Class History Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Textbook Questions and Answers

LET S RECALL

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The Rajarajeshvara temple was built in
2. Ajmer iff associated with the Sufi saint
3. Hampi was the capital of the Empire.
4. The Dutch established a settlement at in Andhra Pradesh.

Answer:

1. Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)
2. Muinuddin Chishti
3. Vijayanagara
4. Masulipatnam

Question 2.
State whether true or false:

1. We know the name of the architect of the Rajarajeshvara temple from an inscription.
2. Merchants preferred to travel individually rather than in caravans.
3. Kabul was a major centre for trade in elephants.
4. Surat was an important trading port on the Bay of Bengal.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False

Question 3.
How was water supplied to the city of Thanjavur?
Answer:
Water was supplied from wells and tanks to the city of Thanjavur.

Question 4.
Who lived in the “Black Town” in cities such as Madras?
Answer:
Merchants and artisans (such as weavers) or craftspersons along with the white rulers (European traders) lived in the cities like Madras during the British rule.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
Why do you think towns grew around temples?
Answer:
(i) Temple towns represented a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop.
(ii) Temples were often central to the economy and society.
(iii) Rulers built temples to demonstrate their devotion to various dieties. They also endowed temples with grants of land and money to carry out elaborate rituals, feed pilgrims and priest and celebrate festivals.
(iv) Pilgrims who flocked to the temples also made donations.
(v) Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking.
(vi) Generally, a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders etc. settled near the temple to cater to the needs and those of the pilgrims.
For example: Billasvamin and Somnath in Gujarat.

Question 6.
How important were craftspersons for the building and maintenance of temples?
Answer:
(i) Craftspersons were very important for building and maintenance of temples.
(ii) For instance the Panchalas or Vishwakarama community, consisting of goldsmith, bronzesmith, blacksmiths, masons are carpenters were essential to the building of temples.
(iii) The craftsmen also played an important role in the construction of big buildings for pilgrims, used to visit temples as visitors or tourists and also in construction of tanks and reservoirs, attacked to temples.
(iv) The craftspersons of Bidar were so fapied for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri.
(v) Weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples.

Question 7.
Why did people from distant lands visit Surat?
Answer:
1. Surat was the most important medieval port on the west coast of Indian subcontinent.
2. It was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period.
3. Surat was the gateway for trade with west Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz.
4. Surat has also been called the gate of Mecca, because many pilgrim ships get sail from here.
5. There were also several retail and wholesale shops selling cotton textiles.
6. Surat was famous for the textiles with gold lace borders (zari).
Due to all such reasons many people from distant lands visited Surat.

Question 8.
In what ways craft production in cities like Calcutta different from that in cities like Thanjavur?
Answer:

Craft Production in Thanjavur	Craft Production in Calcutta
1. Craftspersons were free to be as much creative as they could be.	1. Craftspersons had to produce what was demanded by the East India Company.
2. Craftpersons used to live near temple. They always get buyers of their products.	2. The craftspersons were force to live in the “Black Towns”. The only buyer of their products was the East India Company.
3. There was no system pf advances.	3. There existed system of advances, which meant that they have to weave cloths which were already promised to European agents.
4. Weavers had the freedom of selling their own cloths or weaving by their own patterns.	4. Weavers no longer had liberty of selling their own cloths or weaving by their own patterns.
5. They didn’t have to reproduce same designs.	5. They had to reproduce the designs supplied to them by the company agents.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
Compare any one of the cities described in the chapter with a town or a village with which you are familiar. Do you notice any similarities or differences?

Hampi	Ajmer
1. Hampi is located in the Krishna, Tungabhadra basin, which formed the nucleus of the Vijay Nagar Empire, founded in 1336.	1. Ajmer is in Rajasthan. It was the capital of the Chauhan kings in the twelfth century. Later, Ajmer became the suba headquarters under the Mughals.
2. The magnificent ruins at Hampi reveal a well fortified city. The architecture of Hampi was distinctive. The buildings in the royal complex had splendid arches, domes and pillared halls with niches for building sculptures.	2. Ajmer remained a famous pilgirmage centre for the Hindus. There is a holy water tank at Puskar near Ajmer. There is a world wide famous temple of the Brahmaji.
3. Temples were the hub of cultural activities and devadasis (temple dancers) performed before the deity, royalty and masses in the many pillared halls in the virupaksha temple, known today as Navaratri in the south, was one of the most important festivals celebrated at Hampi.	3. Ajmer also provides an excellent example of religious co-existence, Khwaja Muinud- din Chishti, the celebrated sufi-saint who settled there in the twelfth century attracted devotees from all creeds.

Question 10.
What were the problems encountered by merchants? Do you think some of these problems persist today?
Answer:
Some of the problems faced by the merchants were as under:

• They had to travel through forests and there was always the fear of robbers. Therefore, pierchants travelled in caravans.
• Merchants such as Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Indian Virji Vora, who owned a large number of ships were subdued by the East India Company ships. Then, they have to work as agents of the company instead of running their own business.
• Yes, such problems do exist today.

HBSE 7th Class History Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the capital of Cholas.
Answer:
Thanjavur.

Question 2.
Who built Rajarajeshwara temple?
Answer:
King Rajaraja Chola.

Question 3.
What type of a town is Thanjavur?
Answer:
Temple town.

Question 4.
Name an alloy of copper and tin.
Answer:
Bronze.

Question 5.
What is the capital of the Chauhan kings in the 12th century?
Answer:
Ajmer.

Question 6.
Give two groups of weavers that emerged as prosperous communities.
Answer:
Saliyar, Kaikkolars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the trading groups in Masulipatnam.
Answer:
The Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu Komati Chettis and European traders were the trading groups in Masulipatnam.

Question 2.
What was the ‘system of advances’?.
Answer:
The system of advances was a system under which craftspersons like weavers were given advance payments so that they had to weave cloths for European agents only.

Question 3.
What were the main features of medieval towns?
Answer:
The main features of medieval towns were as under:
(a) The towns probably emerged from large villages.
(b) Towns had mandapika (or mandi of later times) to which nearby villages brought their produce to sell.
(c) Towns also had market streets calle hatta lined with shops.
(d) There were streets for different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stone masons, etc.

Question 4.
How was the architecture of Hampi distinctive?
Answer:
Due to following reasons, the architecture of Hampi was distinctive:
(a) The building in the royal complex had splendid arches, domes and pillared halls with niches for holding sculptures.
(b) There were well planned orchards and pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such as lotus and corbels.
(c) The Wall of Hampi fort was constructed without using mortar or cement. The technique of wedging bricks together by interlocking was used.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did Masulipatnam port decline?
Answer:
(a) The Dutch and English companies had settled in Masulipatnam.
(b) But the Qutab Shahi rulers of Golconda exerted their influence on the trade and settlement in the port city of Masulipatnam.
(c) After Mughal occupation of Golconda, Mughal Governor Mir Jurnla who was also a merchant, began to play off the Dutch and English against each other.
(d) Due to this the European Companies looked for alternative and hence, they developed the port city of Madras.
(e) Thus, Masulipatnam lost both its merchants and prosperity and declined.

Question 2.
How was the Indian textile business affected when the European Companies entered in it?
Answer:
The Indian textile business was affected when the European Companies entered it in the following ways:
(i) The demand of Indian textiles increased manifolds.
(ii) This led to a great expansion of the crafts of spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, etc.
(iii) The employment opportunities also increased.
(iv) Indian textile designs became increasingly refined.
(v) But due to the system of advances, the independent craftspersons declined.
(vi) Indian traders, weavers and merchants had to live in “Black Towns” whereas “White” people lived in superior residencies of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.

Question 3.
What were the causes of decline of Surat as a commercial town?
Answer:
(i) From 17th century onwards the 1 town of Surat began to decline in the commercial activities.
(ii) The main cause was loss of markets and productivity because of the decline of the Mughal Empire.
(iii) Sea routes were controlled by Portuguese.
(iv) The newly built Bombay port gve tough English competition to the port of Surat.
(v) East India Company shifted its headquarters to Bombay in 1668.

Question 4.
Describe the rise of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras as trading towns.
Answer:
(i) Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras rose as nodal cities.
(ii) Crafts and commerce underwent major changes as merchants and artisans (such as weavers) were moved into the Black Towns established by the European Companies within these new cities.
(iii) The blacks or native traders and craftspersons were confined here.
(iv) The ‘White’ rulers occupied the superior residencies of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.

Towns, Traders and Craftspersons Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Hinterland: A piece of land beyond the coast is known as a hinterland.
• Administrative Town: It is a town from where the administrative functions are carried on.
• Temple Town: It is a town with prominent temples or temples.
• Commercial Town: It is a town where the sale and purchase of commodities take place.
• Pilgrimage Towns: Places, where people go for pilgrimage, are called pilgrimage towns.
• Chintz: A type of cotton cloth with a printed design on it is called Chintz.
• Black Town: That part of town where artisans and merchants of Indian origin used to live was called Black Town.
• Emporium: A place where goods from diverse production centers are bought and sold is called an emporium.
• Hundi: It is a note recording a deposit made by a person. The amount deposited can be claimed in another place by presenting the record of the deposit.
• Factor: An official merchant of the East India Company is called a factor.
• Sthapatis: Sculptors who made bronze idols and tall ornamental bell metal lamps are called Sthapatis.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

HBSE 7th Class History Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
How is the ‘Trabeate’ principle of architecture, different from the ‘arcuate’?
Answer:
‘Trabeate’ principle of architecture is different from the ‘arcuate’ principle in the following way:
(a) In ‘trabeate’ principle, a horizontal beam is placed across two vertical columns and roofs, doors and windows were made.

(b) In ‘acruate’ style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the door and window was carried by arch.

Question 2.
What is Shikhara?
Answer:
Shikhara is the pyramid structure on the central shrine of the temple.

Question 3.
What is Pietra Dura?
Answer:
Pietra Dura is the inlays that depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute. They are coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful ornate pattern.

Question 4.
What was the element of a Mughal Chahar Bagh garden?
Answer:
The elements of a Mughal Chahar Bagh (garden).

• They were placed with in rectangular walled enclosures.
• They were divided into quarter by artificial channels.
• Divided into four equal quarters.
• Symmetry in the four divisions.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
Temples were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion and parton by the ruler.
(a) The names of the ruler and the god were similar, for example:
Rajarajeshvara temple was built by the king Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram.
(b) Temple was the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
(c) The other lesser dieties in the temple were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.

Question 6.
An inscription in Shahjahan’s diwan-i-khas in Delhi stated: “If there is Paradise on Earth; it is here, it is here, it is here.” How was this image created?
Answer:
Diwan-i-khas was designed in such a way that different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. It was carefully planned. This image was created as a result of his marvellous architectural skill. It was created by provided all the possible facilities to the subjects (people) by the king.

Question 7.
How did the Mughal Court suggest that everyone-the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice equally from the emperor.
Answer:
(a) Behind emperor’s throne were a series of pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute.
(b) It was believed the Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they co¬existed together peaceably.
(c) This image communicated that the king’s justice would treat high and the low as equal which create a world where all could live together in harmony.

Question 8.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The river Yamuna played a crucial role in the layout of the Mughal city at Shahjahanabad in the following ways:
(a) The imperial place commanded the river front. Only specially favoured noble were given access to the river.
(b) Ordinary people had to construct their home in the city away from the river.
(c) Taj Mahal was also constructed on the left edge of this river.
(d) In Agra at Taj Mahal, white marble mausoleum was place on terrace by the edge of the river as the garden was to its south.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
The rich and the powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were constructions of kings and their courtriers different in the past.
Answer:
The constructions of the kings and their courtiers in the past were different from the construction of large houses by the rich and the powerful.
The constructions of the kings and their courtiers had the safety and security as their major consideration. The houses of the kings and their coutriers had big courtyards, thick walls and huge walls. This constructions were generally surrounded by water bodies.
Today, the constructions of the rich and the powerful are quite different. They have less open areas and meet mainly individual requirements.

Question 10.
Look at picture. How could that building be constructed faster today?
Answer:

The building could be constructed faster today with the help of latest tools and advanced skills.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out whether there is a statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Try to find out any memorial surrounding you and write a note on it:
Why it was established?
Where it was situated?
Who was the founder?
What is its significance?

Question 12.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
Discuss it with your class teacher in the class room. (Hint: Throw light on Chahar Bhagh and its significance)

HBSE 7th Class History Rulers and Buildings Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are ‘tombs’ referred to?
Answer:
Tombs are safe, protected and grandiose places of rest in this world and the next.

Question 2.
Which style of construction was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs attacked to large- stepped wells, between the seventh and tenth century?
Answer:
‘Trabeate’ style of construction was used in the construction of temples, mosque, tombs between seventh and tenth century.

Question 3.
What were the temples and mosques meant to demonstrate?
Answer:
The temples and mosques were meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and prayer.

Question 4.
Why did the king Rajarajesh- wara take the god’s name?
Answer:
The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god.

Question 5.
What was qibla?
Answer:
The pedestal on which Shahjhan’s throne was placed was frequently described as the qibla.

Question 6.
What was special about the city of Agra?
Answer:
Agra city was special because nobility had constructed their homes in the city on the banks of the river Yamuna.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Shahjahan adapt the river front garden while laying out the Taj Mahal?
Answer:
While laying out the Taj Mahal, Shahjahan adapted the river-front garden. The white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shahjahan developed this architectural form as a means to control the access that nobles had jto’the river.

Question 2.
Who were given access to the river-front by Shahjahan?
Answer:
In the city of Shahjahanabad, the imperial palace constructed the river front. Only specially favoured nobles like his eldest son Dara Shukoh were given access to the river. All others had to construct their homes in the city away from river Yamuna.

Question 3.
What were the special features of Humayun’s tomb?
Answer:
The special features of Humayun’s tomb were:
(a) The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as pishtaq became important aspects of Mughal architecture. This tomb structure was first visible in Humayun’s tomb.
(b) The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge Chahar Bagh and built in the tradition known as ‘eight paradises’ a central hall surrounded by eight rooms
(c) The building was constructed with red sandstone, edge with white marble.

Question 4.
How did the Pandaya king Shrimara Shrivallabh loot the temples when he invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king?
Answer:
Shrimara Shrivallabh removed all the valuables from the temple like the status of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the jewel places and the golden images in the various monastries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the significance of temples, mosques and tanks?
Answer:
Temples and mosques were the places of worship. They were beautifully constructed.

• They demonstrated the power, wealth and devotion of the patron.
• The name of the ruler and the god were very similar. For example: Rajarajeshvara temple was built by Jong Rajarajadeva for the worship of his God, Rajarajeshvaram. Through the rituals of worship in temple one God, Rajarajeshvaram.
• The kings constructed the largest of the temples.
• The temple was a miniature model of the world.
• They worshipped their dieties together in the royal temples as if they brought the just rule of the Gods on earth.

Question 2.
Explain the beginning of the reign of Shahjahan at Agra.
Answer:
In the beginning of his reign, Shahjahan’s capital was at Agra. It is a city where the nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river Yamuna. They were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar Bagh format. The Chahar Bagh garden was also desribd the river front garden. In this the dwelling was not located in the middle of the Chahar Bagh at its edge, close to the bank of the river.

Shahjahan took the river front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal. It was the grandest architectural accomplishment of his reign. Here the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and garden was to its south.

Question 3.
Who all were involved in the construction of Qutab Minar? Describe the main architectural styles adopted.
Answer:
The Qutab Minar is five storeys high. The first floor was constructed by Qutabuddin Aybak and the ret by Iltutmish around 1229. Over the years it was damaged by lighting and earthquakes and repaired by Alauddin. Khilji, Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodhi. Architectural Styles of Qutab Minar

• Qutab Minar has a pattern under the balcony by the small arches and geometrical designs.
• It has two banks of inscriptions under the balcony.
• The surface of the minar is curved and angular. Placing an inscription on such a surface required great precision. Only the most skilled craftsperson could perform this task.

Rulers and Buildings Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Superstructure: The part of a building above the ground floor.
• Pietra Dura: Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns.
• Gopuram: The gateway of the temple.
• Shikhara: A spire-like structure over the central shrine of a temple.
• Mandapa: A structure set up or constructed in front of the main shrine.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

HBSE 7th Class History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Mansab	Marwar
Mongol	Governor
Sisodiya Rajput	Uzbeg
Rathore Rajput	Mewar
Nur Jahan	Rank
Subedar	Jahangir

Answer:

Mansab	Rank
Mongol	Uzbeg
Sisodiya Rajput	Mewar
Rathore Rajput	Marvyar
Nur Jahan	Jahangir
Subedar	Governor

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was …………………. .
(b) The five Deccan Sultanate were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmednagar ……………. and ……….. .
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sewar indicated his ………….. .
(d) Abul Fazal, Akbar’s friend and counseller, helped him frame the idea of ……………. so that he could govern a society composed for many religions, çultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) Number of horses maintained
(d) Administration.

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of Mughals?
Answer:
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh were the central provinces under the control of Mughals.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the Jagir?
Answer:
• Mansabdars were the persons who joined the Mughal service.
• Jagirs were the salaries received by the mansabdar as revenue assignments.
• Mansabdars depended on jagirs for their livelihood.
• Mansabdar died not actually reside in or administer their jagir. They had only right to the revenue of their assignments which were collected by the servants while they serve in other part of the country.

LETS UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
What was the role of Zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:

• Zamindars were all intermediaries whether they were local headmen of villages or a powerful chieftains.
• They collected taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasury.
• Sometimes, they revolted against Mughal authority. Their revolts changed the stability of the Mughal empire from the end of the 17th century.

Question 6.
How were the debates with the religious scholars iiiiportant in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on government?
Answer:
The debates with the religious scholars were important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on government:

• Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst the subjects.
• Akbar followed the idea of Sulh-i-Kul (Universal peace and tranquility).
• This idea did not discriminate between people of various castes and focused on a system of ethics such as peace, justice and honesty.
• Abul Fazal helped him in forming a vision governance around the idea of Sulh-i-Kul.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughal underline their Timurid and not their Mughal descent?
Answer:
Mughal underlined their Timurid and not their Mughal descent because:
(а) They were proud of their Timurid ancestry who had captured Delhi in 1398.
(b) They celebrated their genealogy pictorially each ruler getting a picture mode of Timur and himself.
(c) Genghis knows memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. So Mughals did not like to be called Mughal.

LETS DISCUSS

Question 8.
How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue was important to the stability of the Mughal Empire because:
(a) The land revenue system before Akbar was lawful.
(b) The land revenue was important because with this the king could pay the salary of his soldiers, do welfare work.
(c) The land revenue was important to meet the administrative expenses.

Question 9.
Why was it important for Mughal to reAjmit Mansabdars from diverse bac/kgf^und and not just Turains and Iranis?
Answer:
It -was important for Mughal to recruit Mansabdars from diverse background and not just ,Turanis and Iranis because:
(i) Mughal empire expanded to encompass different regions. It was- important for the Mughals to recruit diverse bodies of people in order to make people comfortable with them.
(ii) They included Indian, Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and other groups.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
No the cultural and social diversity of India today does not pose a challenge to national integration because today we have a democratic, republic government appointed by the common people of the land through elections.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Yes, they are also important for today’s economy.
Yes, the gap in the income between the rich and poor in India changed a great deal from the period of great Mughals.

LET’S DO

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/ village region in which you live.
Answer:
The impact of the message ‘Sulh- i-kul’ (universal peace), we can still find in the cities/village/region arounds.

Question 13.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?
Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzeb, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Question 14.
(i) How was Humanyun’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
(a) Humayun took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was dogged out of the subcontinent by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran.
(b) On the other hand, Akbar seized Qandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Therfore, he was at war with them.

(ii) Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in the spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbance in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him. Ultimately, he had to personally manage campaigns in Deccan from 1698 onwards.

Question 15.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
According to me, coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance as it is based on the principle of equality.

Question 16.
(i) What was the consequence of this insult (of Shivaji by Aurangzeb)?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, when later came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began great guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals.

(ii) Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdar with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

Question 17.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?
Answer:
Two persons sitting on the upper left side in the picture wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests.

HBSE 7th Class History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were Mughals?
Answer:
Mughals were the inhabitants of Central Asia and descendants of Mongols of Mongolia.

Question 2.
Why did Akbar choose Fatehpur Sikri to be his capital?
Answer:
Akbar chose Fatehpur Sikri to be his capital because this was where the Sufi Saint Salim Chishti lived and he had great respect for him.

Question 3.
Who offered to help Babur against the Lodhis?
Answer:
Rajput Prince Rana Sanga of Mewar offered to help Babur against Lodhis.

Question 4.
When and where Babar – defeated Lodhis army?
Answer:
Babar defeated the Lodhis army in 1526 on the historic battle of Panipat.

Question 5.
What were the two early problems faced by Humayun?
Answer:
(i) His own brother were hostile to him.
(ii) He faced the rebellions in Malwa and; Gujarat in the very beginning.

Question 6.
Why Shahjahan’s period is known as Golden Age?
Answer:
Shahjahan’s period is often known, as Golden Age because of the buildings and the architectural activities.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give two instances of the Mughal marriages with the Rajputs.
Answer:
(a) The mother of Jahangir was a Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler, of Amber (Modern day Jaipur).
(b) The mother of Shahjahan was a Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur).

Question 2.
How could Mughals extend their influence over many kings and chieftains? Was this possible all the time?
Answer:
Mughals could extend their influence over many kings and chieftains by keeping a careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents.

Question 3.
What were the main features of Sulh-i-kul?
Answer:
(a) The idea of Sulh-i-kul was introduced by Akbar, the Great.
(b) Sulh-i-kul meant universal peace.
(c) Sulh-i-kul was based on the idea of tolerance which did not differentiate between the people of different religions in Akbar’s realm.
(d) This system focused on a system of ethics, justice which were universally applicable.

Question 4.
What did Akbar realise when he had discussion with people of different faiths?
Answer:
On his discussion, with different faiths, Akbar realised that religious scholars: who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst his subjects.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Akbar’s revenue minister? Comment on the revenue system introduced by him.
Answer:
Akbar’s revenue rriinister was Todar Mai. The main feajAibesof the revenue system introduced by him were as follows:
(a) Todar Mai carried out a careful survey
(b) Tax was fixed on each crop in cash.
(c) Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue; rates for individual crops.
(d) This revenue system was known as zabt.
(e) This system was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the land and keep careful accounts.
(f) This system was not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and Bengal.

Question 2.
Write about the main administrative policies of Akbar.
Answer:
The third-volume of Akbarnama Ain-i-Akbari contains a detailed account of Akbar’s administration. The main features were:
(a) The empire was divided into provinces called subas: governed by a subedar
who carried out both political and military functions.
(b) Each province also had a financial officer or diwan.
(c) The subedar was supported by other officers such as the military paymaster, the minister in change of religious and charitable patronage, military commander and the town police commander.
(d) Akbar gave utmost importance to the idea of tolerance.
Ce) After his discussion with people like Ulama, Brahmanas and priests etc., he decided to introduce idea of Sulh-i-kul, universal peace.

MAP TIME

On the given river map, mark the following areas of military campaigns under Akbar and Aurangzed.
(i) Malwa (1561)
(ii) Gujarat (1572)
(iii) Bengal (1574)
(iv) Bijapur (1685)
Answer:

The Mughal Empire Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Genealogy: History of generations of one’s family in sequence.
• Confederacy: A group of state (or a union of state) for mutual support.,
• Regent: A person appointed to govern on the behalf of the samrat (king).
• Jazia: A tax paid by the non-Muslims.
• Zabt: Each province during Mughals was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was called as Zabt.
• Suba: The empire was divided into provinces. These provinces were called subas.
• Subedar: Subedar was the person who carried both political and military functions.
• Diwan: The financial officer of a suba was called as Diwan.
• Sulh-i-kul: Literally Sulh-i-Kul means universal peace. It is the idea of tolerance where there is no discrimination between people of different religions in the realm of Akbar.
• Primogeniture: It is a rule of inheritance in which the eldest son is the heir to the throne of his emperor father.
• Bigot: A bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious belief or
• Dogma: It is a statement or an interpretation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.