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Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 The Making of Regional Cultures

HBSE 7th Class History The Making of Regional Cultures Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
What is Manipravalam? Name a book written in the language.
Answer:
Manipravalam literally means diamonds and corals. It is a language. The name of a book written in this language is Lilatilakam.

Question 3.
Who were the major patrons of Kathak?
Answer:
The Mughals were the major patrons of Kathak.

Question 4.
What were the important architectural features of the temples of Bengal?
Answer:
The important architectural features of the temple of Bengal were as follows:
(а) When local deities, once worshipped in thatched huts in villages gained the recognition of the Brahmans, their images began to be housed in temples.
(b) The temples began to copy the double-foofed or four-roofed structure of the thatched huts.
(c) In the comparatively more complex four-roofed structure, four triangular roofs placed on the four walls move up to coverage on a curved line or a point.
(d) Temples were usually built on a square platform.
(e) The interior was relatively plain but the outerwalls of many temples were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles or terracotta tablets.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
Why did ministrels proclaim the achievements of heroes?
Answer:
The ministrels proclaimed the achievements of heroes in order to:
(i) preserve their memories.
(ii) inspire others to follow their example.

Question 6.
Why do we know much more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people?
Answer:
Rulers adopted many methods to preserve their achievements, such as, ministrels singing their heroic stories, paintings inscriptions, historical worth, donation to temples, etc., while ordinary people did not do anything to preserve the records of their heroic deeds. Therefore, we know more about the cultural practices of rulers than about those of ordinary people.

Question 7.
Why did conquerors try to control the temple of Jagannatha at Puri?
Answer:
As the temple gained an importance , as a centre of pilgrimage, its authority in social and political matters also increased. All those who conquered Orissa, such as the Mughals, the Marathas and the English East India Company, attempted to gain control over the temple. They felt that this would make their rule acceptable to the local people.

Question 8.
Why were temples built in Bengal?
Answer:
The temple builders of Bengal wanted to demonstrate their power and proclaim their piety. Therefore, they built, temples.

LET’ DO

Question 9.
Describe the most important features of the cultures of your region, focussing on buildings, performing arts and painting.
Answer:
Students do yourselves.
(Hint: Take Delhi for example)
(i) Architecture of Delhi presents old as well as new buildings, such as Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Parliament House, India Gate.
(ii) Delhi is the centre of all types of arts such as dances, plays, poetry sessions, etc.
(iii) All types of paintings are found and done im Delhi.

Question 10.
Do you use different languages for (a) speaking, (b) reading, (c) writing? Find out about one major composition in language that you use and discuss why you find it interesting?
Answer:
Students do yourselves.
(Hint: Punjabi)
(i) Usually at home, you speak Punjabi.
(ii) You read and write book written in Gurumukhi, Hindi and English languages.
(iii) Let one major book of Punjabi (Gurumukhi) language be Guru Granth Sahib. It is the religious holy book Sikhs and teaches us about religious tolerance, therefore it is interesting.

Question 11.
Choose one state each from north, west, south, east and central India. For each of these, prepare a list of foods that are commonly consumed, highlighting any differences and similarities that you notice.

Similarities and Differences:
Rice and Chapatti is common throughout India. However, in some parts more of non- vegetaticn food is pupular.

Question 12.
Choose another set of five states from each of these regions and prepare a list of clothes that are generally worn by women and men in each. Discuss your findings.
Answer:
Clothes of Man of five States:
(i) Pants, Jeans
(ii) Shirt
(iii) Bush-Shirt
(iv) Coat
(v) Jackets
(vi) Pyjama Kurta
(vii) Shawls
(viii) Sweaters

List of Clothes worn by women:
(i) Sarees
(ii) Petikot
(iii) Blouse
(iv) Salwar-Kameez
(v) Dupatta
(vi) Undergarment
(vii) Ghagra-Choli
(viii) Shawls, Sweater
(ix) Skirt
(x) Jeans
(xi) Trousers.

HBSE 7th Class History The Making of Regional Cultures Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which language was introduced by the Chera kings?
Answer:
The Chera kings introduced Mdlayalam langugage and script in their inscriptions.

Question 2.
Name two gharanas associated with Kathak.
Answer:
The two gharanas or traditions associated with Kathak are: Rajasthan . (Jaipur) and Lucknow.

Question 3.
Name the six classical dance forms of our country.
Answer:
Kathak, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Manipuri are the six classical dance forms of our country.

Question 4.
What are miniature paintings?
Answer:
The miniature paintings are small sized paintings, generally done in water colour on cloth or paper.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did regional cultures evolve?
Answer:
(a) Regional cultures today are often the product of complex processes of inter-mixing of local traditions with ideas from other parts of the sub-continent. Some , traditions appear specific to some regions, others seem to be similar across regions and yet others derive from older practices in a particular area, but take a new form in other regions.

Question 2.
What place did women find in the stories about Rajput heroes?
Answer:
The women found a place in the stories about Rajput heroes as:
(a) They figure as the cause for conflicts, as men forht with one another to either win or protect men.
(b) Women are also depicted as following their heroic husbands in both life and death.
(c) There are stories about the practice of sati or the immolation of windows as the funeral pyre of their husbands.

Question 3.
What did ‘purs’ include?
Answer:
The term ‘pirs’ included saints or sufis and other religious personalities, daring colonisers and defied soldiers, various Hindu and Buddhist deities and even animistic spirits. The cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can be found everywhere in Bengal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1
How did Kathak develop and enrich as a dance form?
Ans.
(i) Kathak developed into a form of dance with a distinctive style in the courts of Mughal emperors and nobles.
(ii) It developed in two traditions: one in the courts of Rajasthan (Jaipur) and the other in Lucknow.
(iii) Kathak grew into a major art form under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh.
(iv) By the third quarter of the nineteenth century it developed firmly as a dance form in areas other than Rajasthan and Lucknow such as present, day Punjab, Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.
(v) Emphasis was laid on intricate and ; rapid footwork, elaborate costumes, as well as on the enactment of stories.

Question 2.
What are two categories in which early Bengali literature be divided into? Differentiate between these two categories.
Answer:
The two categories in which early Bengali literature was divided into as follows:

The Making of Regional Cultures Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Apabhramsa: The various languages spoken by local people are called Apabhramsa.
• Portrait: Drawing sketches of a living beings is called a portrait.
• Dialect: Sub-division of a particular language spoken is called dialect.
• Gharana: Tradition of classical dance, and music.
• Rajputana: Region which constitutes most of present-day Rajasthan, was called Rajputana.
• Animism: Attribution of living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.
• Subas: Different provinces under Mughal Empire.
• Brihaddharma Purana: 13th century Sanskrit text from Bengal which permits the Bengali Brahmans to eat certain types of fish.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Devotional Paths to the Divine

HBSE 7th Class History Devotional Paths to the Divine Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:

1. Shankara was an advocate of …………… .
2. Ramanuja was influenced by the …………… .
3. ……………. , ………….. and ……………. were advocates of Virashaivism.
4. …………. was an imkrtant centre of the Bhakti tradition in Maharashtra.

Answer:

1. Advaita
2. Alvars
3. Basavanna, Allama Prabhu, Akkamahadevi.
4. Pandharpur.

Question 3.
Describe the beliefs and practices of Nath Panthis, Siddhas and Yogis.
Answer:
(a) Nathpanthis, Siddhas and Yogis advocated renunciation of the world
(b) They believed that the path to salyation lay in meditation on the formless Ultimate Reality and the realisation of oneness with it.
(c) To achieve salvation, they advocated intense trading of the mind and body through practices like Yogasanas, breathing exercises and meditation.
(d) They did not believe in rituals and conventional religion.

Question 4.
What were the major ideas expressed by Kabir? How did he express these?
Answer:
I. Ideas of Kabir:
(i) Kabir’s teachings were based on a complete, indeed vehement, rejection of the major religious traditions.
(ii) His teachings openly ridiculed all forms of external worship of both Brahmanical Hinduism and Islam the pre-eminence of the priestly classes and the caste system.
(iii) Kabir believed in a formless Supreme God and preached that the only path to salvation was through bhakti or devotion.

II. How did Kabir express his ideas:
Kabir expressed his ideas through poetry and bhajans. The languages of his poetry was a form of spoken Hindi widely understood by ordinary people. He also sometimes used cryptic languages, which is difficult to follow.

We get to know of his ideas from a vast collection of verses called sakhis and pads said to have been composed by him and sung by wondering bhajan singers. Some of these were later collected and preserved in the Guru Granth Sahib, Panch Vani’and Bijak.

LET′S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
What were the major belief and practices of sufis?
Answer:
(i) The sufis often rejected the elaborate rituals and codes of behaviour demanded by Muslim religion scholars.
(ii) They sought union with God much as a lover seeks his beloved with a disregard for the world.
(iii) Like the saint poets, the sufis to composed poems expressing their feelings, and a rich literature in prose, including anecdotes and fables, developed around them.
(iv) The sufis too believed that the heart can be trained to look at the world in a different way. They developed elaborate methods of training using Zikr (chanting of a name or sacred formula), contemplation, sama (singing), rags (dancing), discussion of parables, breath control, etc. under the guidance of a master or pir.
(v) Thus emerged the silsilas, a genealogy of Sufi teachers, each following a slightly different method (tariqa) oi instruction of ritual practice.

Question 6.
Why do you think many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices?
Answer:
Many teachers rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices because these were based on social differences, excess ritalism and outward display piety.

Question 7.
What were the major teachings of Guru Nanak?
Answer:
(i) Guru Nanak emphasised the importance of the worship of one God.
(ii) He insisted that caste, creed or gender was irrelevant for attaining liberation. His idea of liberation was baaed on the pursuit of active life with a strong sense of social commitment.
(iii) He used the terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of his teaching, which actually meant right worship, welfare of others and purity of conduct.
(iv) He gave importance to right-belief and worship, honest living and helping others.
(v) Guru Nanak, thus, promoted the idea of equality.

LETS DISCUSS

Question 8.
For either the Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra, discuss their attitude towards caste.
Answer:
The attitude of Virashaivas or the sants of Maharashtra towards caste was as follows:
(a) They had a humanistic attitude.
(b) They believed in the equality of all human beings.
(c) They were against Brahmanical ideas about caste and the treatment of women.

• They believed that Bhakti means sharing other pains.
• They wished society where people could live in harmony without any feelings of high and low, rich and poor.

Question 9.
Why do you think ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai?
Answer:
Ordinary people preserved the memory of Mirabai because:
(i) Though she was a Rajput princess married intq the royal family of Mewar. But she had no interest of ‘worldly affairs.
(ii) She was devoted to Krishna and composed innumerable bhajans expressing her intense devotion.
(iii) Her devotion to her deity was supreme. She lived a simple life with ordinary people.
(iv) Her songs also openly challenged the norms of the ‘upper’ caste and became popular with the masses in Rajasthan and Gujarat.

LET’S DO

Question 10.
Find out whether in your neighbourhood these are any dargahs, gurudwaras or temples associated with saints of the bhakti tradition in your neighbourhood. Visit any one of these and describe what you see and hear?
Answer:
Yes, these are many dargah, gurudwara or temple associated with saints of bhakti tradition in our neighbourhood. I have visited all these religious places from time to time along with my mother or father or elder brother. I have seen that people go there with devotion and they after prayer and hear preaching of religious people with great devotion.

Question 11.
For any of the saint-poets where compositions have been included in this chapter, find out more about their works, noting down other poems. Find out whether these are sung, how they are sung, and what the poet wrote about?
Answer:
We have read about many bhakti saint and sufi saint in this chapter. I have heard about Kabir, Baba Guru Nanak, Mirabai, Goswami Tulsidas and Surdas. Their religious works poems, bhajans are read out and sung at religious place and by bhakt singers and poets. I have heard devotional song on radio and television. I have also read certain books related with above reffered saint poet.

Question 12.
There are Several saint poets whose names have been mentioned but their works have not been included in the chapter. Find out more about the language in which they were composed, whether their composition were sung and what their composition were about.
Answer:
(i) All Marathi saint such as Janeshwar, Namdev, Eknath an Tukaram had sung in Marathi.
(ii) Narsi Mehta had written and sung in Gujarati,
(iii) Tulsidas – Awadhi (Hindi)
(iv) Surdas – Brij Bhasha (Hindi)
(v) Mirabai – Rajasthani
(vi) Kabir – Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, other languages.
(vii) Guru Nanak – Hindi, Punjabi

HBSE 7th Class History Devotional Paths to the Divine Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the idea advocated in the Bhagavadgita?
Answer:
The idea that was advocated in Bhagvadgita was that of a Supreme God who could deliver humans from such bondage if approached with devotion.

Question 2.
What was Sangam literature?
Answer:
Sangam literature was the earliest example of Tamil literature, composed during the early centuries of the common Era.

Question 3.
What is Advaita?
Answer:
Advaita is the doctrine of the oneness of the individual soul and the supreme God which is the Ultimate Reality.

Question 4.
Who were Chokhamela?
Answer:
Chokhamela was the family who belonged to the ‘untouchable’ Mahar caste.

Question 5.
What was monotheism?
Answer:
Monotheism refers to submission to one God.

Question 6.
What was ‘Shariat’?
Answer:
‘Shariat’ was a holy lav/ developed by Muslim scholars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the ideas of Nayanars and Alvars for a new kind of Bhakti?
Answer:
The Nayanar and Alvars had the following ideas of Bhakti:
(A) They were sharply critical of the Buddhists and Jainas and preached love of Shiva or Vishnu.
(B) They drew upon the ideals of love and heroism as found in the Sangam literature and blended them with the values of bhakti.
(C) They went from place to place composing exquisite poems in praise of the deities enshrined in the villages they visited, and set them to music.

Question 2.
What were the developments in Bhakti movements^ between the tenth and twelfth centuries?
Or
How were links between Bhakti tradition and temple worship strengthened?
Answer:
(A) The Chola and Pandya kings built elaborate temples around many of the shrines visited by the saints- poets, strengthening the links between the bhakti tradition and temple worship.
(B) Their poems were compiled during this time.
(C) Religious biographies of the Alvars and Nayanars were composed.

Question 3.
What were the ideas and teachings of Shankara?
Answer:
The ideas and teachings of Shankara were as follows:
(A) He was an advocate of Advaita.
(B) He taught that Brahman, the only or Ultimate Reality, was formless and without any attributes.
(C) He considered world around us to be an illusion or maya.
(D) He preached renunciation of the world and adoption of path of the knowledge to understand the true nature of Brahman and attain salvation.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What did the saints of Maharashtra do?
Answer:
(a) All saints of Maharashtra rejected all forms of ritualism outward display of piety and social differences based on birth.
(b) They even rejected the idea of renunciation and preferred to live with their families.
(c) They earned their livelihood like any other person, while humbly serving fellow human beings in need.
(d) They insisted that Bhakti lay in sharing others pain.

Question 2.
What is the uniqueness of the Bhakti saints?
Answer:
(i) The unique feature of most of the Bhakti saints is that their works were composed in regional languages and could be sung.
(ii) They became immensely popular and were handed down orally from generation to generation.
(iii) Usually, the poorest and women transmitted these songs, often during their own experience.

Map Time

Question 1.
On the political map of India, mark the state to which the following saints belong to:
(i) Guru Nanak
(ii) Dadu
(iii) Mirabai
(iv) Narsi Mehta
(v) Eknath
(vi) Namdev
(vii) Shankradeva
(vii) Chaitnyadeva
(ix) Kabir
(x) Ramananda
(xi) Raídas
(xii) Vallabhacharya
(xiii) TuJsidas
(xiv) Purand radas
(xv) Nammalvar
Answer:

Devotional Paths to the Divine Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Koran: The holy book of the Muslims.
• Idol Worship: The image worship of God and Goddess.
• Kayamat: The day of Judgement before God.
• Ramjan: Month of fasting.
• Haj: Pilgrimage to Mecca.
• Sufi: The Muslim devotees who emphasized the personal devotion of man to God through lov^..
• Pirs: Religious teachers of the Sufis.
• Dohas: Couplets which Kabir composed and taught to his followers.
• Adi-Granth: The religious book of Sikhism.
• Bhakti: Trust in God.
• Tawakkul: Single-minded devotion to one God.
• Murids: The disciples are called murids in the Sufi system.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

HBSE 7th Class History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Questions and Answers

IMAGINE

Question 1.
You are a member of a nomadic community that shifts residence every three months. How would this change your life?
Answer:
Shifting residence every three months would change our style of living frequently.

• We would have to shift our belongings every now and then and we would not hatfe any settled life.
• We would not be able to practise any settled occupation.

LETS RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The new castes emerging with in varnas were called ………….. .
(b) ……….. were historical works written by the Ahom.
(c) The ……….. mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to ………… and ………….. .
Answer:
(a) jatis
(b) Buranjis
(c) Akbamama
(d) temples, Brahmanas.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:
(а) Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
(b) There were no tribal communities in the north-western part of the subcontinent.
(c) The Chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
(d) The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of sub continent.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) Flase
(c) Flase
(d) Flase.

LETS UNDERSTAND

Question 4.
What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists?
Answer:
The nojnadic pastoralists exchanged wool, ghee, etc. with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and other products.

Question 5.
How was the administration of Ahom state organised?
Answer:
The following were the ways in which the administration of Ahom state was organised.
(a) The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state were called paiks.
(b) A census of the population was taken. Each village had to send a number of paiks by rotation.
(c) People from heavily populated areas . were shifted to less populated areas.
(d) Ahom clans were thus broken up.
(e) By the first-half of the seventeenth century, the administration became quite centralised.
(f) Almost all adult males severed in the army during war.
(g) Ahom society was divided into clans or Khels.

Question 6.
What changes took place in Varna-based society?
Answer:
The following changes took place in uama-based society:
(i) Smaller castes or Jatis emerged within varnas.
(ii) Many tribes and social groups were taken into caste-based society and given status of jatis.
(iii) Specialised artisans. such as smiths, carpenters and masons were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.
(iv) Jatis rather than varna became the basis for organising society.
(v) Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful by the eleventh and twelth centuries.

Question 7.
How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state?
Answer:
The emergence of large states changed the nature of tribal society.
(A) The Gond Society:
(i) The basically equal society of Gond gradually got divided into unequal social classes.
(ii) Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond rajas and became more influential.
(iii) The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognised as Rajputs.

(B) The Ahom Society:
(i) Ahom society became very sophisticated.
(ii) Poets and scholars were given land grants.
(iii) Theatre was Encouraged.
(iv) Important works of Sanskrit were translated into local language.
(v) Historical works, known as banjaras were also written first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 8.
Were the banjaras important for the economy?
Answer:
The banjaras were the important for the economy. They were the most important trader-nomads.
(i) Sultan Alauddin Khilji used the banjaras to transport grain to the city markets.
(ii) Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
(iii) Banjaras transported food grain for the Mughal towns. They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns.

Question 9.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities?
Answer:
History of Gonds was different from Ahom in the following ways:

LET’S DO

Question 10.
Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and environment of the area where they lived.
Answer:

(A) Tribe of Bhils: The large tribe of Bhils was spread across western and central India. Many of them because settled agriculturists and some even zamindars. They remained hunter gatherers.
(B) Kolis, Beards lived in Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka.

Question 11.
Find out about present day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about thdse.
Answer:
(i) Government has reserved some seats in State Assemblies and in Lok Sabha.
(ii) Some seats have been reserved in state and central government jobs.
(iii) Some economic and educational facilities are provided to tribal population.
(iv) Economic, agricultural and industrial development is being provided them for quick growth and development.
(v) Their culture, religion, customs are not being disturbed. In short very good and progressive policies are being followed towards tribal population.

Question 12.
Find out more about present day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by the groups?
Answer:
(i) There are several present day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. They keep sheep, goat, cows, camels, horses, etc. Many tribals obtained their livelihood from forests, agriculture, hunting and gathering also.

(ii) Most often they combined their economic activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived.

(iii) Some tribes are still nomadic and move from one place to another.

(iv) A tribal nomadic group controlled land and pastures jointly and divide these amongst households according to its own rules.

(v) Usually they are living in different forests, hills, deserts and places difficult to reach the sub-continent.

(vi) The Nagas are living in Nagalands. The Ahoms are still living in Assam. The Cheros are living in Jharkhand. The Mundas and Samtals are living in Orissa, Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. Kolis are living in Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka. The Banjaras are living in Rajasthan. The Gonds are living in a vast forest region still called Gondwana.

HBSE 7th Class History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name a Himalayan tribe.
Answer:
The Himalayan shepherd tribe is Gaddi.

Question 2.
Tribes of which areas adopted Islam as their religion.
Ans.
Many tribes of Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier adopted Islam as their religion.

Question 3.
What was the name of the son of Rani Durgawati?
Answer:
The name of the son of Rani Durgawati was Bir Narain.

Question 4.
Which Mughal general attacked Garh Katanga?
Answer:
Asaf Khan attacked Garba Katanga.

Question 5.
Which Mughal general attacked Ahoms?
Answer:
Mir Jumla attacked Ahoms.

Question 6.
Which Gond king assumed title of Sangram Shah?
Answer:
Aman Das, the Gond raja of Garha Katanga assumed the title of Sangram Shah.

Question 7.
How was Ahom society divided?
Answer:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is shifting cultivation practiced?
Answer:
Trees and bushes in a forest area are first cut and burnt. The crop is sown in the ashes. When this land loses its fertility an other plot of land is cleared and planted in the same way.

Question 2.
How can you say that Garh Katanga is a rich estate?
Answer:
Garha Katanga was rich estate. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms. When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they captured a huge booty of precious coins and elephants. They annexed part of the kingdom and granted the rest of Chandra Shah.

Question 3.
Who were paiks? To which region did they belong to?
Answer:
The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state are called paiks.

Question 4.
Ahom State was very sophisticated. Explain.
Answer:
Ahom society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. Important works of Sanskrit were translated into local language.

Question 5.
How was the rule, under Durgawati Rani?
Answer:
Dalpat died early. Rani Durgawati was very capable and started ruling on behalf of her five year old son, Bir Narain. Under her, the kingdom becaihe even more extensive. In 1565, the Mughal forces under Asaf Khan attacked Garha Katanga. A strong resistance was put up by Durgawati. She was defeated and preferred to die rather than surrender.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of the life style of tribal people.
Answer:
(a) Members of tribal groups were united by friendship or kingship bonds.
(b) Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter gatherers or herderers.
(c) Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources in the area they lived.
(d) A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst household according to its own rules.

Question 2.
Illustrate the tribal rule of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand.
Answer:
In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero chiefdoms had emerged by the 12th century. Raja Man
Singh, Akbar’s famous general attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591.
The Hundas and Santals were among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Banjaras.
Answer:
(a) The Banjaras were the most important trade nomads.
(b) They moved through caravans called tandas.
(c) They were used by Sultan Alauddin Khilji to transport grains to the city market.
(d) Banjaras carried grains on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
(e) They transported it for the Mughal Army during Military campaign.

Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Pastoralism: The system which is related with the care and domestication of grazing animals.
• Polygamous: Practising system of having many wives.
• Nomads: Wanderer members of those group of people are called nomads who move from place to place in search of food items.
• Assimilation: To become adjusted.
• Aristocracy: Government run by nobles are known as aristocracy.
• Itinerant groups: Wandering tribes are known as itinerant groups.
• Swayamvara: Women were allowed to choose their husbands df their own choice.
• Jauhar: Practice of mass sacrifice by women to save their honour and chastity.
• Adivasi: The primitive people living in a particular area are called Adivasis.
• The Gonds are the largest tribe in Central India.
• Gondwana: The region of-central India is known as Gondavana due to the concentration of the Gonds in that area.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftpersons

HBSE 7th Class History Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Textbook Questions and Answers

LET S RECALL

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The Rajarajeshvara temple was built in
2. Ajmer iff associated with the Sufi saint
3. Hampi was the capital of the Empire.
4. The Dutch established a settlement at in Andhra Pradesh.

Answer:

1. Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)
2. Muinuddin Chishti
3. Vijayanagara
4. Masulipatnam

Question 2.
State whether true or false:

1. We know the name of the architect of the Rajarajeshvara temple from an inscription.
2. Merchants preferred to travel individually rather than in caravans.
3. Kabul was a major centre for trade in elephants.
4. Surat was an important trading port on the Bay of Bengal.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False

Question 3.
How was water supplied to the city of Thanjavur?
Answer:
Water was supplied from wells and tanks to the city of Thanjavur.

Question 4.
Who lived in the “Black Town” in cities such as Madras?
Answer:
Merchants and artisans (such as weavers) or craftspersons along with the white rulers (European traders) lived in the cities like Madras during the British rule.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
Why do you think towns grew around temples?
Answer:
(i) Temple towns represented a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop.
(ii) Temples were often central to the economy and society.
(iii) Rulers built temples to demonstrate their devotion to various dieties. They also endowed temples with grants of land and money to carry out elaborate rituals, feed pilgrims and priest and celebrate festivals.
(iv) Pilgrims who flocked to the temples also made donations.
(v) Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking.
(vi) Generally, a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders etc. settled near the temple to cater to the needs and those of the pilgrims.
For example: Billasvamin and Somnath in Gujarat.

Question 6.
How important were craftspersons for the building and maintenance of temples?
Answer:
(i) Craftspersons were very important for building and maintenance of temples.
(ii) For instance the Panchalas or Vishwakarama community, consisting of goldsmith, bronzesmith, blacksmiths, masons are carpenters were essential to the building of temples.
(iii) The craftsmen also played an important role in the construction of big buildings for pilgrims, used to visit temples as visitors or tourists and also in construction of tanks and reservoirs, attacked to temples.
(iv) The craftspersons of Bidar were so fapied for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri.
(v) Weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples.

Question 7.
Why did people from distant lands visit Surat?
Answer:
1. Surat was the most important medieval port on the west coast of Indian subcontinent.
2. It was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period.
3. Surat was the gateway for trade with west Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz.
4. Surat has also been called the gate of Mecca, because many pilgrim ships get sail from here.
5. There were also several retail and wholesale shops selling cotton textiles.
6. Surat was famous for the textiles with gold lace borders (zari).
Due to all such reasons many people from distant lands visited Surat.

Question 8.
In what ways craft production in cities like Calcutta different from that in cities like Thanjavur?
Answer:

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
Compare any one of the cities described in the chapter with a town or a village with which you are familiar. Do you notice any similarities or differences?

Question 10.
What were the problems encountered by merchants? Do you think some of these problems persist today?
Answer:
Some of the problems faced by the merchants were as under:

• They had to travel through forests and there was always the fear of robbers. Therefore, pierchants travelled in caravans.
• Merchants such as Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Indian Virji Vora, who owned a large number of ships were subdued by the East India Company ships. Then, they have to work as agents of the company instead of running their own business.
• Yes, such problems do exist today.

HBSE 7th Class History Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the capital of Cholas.
Answer:
Thanjavur.

Question 2.
Who built Rajarajeshwara temple?
Answer:
King Rajaraja Chola.

Question 3.
What type of a town is Thanjavur?
Answer:
Temple town.

Question 4.
Name an alloy of copper and tin.
Answer:
Bronze.

Question 5.
What is the capital of the Chauhan kings in the 12th century?
Answer:
Ajmer.

Question 6.
Give two groups of weavers that emerged as prosperous communities.
Answer:
Saliyar, Kaikkolars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the trading groups in Masulipatnam.
Answer:
The Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu Komati Chettis and European traders were the trading groups in Masulipatnam.

Question 2.
What was the ‘system of advances’?.
Answer:
The system of advances was a system under which craftspersons like weavers were given advance payments so that they had to weave cloths for European agents only.

Question 3.
What were the main features of medieval towns?
Answer:
The main features of medieval towns were as under:
(a) The towns probably emerged from large villages.
(b) Towns had mandapika (or mandi of later times) to which nearby villages brought their produce to sell.
(c) Towns also had market streets calle hatta lined with shops.
(d) There were streets for different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stone masons, etc.

Question 4.
How was the architecture of Hampi distinctive?
Answer:
Due to following reasons, the architecture of Hampi was distinctive:
(a) The building in the royal complex had splendid arches, domes and pillared halls with niches for holding sculptures.
(b) There were well planned orchards and pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such as lotus and corbels.
(c) The Wall of Hampi fort was constructed without using mortar or cement. The technique of wedging bricks together by interlocking was used.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did Masulipatnam port decline?
Answer:
(a) The Dutch and English companies had settled in Masulipatnam.
(b) But the Qutab Shahi rulers of Golconda exerted their influence on the trade and settlement in the port city of Masulipatnam.
(c) After Mughal occupation of Golconda, Mughal Governor Mir Jurnla who was also a merchant, began to play off the Dutch and English against each other.
(d) Due to this the European Companies looked for alternative and hence, they developed the port city of Madras.
(e) Thus, Masulipatnam lost both its merchants and prosperity and declined.

Question 2.
How was the Indian textile business affected when the European Companies entered in it?
Answer:
The Indian textile business was affected when the European Companies entered it in the following ways:
(i) The demand of Indian textiles increased manifolds.
(ii) This led to a great expansion of the crafts of spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, etc.
(iii) The employment opportunities also increased.
(iv) Indian textile designs became increasingly refined.
(v) But due to the system of advances, the independent craftspersons declined.
(vi) Indian traders, weavers and merchants had to live in “Black Towns” whereas “White” people lived in superior residencies of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.

Question 3.
What were the causes of decline of Surat as a commercial town?
Answer:
(i) From 17th century onwards the 1 town of Surat began to decline in the commercial activities.
(ii) The main cause was loss of markets and productivity because of the decline of the Mughal Empire.
(iii) Sea routes were controlled by Portuguese.
(iv) The newly built Bombay port gve tough English competition to the port of Surat.
(v) East India Company shifted its headquarters to Bombay in 1668.

Question 4.
Describe the rise of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras as trading towns.
Answer:
(i) Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras rose as nodal cities.
(ii) Crafts and commerce underwent major changes as merchants and artisans (such as weavers) were moved into the Black Towns established by the European Companies within these new cities.
(iii) The blacks or native traders and craftspersons were confined here.
(iv) The ‘White’ rulers occupied the superior residencies of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.

Towns, Traders and Craftspersons Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Hinterland: A piece of land beyond the coast is known as a hinterland.
• Administrative Town: It is a town from where the administrative functions are carried on.
• Temple Town: It is a town with prominent temples or temples.
• Commercial Town: It is a town where the sale and purchase of commodities take place.
• Pilgrimage Towns: Places, where people go for pilgrimage, are called pilgrimage towns.
• Chintz: A type of cotton cloth with a printed design on it is called Chintz.
• Black Town: That part of town where artisans and merchants of Indian origin used to live was called Black Town.
• Emporium: A place where goods from diverse production centers are bought and sold is called an emporium.
• Hundi: It is a note recording a deposit made by a person. The amount deposited can be claimed in another place by presenting the record of the deposit.
• Factor: An official merchant of the East India Company is called a factor.
• Sthapatis: Sculptors who made bronze idols and tall ornamental bell metal lamps are called Sthapatis.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

HBSE 7th Class History Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
How is the ‘Trabeate’ principle of architecture, different from the ‘arcuate’?
Answer:
‘Trabeate’ principle of architecture is different from the ‘arcuate’ principle in the following way:
(a) In ‘trabeate’ principle, a horizontal beam is placed across two vertical columns and roofs, doors and windows were made.

(b) In ‘acruate’ style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the door and window was carried by arch.

Question 2.
What is Shikhara?
Answer:
Shikhara is the pyramid structure on the central shrine of the temple.

Question 3.
What is Pietra Dura?
Answer:
Pietra Dura is the inlays that depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute. They are coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful ornate pattern.

Question 4.
What was the element of a Mughal Chahar Bagh garden?
Answer:
The elements of a Mughal Chahar Bagh (garden).

• They were placed with in rectangular walled enclosures.
• They were divided into quarter by artificial channels.
• Divided into four equal quarters.
• Symmetry in the four divisions.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
Temples were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion and parton by the ruler.
(a) The names of the ruler and the god were similar, for example:
Rajarajeshvara temple was built by the king Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram.
(b) Temple was the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
(c) The other lesser dieties in the temple were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.

Question 6.
An inscription in Shahjahan’s diwan-i-khas in Delhi stated: “If there is Paradise on Earth; it is here, it is here, it is here.” How was this image created?
Answer:
Diwan-i-khas was designed in such a way that different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. It was carefully planned. This image was created as a result of his marvellous architectural skill. It was created by provided all the possible facilities to the subjects (people) by the king.

Question 7.
How did the Mughal Court suggest that everyone-the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice equally from the emperor.
Answer:
(a) Behind emperor’s throne were a series of pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute.
(b) It was believed the Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they co¬existed together peaceably.
(c) This image communicated that the king’s justice would treat high and the low as equal which create a world where all could live together in harmony.

Question 8.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The river Yamuna played a crucial role in the layout of the Mughal city at Shahjahanabad in the following ways:
(a) The imperial place commanded the river front. Only specially favoured noble were given access to the river.
(b) Ordinary people had to construct their home in the city away from the river.
(c) Taj Mahal was also constructed on the left edge of this river.
(d) In Agra at Taj Mahal, white marble mausoleum was place on terrace by the edge of the river as the garden was to its south.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
The rich and the powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were constructions of kings and their courtriers different in the past.
Answer:
The constructions of the kings and their courtiers in the past were different from the construction of large houses by the rich and the powerful.
The constructions of the kings and their courtiers had the safety and security as their major consideration. The houses of the kings and their coutriers had big courtyards, thick walls and huge walls. This constructions were generally surrounded by water bodies.
Today, the constructions of the rich and the powerful are quite different. They have less open areas and meet mainly individual requirements.

Question 10.
Look at picture. How could that building be constructed faster today?
Answer:

The building could be constructed faster today with the help of latest tools and advanced skills.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out whether there is a statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Try to find out any memorial surrounding you and write a note on it:
Why it was established?
Where it was situated?
Who was the founder?
What is its significance?

Question 12.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
Discuss it with your class teacher in the class room. (Hint: Throw light on Chahar Bhagh and its significance)

HBSE 7th Class History Rulers and Buildings Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are ‘tombs’ referred to?
Answer:
Tombs are safe, protected and grandiose places of rest in this world and the next.

Question 2.
Which style of construction was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs attacked to large- stepped wells, between the seventh and tenth century?
Answer:
‘Trabeate’ style of construction was used in the construction of temples, mosque, tombs between seventh and tenth century.

Question 3.
What were the temples and mosques meant to demonstrate?
Answer:
The temples and mosques were meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and prayer.

Question 4.
Why did the king Rajarajesh- wara take the god’s name?
Answer:
The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god.

Question 5.
What was qibla?
Answer:
The pedestal on which Shahjhan’s throne was placed was frequently described as the qibla.

Question 6.
What was special about the city of Agra?
Answer:
Agra city was special because nobility had constructed their homes in the city on the banks of the river Yamuna.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Shahjahan adapt the river front garden while laying out the Taj Mahal?
Answer:
While laying out the Taj Mahal, Shahjahan adapted the river-front garden. The white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shahjahan developed this architectural form as a means to control the access that nobles had jto’the river.

Question 2.
Who were given access to the river-front by Shahjahan?
Answer:
In the city of Shahjahanabad, the imperial palace constructed the river front. Only specially favoured nobles like his eldest son Dara Shukoh were given access to the river. All others had to construct their homes in the city away from river Yamuna.

Question 3.
What were the special features of Humayun’s tomb?
Answer:
The special features of Humayun’s tomb were:
(a) The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as pishtaq became important aspects of Mughal architecture. This tomb structure was first visible in Humayun’s tomb.
(b) The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge Chahar Bagh and built in the tradition known as ‘eight paradises’ a central hall surrounded by eight rooms
(c) The building was constructed with red sandstone, edge with white marble.

Question 4.
How did the Pandaya king Shrimara Shrivallabh loot the temples when he invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king?
Answer:
Shrimara Shrivallabh removed all the valuables from the temple like the status of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the jewel places and the golden images in the various monastries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the significance of temples, mosques and tanks?
Answer:
Temples and mosques were the places of worship. They were beautifully constructed.

• They demonstrated the power, wealth and devotion of the patron.
• The name of the ruler and the god were very similar. For example: Rajarajeshvara temple was built by Jong Rajarajadeva for the worship of his God, Rajarajeshvaram. Through the rituals of worship in temple one God, Rajarajeshvaram.
• The kings constructed the largest of the temples.
• The temple was a miniature model of the world.
• They worshipped their dieties together in the royal temples as if they brought the just rule of the Gods on earth.

Question 2.
Explain the beginning of the reign of Shahjahan at Agra.
Answer:
In the beginning of his reign, Shahjahan’s capital was at Agra. It is a city where the nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river Yamuna. They were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar Bagh format. The Chahar Bagh garden was also desribd the river front garden. In this the dwelling was not located in the middle of the Chahar Bagh at its edge, close to the bank of the river.

Shahjahan took the river front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal. It was the grandest architectural accomplishment of his reign. Here the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and garden was to its south.

Question 3.
Who all were involved in the construction of Qutab Minar? Describe the main architectural styles adopted.
Answer:
The Qutab Minar is five storeys high. The first floor was constructed by Qutabuddin Aybak and the ret by Iltutmish around 1229. Over the years it was damaged by lighting and earthquakes and repaired by Alauddin. Khilji, Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodhi. Architectural Styles of Qutab Minar

• Qutab Minar has a pattern under the balcony by the small arches and geometrical designs.
• It has two banks of inscriptions under the balcony.
• The surface of the minar is curved and angular. Placing an inscription on such a surface required great precision. Only the most skilled craftsperson could perform this task.

Rulers and Buildings Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Superstructure: The part of a building above the ground floor.
• Pietra Dura: Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns.
• Gopuram: The gateway of the temple.
• Shikhara: A spire-like structure over the central shrine of a temple.
• Mandapa: A structure set up or constructed in front of the main shrine.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

HBSE 7th Class History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was …………………. .
(b) The five Deccan Sultanate were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmednagar ……………. and ……….. .
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sewar indicated his ………….. .
(d) Abul Fazal, Akbar’s friend and counseller, helped him frame the idea of ……………. so that he could govern a society composed for many religions, çultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) Number of horses maintained
(d) Administration.

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of Mughals?
Answer:
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh were the central provinces under the control of Mughals.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the Jagir?
Answer:
• Mansabdars were the persons who joined the Mughal service.
• Jagirs were the salaries received by the mansabdar as revenue assignments.
• Mansabdars depended on jagirs for their livelihood.
• Mansabdar died not actually reside in or administer their jagir. They had only right to the revenue of their assignments which were collected by the servants while they serve in other part of the country.

LETS UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
What was the role of Zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:

• Zamindars were all intermediaries whether they were local headmen of villages or a powerful chieftains.
• They collected taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasury.
• Sometimes, they revolted against Mughal authority. Their revolts changed the stability of the Mughal empire from the end of the 17th century.

Question 6.
How were the debates with the religious scholars iiiiportant in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on government?
Answer:
The debates with the religious scholars were important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on government:

• Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst the subjects.
• Akbar followed the idea of Sulh-i-Kul (Universal peace and tranquility).
• This idea did not discriminate between people of various castes and focused on a system of ethics such as peace, justice and honesty.
• Abul Fazal helped him in forming a vision governance around the idea of Sulh-i-Kul.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughal underline their Timurid and not their Mughal descent?
Answer:
Mughal underlined their Timurid and not their Mughal descent because:
(а) They were proud of their Timurid ancestry who had captured Delhi in 1398.
(b) They celebrated their genealogy pictorially each ruler getting a picture mode of Timur and himself.
(c) Genghis knows memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. So Mughals did not like to be called Mughal.

LETS DISCUSS

Question 8.
How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue was important to the stability of the Mughal Empire because:
(a) The land revenue system before Akbar was lawful.
(b) The land revenue was important because with this the king could pay the salary of his soldiers, do welfare work.
(c) The land revenue was important to meet the administrative expenses.

Question 9.
Why was it important for Mughal to reAjmit Mansabdars from diverse bac/kgf^und and not just Turains and Iranis?
Answer:
It -was important for Mughal to recruit Mansabdars from diverse background and not just ,Turanis and Iranis because:
(i) Mughal empire expanded to encompass different regions. It was- important for the Mughals to recruit diverse bodies of people in order to make people comfortable with them.
(ii) They included Indian, Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and other groups.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
No the cultural and social diversity of India today does not pose a challenge to national integration because today we have a democratic, republic government appointed by the common people of the land through elections.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Yes, they are also important for today’s economy.
Yes, the gap in the income between the rich and poor in India changed a great deal from the period of great Mughals.

LET’S DO

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/ village region in which you live.
Answer:
The impact of the message ‘Sulh- i-kul’ (universal peace), we can still find in the cities/village/region arounds.

Question 13.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?
Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzeb, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Question 14.
(i) How was Humanyun’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
(a) Humayun took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was dogged out of the subcontinent by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran.
(b) On the other hand, Akbar seized Qandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Therfore, he was at war with them.

(ii) Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in the spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbance in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him. Ultimately, he had to personally manage campaigns in Deccan from 1698 onwards.

Question 15.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
According to me, coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance as it is based on the principle of equality.

Question 16.
(i) What was the consequence of this insult (of Shivaji by Aurangzeb)?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, when later came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began great guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals.

(ii) Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdar with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

Question 17.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?
Answer:
Two persons sitting on the upper left side in the picture wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests.

HBSE 7th Class History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were Mughals?
Answer:
Mughals were the inhabitants of Central Asia and descendants of Mongols of Mongolia.

Question 2.
Why did Akbar choose Fatehpur Sikri to be his capital?
Answer:
Akbar chose Fatehpur Sikri to be his capital because this was where the Sufi Saint Salim Chishti lived and he had great respect for him.

Question 3.
Who offered to help Babur against the Lodhis?
Answer:
Rajput Prince Rana Sanga of Mewar offered to help Babur against Lodhis.

Question 4.
When and where Babar – defeated Lodhis army?
Answer:
Babar defeated the Lodhis army in 1526 on the historic battle of Panipat.

Question 5.
What were the two early problems faced by Humayun?
Answer:
(i) His own brother were hostile to him.
(ii) He faced the rebellions in Malwa and; Gujarat in the very beginning.

Question 6.
Why Shahjahan’s period is known as Golden Age?
Answer:
Shahjahan’s period is often known, as Golden Age because of the buildings and the architectural activities.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give two instances of the Mughal marriages with the Rajputs.
Answer:
(a) The mother of Jahangir was a Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler, of Amber (Modern day Jaipur).
(b) The mother of Shahjahan was a Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur).

Question 2.
How could Mughals extend their influence over many kings and chieftains? Was this possible all the time?
Answer:
Mughals could extend their influence over many kings and chieftains by keeping a careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents.

Question 3.
What were the main features of Sulh-i-kul?
Answer:
(a) The idea of Sulh-i-kul was introduced by Akbar, the Great.
(b) Sulh-i-kul meant universal peace.
(c) Sulh-i-kul was based on the idea of tolerance which did not differentiate between the people of different religions in Akbar’s realm.
(d) This system focused on a system of ethics, justice which were universally applicable.

Question 4.
What did Akbar realise when he had discussion with people of different faiths?
Answer:
On his discussion, with different faiths, Akbar realised that religious scholars: who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst his subjects.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Akbar’s revenue minister? Comment on the revenue system introduced by him.
Answer:
Akbar’s revenue rriinister was Todar Mai. The main feajAibesof the revenue system introduced by him were as follows:
(a) Todar Mai carried out a careful survey
(b) Tax was fixed on each crop in cash.
(c) Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue; rates for individual crops.
(d) This revenue system was known as zabt.
(e) This system was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the land and keep careful accounts.
(f) This system was not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and Bengal.

Question 2.
Write about the main administrative policies of Akbar.
Answer:
The third-volume of Akbarnama Ain-i-Akbari contains a detailed account of Akbar’s administration. The main features were:
(a) The empire was divided into provinces called subas: governed by a subedar
who carried out both political and military functions.
(b) Each province also had a financial officer or diwan.
(c) The subedar was supported by other officers such as the military paymaster, the minister in change of religious and charitable patronage, military commander and the town police commander.
(d) Akbar gave utmost importance to the idea of tolerance.
Ce) After his discussion with people like Ulama, Brahmanas and priests etc., he decided to introduce idea of Sulh-i-kul, universal peace.

MAP TIME

On the given river map, mark the following areas of military campaigns under Akbar and Aurangzed.
(i) Malwa (1561)
(ii) Gujarat (1572)
(iii) Bengal (1574)
(iv) Bijapur (1685)
Answer:

The Mughal Empire Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Genealogy: History of generations of one’s family in sequence.
• Confederacy: A group of state (or a union of state) for mutual support.,
• Regent: A person appointed to govern on the behalf of the samrat (king).
• Jazia: A tax paid by the non-Muslims.
• Zabt: Each province during Mughals was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was called as Zabt.
• Suba: The empire was divided into provinces. These provinces were called subas.
• Subedar: Subedar was the person who carried both political and military functions.
• Diwan: The financial officer of a suba was called as Diwan.
• Sulh-i-kul: Literally Sulh-i-Kul means universal peace. It is the idea of tolerance where there is no discrimination between people of different religions in the realm of Akbar.
• Primogeniture: It is a rule of inheritance in which the eldest son is the heir to the throne of his emperor father.
• Bigot: A bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious belief or
• Dogma: It is a statement or an interpretation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

HBSE 7th Class History The Delhi Sultans Years Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Answer:
Tomara Rajputs established his capital at Delhi.

Question 2.
What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?
Answer:
The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

Question 3.
In whose reign did the sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Answer:
Under the reign of Ala-ud-din-Khilji, the sultanate reached its farthest extent.

Question 4.
From which country did Ibn Batuta travel to India?
Answer:
Ibn Batuta travelled to India from Morocco (Africa).

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
According to the ‘Circle of Justice’ why was it important for military commander to keep the interest of peasantry in mind?
Answer:
According to the Circle of Justice it was important for military commander to keep the interest of peasantry in mind, because each commander got the salary from the Iqta he got. They could not collect more revenue than the fixed by the govt. Accountant were appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by them (rhuqtis).

Question 6.
What is meant by the ‘Internal’ and external frontier of the Sultanate?
Answer:
Internal Frontier of the Sultanate: By this term we mean that the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterland of the garrison town.
External Frontier of the Sultanate: It aims at the military expeditions of the Sultanate in Southern India started during the reign of Ala-ud-din Khilji and culminated with Muhammad Tughlaq.

Question 7.
What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders to sultans?
Answer:
Following steps were taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties:
1. They were not awarded Iqta for throughout their life.
2. They were appointed for a very short tenure.
3. They were transferred from one Iqta to another Iqta.

They wanted to defy the order, because there were number of restrictions on them. At any time they could be transfer. Moreover accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount collected by him. Care was also taken that muqtis collected only the taxes prescribed by the state.

Question 8.
What was the impact of Mongols invasion on Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The Mongols under the Genghis Khan invaded Transwiana in north-east Iran in 1219 and then on Delhi. Mongols attacks increased on Delhi during the reign of Ala- ud-din Khilji.
Impact:
1. Jt paved the way for the disintegration of Delhi Sultanate.
2. It forced the two rulers (Ala-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq) to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which passed a huge administrative challenge.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women? I do not think.
Answer:
The authors of tawarikh provided information about the lives of ordinary men and women. They often wrote their histories for Sultans in the hope of rich awards. He mainly lived in Delhi and hardly ever visited a village.

Question 10.
Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted more readily today?
Answer:
Yes, today women leaders are accepted more readily today. For example, Indira Gandhi became a successful and lover Prime Minister of India.

Question 11.
Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reason?
Answer:
The Sultans of Delhi wanted to extend cultivation so that they could collect more land revenue. Hence, they ordered the cutting of forests. Today, forests are cut for the extension of agriculture and establishment of industrial units.

LET’S DO

Question 12.
Find out whether there are any buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries? Describe some of these buildings and draw sketches of them.
Answer:
Try yourself with the help of your class-teacher.

Question 13.
Do you think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects?
Answer:
Yes, I think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects.

Question 14.
Express Minhaj’s ideas in your own words. Do you think Raziyya shared these ideas? Why do you think it was so difficult for a woman to be a ruler?
Answer:
1. According to Minhaj, God has created a social order in which woman is subordinate to man. Therefore, a woman like Raziyya does not have right to rule. It is totally against the ideal social order created by God.
2. I think Raziyya did not share these ideas.
3. It was very difficult for a woman to be a ruler because of her belonging to a subordinate gender, according to the social set up at that time.

Question 15.
But how complete and effective was its control over such a vast territory?
Answer:
Thp Sultanate did not have complete and much effective control over such a vast territory, except under the rule of Alauddin Khalji.

Question 16.
(i) Compare figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. What similarities and differences do you notice amongst the mosques?
Answer:
Similarities:
(a) Every mosque has a big entrance door
(b) Every mosque’s entrance door is extended to both sides in the corridors
(c) Domes are made over the entrance and corridor.

Differences:
(a) The designs around the entrance door become complex and intricate from fig. 2 to fig. 5.
(b) The small window over the entrance door can be seen only in three mosques in figs. 3, 4, 5. But fig. 3 show three such windows. Whereas figs. 4 and 5 shows only single window over the entrance
(c) There is a boundary around the dome over the entrance door in fig. 5. This is not seen in any other figure.

Question 17.
(i) Can you think of any reason why a slave would be better than a son?
Answer:
A well brought up slave always serves better than the son in the old days of master.

(ii) Why do you think Barani criticised the Sultan?
Answer:
The Sultan Muhammad Tughluq appointed lower-caste or base-born people to the higher administrative post by ignoring the nobles. That is why, Barani criticised Sultan.

Question 18.
Describe the ways in which the chieftains arranged for their, defence.
Answer:
(a) The chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves.
(b) The bamboo grove forest served as ramparts, inside which people lived with their cattle and their crops
(c) Also rain water was collected to fulfil water needs
(d) The bamboo remained unaffected by fire and was very hard to cut. This made it a suitable and most defensive place to live in.

IMAGINE

Question 19.
You are a peasant in Alauddin Khalji’s or Muhammad Tughluq’s reign and you cannot pay the taxes demanded by the Sultan. What will you do?
Answer:
(a) If I were a peasant in Alauddin Khalji’s reign. I would try to save my life because I might have captured by Sultan’s men and would be severely punished.
(b) If I were a peasant in Muhammad Tughluq’s reign I would join the rebel against the sultan.

HBSE 7th Class History The Delhi Sultans Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who lived in Delhi before Delhi Sulans occupied it?
Answer:
Many rich Jaina merchants lived in the city of Delhi before Delhi Sultans occupied it.

Question 2.
Name the coin that was in circulation in Delhi.
Answer:
Dehliwal was the name of coin that was in the circulation in Delhi.

Question 3.
Name the cities built by Delhi Sultans in Delhi.
Answer:
Delhi-i-Kuhna, Siri and Jahanpanah were the names of various cities built by Delhi Sultans in Delhi.

Question 4.
What is the main source of information about Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The main source of information about Delhi Sultanate in “histories” tarikh (singular) or tawarikh (plural) written in Persian.

Question 5.
Who wrote tawarikh?
Answer:
The authors of tawarikh were learned men: Secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers.

Question 6.
Why did Iltutmish favour bandagan?
Answer:
Bandagan were special slaves purchased for military service. Hence, Iltutmish favoured them.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by the following terms: namaz, imam, khutba, qibla?
Answer:
namaz: prayers; imam: leader of muslims at the time of prayer; khutba: sermon delivered by imam during the Friday prayer; qibla: facing towards Mecca while praying.

Question 2.
What was iqta?
Answer:
Iqta was the land governed by military commanders, as it was granted to them by Sultans in the place of cash salary for their services.

Question 3.
Which regional states came up at about. 1526 AD in Indian subcontinent?
Answer:
At about 1526 AD, Delhi Sultanate had declined. The regional states that rose to the power in thq subcontinent were Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat’ Rajasthan, etc.

Question 4.
Why did the early Delhi Sultans favoured their special slaves purchased for military service?
Answer:
The early Delhi Sultans favoured their special slaves purchased for military service because:
1. They were carefully trained to man some of the most important political offices in the kingdom.
2. They were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan could trust and rely upon them.

Question 5.
How was the control over muqtis maintained during the reigns of Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq?
Answer:
The control over muqtis was maintained because:
(a) Their office was not inheritable.
(b) They were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.

Question 6.
What were the three types of taxes collected under Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The three types of taxes collected
under Delhi Sultanate were as follows:
(а) On cultivation called Kharaj and amounting to about 50 percent of the peasant’s produce.
(b) On cattle
(c) On houses.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Ala-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq deal differently with administrative challenges posed by Mangol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:

Question 2.
Ala-ud-din wanted to became second Alexander and conquer the world. What steps did he take to achieve his aim? How far did he succeed?
Answer:
Khiljis established their empire in 1290 A.D. on the ruins of the kingdom of the Slave Sultans. Jalal-ud-din-Khilji was the first king of this dynasty He was succeeded by Ala-ud-din-Khilji in 1296 A.D. He was very ambitious. He wanted to become a second Alexander and like him to conquer the world.

Steps taken to achieve the aims:
1. Ala-ud-din tried to win loyalty of his nobles and curb their power.
2. He tried to conquer the Deccan and Rajasthan.
3. He tried to force the Mongols to withdraw.

In order to achieve his aim he needed a large army which meant, vast sum of money so, he had to think ways and means of getting more revenue for which he took the following steps:
(1) He raised the lamp taxes on the wealthier people of the tioab.
(2) He kept a strict watch on the revenue which the nobles got from their land and did not allow them to keep anything which was not their due.
(3) He controlled the prices of goods also so that no one could make large profits and everyone could afford to pay the price demanded.
(4) He made it clear that he would deal severely with anyone who showed signs of disloyalty.
(5) He ordered a new assessment of the cultivated land and the revenue. By doing so he was able to record the amount of revenue collected by various persons and thus kept a control on it.

Question 4.
What were the causes of the downfall of Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
Causes of the downfall of Delhi Sultanate:
1. They were despotic by nature.
2. The Sultans Delhi Sultanate ruled India by sword.
3. The Hindus were not happy during their rule. They were even made to pay Jazia.
4. Most of the Sultans were pleasure-loving and weak rulers.
5. The army was not well-organisd and was ill-disciplined.
6. There was no definite law of succession.

MAP WORK

Question 1.
On an outline map of India show Alauddin Khalji’s campaign into South India.
Answer:

The Delhi Sultans Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Birthright: Privileges claimed on account of birth.
• Gender distinctions: Social and biological differences between women and men.
• Hinterland: The lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.
• Garrison Town: A fortified settlement with soldiers.
• Client: Someone who is under the protection of another, a dependent or hanger on.
• Siydati: A form of salutation in which the person converned had to kneel down and touch the ground with his forehead.
• Ulemas: Scholars of Islamic learning who were generally orthodox in their outlook.
• Iqtas: The grant of revenue from a village or a piece of land.
• Patwari: The officer who kept the land revenue record.
• Paibos: It was a Persian custom of kissing the feet of the Sultan (king).
• Sikandar-i-Sahi: The title adopted by Alla-ud-din Khilji.
• Jagir: A piece of land given to officials of the kingdom.
• Kharaj: The tax on cultivation was known as Kharaj.
• Bandagn: The early Delhi Sultans especially Iltutmish favoured their slaves purchased for military service. These slaves were known as bandagm in Persian.