Class 6

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth

HBSE 6th Class Geography Motions of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the questions briefly:
(а) What is the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with its orbital plane?
Answer:
The angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with its orbital plane is 661/2°.

(b) Define rotation and revolution:
Answer:
Rotation : The movement of the earth with axis is called rotation.
Revolution : The movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed path or orbit is known as revolution.

(c) What is a leap year?
Answer:
The time taken by the earth to complete one revolution is 365 1/4 days. For convenience, we have 365 days in a year. We have fraction 1/4 and every fourth year we add one day to the year. The year to which one day is added has 366 days and it is called a leap year.

(d) Differentiate between the summer solstice and winter solstice.
Answer:

(e) What is an equinox?
Answer:
On 21st March and September 23rd, direct rays of the sun falls on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. Therefore, the entire earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This phenomenon is called an equinox.

(f) Why does the Southern Hemisphere experience Winter and Summer Solstice in different times then that of the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
On 21st June, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun and the places beyond the Arctic Circle experience daylight for about six months is summer in the regions north of the equator. This position is summer solstice. However, the reverse conditions prevail in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

(g) Why do the poles experience about six months ‘day and six months’ night?
Answer:
When Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, the sun rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. As a result, it receives more heat. The areas near the Pole receives less heat as the rays of sun are slanting. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun experience continuous day light. Since the large portion of the Northern Hemisphere is getting light from the sun, therefore it is summer in regions north of equator. Hence it experiences six-months day. In the same way it repeats in Southern Hemisphere when the sun-rays fall directly on Tropic of Capricorn and the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. It experiences six-months day and six-months night and vice versa.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers.
(a) The movement of the earth around the sun is known as:
(i) Rotation
(ii) Revolution
(iii) Inclination
Answer:
(ii) Revolution

(b) Direct rays of the sun fall on the equator on:
(i) 21st March
(ii) 21st June
(iii) 22nd December
Answer:
(i) 21st March

(c) Christmas is celebrated in summer in :
(i) Japan
(ii) India
(iii) Australia
Answer:
(iii) Australia

(d) Cycle of the seasons is caused due to :
(i) Rotation
(ii) Revolution
(iii) Gravitation
Answer:
(ii) Revolution

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

1. A leap year has _________ number of days.
2. The daily motion of the earth is _________.
3. The earth travels around the sun in _________ orbit.
4. The sun’s rays vertically on the Tropic of on 21st June.
5. Days are shorter during _________ season.

Answer:

1. 366
2. rotation
3. elliptical
4. Cancer
5. winter.

THINGS TO DO

Question 1.
Make a drawing to show the inclination of the earth.
Answer:

Inclination of the Earth’s axis and unequal length of days and nights

HBSE 6th Class Geography Motions of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two motion of the earth.
Answer:
Rotation, Revolution.

Question 2.
In which hemisphere does Australia lie?
Answer:
Australia lies in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 3.
Why do the areas near the poles receive less heat?
Answer:
It is because the rays of the sun are slanting on the poles.

Question 5.
Name the four seasons.
Answer:
The four seasons are:

• The Summer
• The Winter
• The Autumn
• The Spring.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does not the whole earth get day at the same time?
Answer:
Since the earth is spherical in nature, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time. The portion facing the sun experiences day while the other half away from the sun experiences night.

Question 2.
What would happen if the earth did not rotate?
Answer:
The portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day, thus bringing continuous warmth to the region. The other half would remain in darkness and be freezing cold all the time. Life would not have been possible in such extreme conditions.

Question 3.
Why is it hotter when the sun- rays are vertical at a place?
Answer:
The rays of the morning sun are hottest than, the evening. This is because the rays of the sun are almost vertical at noon. They fall over a small area and hence give a greater amount of heat. The rays of the sun are slanting in the morning and in the evening. They spread over a wider area and hence give less amount of heat. That is why it is hotter when the sun rays are vertical at a place.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the earth.
Answer:

Question 2.
Distinguish between Solstice and Equinox.
Answer:
Solstice : When the rays of the sun are falling vertically on Tropic of Cancer in Northern Hemisphere, the days are longer and nights are shorter. It receives more heat. Therefore, it is having the summer season. The day when the sun rays fall vertically on the Tropic of Cancer (21st June) is referred to as summer solstice. The day of 22nd December in South Hemisphere is known as winter solstice as the rays of the sun fall vertically on Tropic of Capricorn in Southern Hemisphere.

Equinox: On 23rd September and 21st March, the rays of the sun fall vertically on equator at noon. Both the poles receive slanting rays of the sun. 23rd September is autumn season in Northern Hemisphere. It is called autumn equinox in Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere it is referred to as spring equinox. It is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

Motions of the Earth Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Circle of Illumination : It is the circle that divides the day from night on the globe.
• Axis of the Earth : It is an imaginary line that makes an angle of 661/2° with its orbit plane.
• Dawn : The period of diffused light before sunrise.
• Dusk : The period of diffused light after the sunset.
• Revolution : Annual motion of the earth around the sun along a fixed path.
• Rotation : The daily motion of the earth about its imaginary axis.
• Inclination of the Earth’s axis: The earth remains tilted to one side while it revolves around the sun. This tilt is called the inclination of the earth’s axis.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes

HBSE 6th Class Geography Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) What is the true shape of the earth?
Answer:
The true shape of the earth is a sphere flattened at the poles such a shape is called a geoid.

(b) What is a globe?
Answer:
Globe is a true model (miniature form) of the earth.

(c) What is the latitudinal value of the Tropic of Cancer?
Answer:
The latitudinal value of the Tropic of Cancer is 231/4° N.

(d) What are the three heat zones of the Earth?
Answer:
The three heat zones of the earth are :

• Torrid zone
• Temperate zone
• Frigid zone.

(e) What are parallels of latitude and meridians of latitude?
Answer:
Parallels of latitude: All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitude.
Meridians of latitude : The lines of reference running from the North Pole to South Pole are called meridians of longitude.

(f) Why does the torrid zone receive maximum amount of heat?
Answer:
Torrid zone receives the maximum amount of heat because this is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn in 231/2° N to 23(4° S. The rays of the sun fall vertically on this region.

(g) Why is it 5.30 p.m in India and 12:00 noon in London?
Answer:
The Earth rotates about 360° in 24 hours, i.e., 1° in 4 minutes. Each degree of longitudes corresponds to a difference of four minutes. The standard meridian of India is 82° 30’E, and that of London is 0°. This means a difference of 4 minutes x 82.5 = 330= minutes = 5.5 hours. So when it is 12:00 noon in London, it is 5.30 p.m in India.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(а) The value of the prime meridian is:
(i) 90°
(ii) 0°
(iii) 60°
Answer:
(ii) 0°

(b) The frigid zone lies near:
(i) the Poles
(ii) the Equator
(iii) the Tropic of Cancer
Answer:
(i) the Poles

(c) The total number of longitudes are:
(i) 360°
(ii) 180°
(iii) 90°
Answer:
(i) 360°

(d) The Antarctic circle is located in:
(i) the Northern hemisphere
(ii) the Southern hemisphere
(iii) the Eastern hemisphere
Answer:
(ii) the Southern hemisphere

(e) Grid is a network of:
(i) parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes
(ii) the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
(iii) the North Pole and the South Pole
Answer:
(i) parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The Tropic of Capricorn is located at _________.
2. The Standard Meridian of India is _________.
3. The 0° Meridian is also known as _________.
4. The distance between the longitudes decreases towards _________.
5. The Arctic Circle is located in the _________ hemisphere.

Answer:

1. 23 1/2° S
2. 821/2°E
3. Prime Meridian
4. Poles
5. Northern.

THINGS TO DO

Question 4.
Draw a diagram of the globe showing the earth’s axis, the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.
Answer:

HBSE 6th Class Geography Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two halves of the earth known as?
Answer:
The northern half of the earth is known as northern hemisphere and the southern half of the sun is known as southern hemisphere.

Question 2.
Why is equator considered as an important reference point to locate places to the earth?
Answer:
The equator is considered as an important reference point to locate places on the earth because equator divides the earth into equal halves.

Question 3.
Give reason : Torrid Zone receives the maximum heat.
Answer:
Torrid Zone receives the maximum heat because the mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once a year on all latitudes in between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

Question 4.
Which imaginary line divides the earth into two halves?
Answer:
The equator divides the earth into two equal halves.

Question 5.
Where does the Temperate Zone lie?
Answer:
The Temperate Zone lies between Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle in Northern Hemisphere and Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in Southern Hemisphere.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are meridians numbered?
Answer:
The meridian which passes through Greenwich, i.e., Prime Meridian is valued as 0° longitude and from it we count 180° eastward as well as 180° westward.

Question 2.
A day and night cricket match between India and England had started at 2 p.m in London. At what time would the match begin in India? How would you calculate?
Answer:
The match would begin in India at 7:30 p.m. India located east of Greenwich at 82°30′ E is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. So it will be 7:30 p.m in India when it is 2:00 p.m in London.

Question 3.
What are heat zones?
Answer:
Heat zones are the different zones of the earth, where the sun’s rays fall differently, this causing different climate patterns these zones are called the Torrid Zone, the two Temperate Zones, and the two Frigid Zones. The Torrid Zone in very hot since the sun shines overhead here. The Temperate Zones maintain a moderate climate and the Frigid Zones are extremely cold.

Question 4.
Write four features of globe?
Answer:

• Globe is a true model (miniature form) of the earth.
• Globes may be of varying size and type – big ones, which cannot be carried easily, small pocket globes, and globe- like balloons which can be inflated and are handy and carried with ease.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the difference between the local time and the standard time?
Answer:
When the sun reaches the highest point in the sky, while crossing the meridian of any places it is noon (12.00). At some places watches are adjusted according to this time. It will be known as local time. Places having the same meridian of longitude have the same local time.

Standard Time : In countries with a large east-west extent, the variation in local time is very great. It creates confusion over train timings, flight timings etc. To solve this problem, the local time of a particular meridian is taken as the standard time for entire region of the country.

Question 2.
Which are the important parallels of latitude?
Answer:
Besides the equator, there are four other important parallels of latitude which have been given special names :
1. Tropic of Cancer : It is an important parallel in the Northern Hemisphere. It is an angular distance of 231/2° N (23° 30′ N) from the equator. It is important because it makes the northernmost limit of overhead sun.

2. Tropic of Capricorn : It makes the southernmost of overhead sun. Its angular distance is 23° 30′ S from the equator.

3. Arctic Circle (66V6°N) : It lies at a distance of 66°30′ N of the equator. It is also important because on this parallel we have 24 hours daylight on 21st June.

4. Antarctic Circle (66°30’S) : It is also an important parallel because on this we have 24 hours daylight on 22nd December.

Question 3.
What is Standard Time? What is the need for the Standard time?
Answer:
The local time of standard meridian of a country is called standard time. The different meridians have different local times. This is bound to create problems for people to function. For example, train time, flight schedules which cross several longitudes will be difficult to prepare. For example, There will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. To maintain uniformity in time throughout the country the standard time is needed. In India 82° 30′ E meridian is considered for the purpose of standard time. The local times as per this meridian is followed all over the country.

Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Latitude : The angular distance of a place north or south of the equator.
• Longitude : The angular distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.
• Globe : Globe is a man-made model of the earth.
• Equator : The imaginary line of 0° latitude encircling the earth and passing the half way between the North and South Pole.
• Tropic of Capricorn : It is the parallel of 231/2° S in Southern Hemisphere. .
• Tropic of Cancer : It is the parallel of 231/2° N in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Torrid Zone : The region that receives the maximum amount of heat throughout the year is Torrid Zone.
• Prime Meridian: The longitude running through the Greenwich near London was first chosen as Prime Meridian.
• Local Time : It is the time by the position of the sun at noon of a place.
• Standard Time : Time fixed at the Central Meridian which is considered the Standard Time of that country.
• Heat Zones: Heat zones are the different zones of the earth, where the sun’s rays fall differently, thus causing different climate patterns.
• Standard Time : Standard time of a country or region is the time regarded as a standard for that place, despite the fact that there exists time difference geographically across that region.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic

HBSE 6th Class History Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
State whether true or false:

1. Rajas who let the Ashvamedha horse pass through their lands were invited to the sacrifice.
2. The charioteer sprinkled sacred water on the king.
3. Archaeologists have found palaces in the settlements of the janapadas.
4. Pots to store grain were made out of Painted Grey Ware.
5. Many cities in Mahajanapadas were fortified.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True

Question 2.
Fill in the chart given below with the terms:
hunter-gatherers, farmers, traders, crafts persons,herders
Those who paid the Taxes

Answer:

Question 3.
Who were the groups who could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas?
Answer:
(i) Women
(ii) Dasas and
(iii) Kammakaras (or so called shudras) were three groups who could not participate in the assembly of the ganas or the sangas.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 4.
Why did the rajas of mahajanapadas build forts?
Answer:
The rajas of mahajanapads built forts because:
(a) People were afraid of attacks from other kings and needed protection.
(b) Some rulers wanted to show how rich and powerful they were.
(c) The land around the people living inside the fortified area could be controlled more easily by the king.

Question 5.
In what ways are present day elections different from the ways in which rulers were chosen in Janapadas?
Answer:
Rulers in Janapadas:
(a) Some of the rajas were chosen by jana, the people.
(b) Around 3000 years ago, some men became recognised as rajas by performing very big sacrifices.
(c) The rulers were only of Kshatriya class.
Present Day Elections:
(а) Presently leaders are elected democratically.
(b) Their position is not hereditary and can belong to any caste or tribe.
(c) Today, each adult citizen has the right to vote and the government is decided by elections in which each citizen casts his vote.

LET’S DO

Question 6.
Find the state in which you live in the political map of India. Were there any Janapadas in your state? If yes, name them. If not, name the Janapadas that would have been the closest to your state and mention whether they were to the east, west, north or south.

Answer:
Mark the state and then find out the janapadas in your state. For example:
The janapadas’ in the present’day Uttar Pradesh – Panchala, Kosala.

Question 7.
Find out whether any of the groups mentioned in answer 2 pay taxes today.
Answer:
The groups mentioned in answer 2 who pay taxes today are traders.

Question 8.
Find out whether the groups mentioned in answer 3 have voting rights at present.
Answer:
Today, voting rights are not decided by gender or profession. Women, kammkaras and dasas – all are entitled to vote today.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the ashvamedha sacrifice?
Answer:
It was a horse sacrifice, performed a ruler after the other rajas had accepted his supremacy and authority.

Question 2.
What was the role of the charioteer of king in the horse sacrifice?
Answer:
The charioteer of the king who was champion of the king in battle field, chanted tales of his glory in the sacrifice.

Question 3.
What is painted grey ware?
Answer:
Painted grey ware was a special kind of pottery, which had painted designs, usually simple lines and geometric pattern. Plates and bowls were the most common vessels made. They are extremely fine to touch, with a smooth surface. They were used on special occasions to serve food.

Question 4.
Who were ‘untouchable’?
Answer:
The ‘untouchable’ were crafts persons, hunters and gatherers as well as people who helped perform burials and cremations.

Question 5.
What is the literal meaning of the word ‘janapadas’?
Answer:
The literal meaning of the word janapada is – where the jana set its foot and settled

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How were the varnas determined? Write about them.
Answer:
Varnas were determined on the basis of birth e.g., if one’s father and mother were Brahmins one could automatically become a Brahmin and so on. Later they classified some people as untouchables. They included crafts persons, hunters and gatherers. The priests said that the contact with these groups was polluting.

Question 2.
How were the armies maintained by the rajas?
Answer:
(i) Soldiers were paid regular salaries and maintained by the king throughout the year.
(ii) Some payments were made to the soldiers using punch marked coins.

Question 3.
Why did rajas of Mahajanapadas start collecting regular taxes?
Answer:
Rajas of Mahajanapadas started collecting taxes because the resources were needed for:
(a) building huge forts
(b) maintaining big armies.

Question 4.
How was ‘ashvamedha’ ritual conducted?
Answer:
The ‘ashvamedha’ (horse sacrifice) was the ritual used to recognise men as ‘rajas’. A horse was left to wander freely. If it wandered into another kingdom and the king of that kingdom stopped it, they had to fight. The ‘raja’ who succeeded in the challenge was recognised as stronger. He would then perform the sacrifice in which other kings would also come.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the system of Varnas of the later Vedic period.
Answer:
The Four Varnas: The priests divided people of the ancient India (or Later Vedic Age) into four groups, called Varnas. According to them, each Varna had a different set of functions to perform.
1. The Brahmins:
The first varna was that of the brahmin. Brahmins were expected to study (and teach) the Vedas, perform sacrifice and receive gifts.

2. The Kshatriyas:
In the second place were the rulers, also known as Kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battles and protect people.

3. The Vishs or Vaishyas:
Third were the Vishs or the Vaishyas. They were excepted to be farmers, herders, and traders. Both the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas could perform sacrifices.

4. The Shudras:
Last were the shudras, who had to serve the other three groups and could not perform any rituals. Generally, women were also grouped with the shudras. Both women and shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas.

Question 2.
What changes took place in agriculture around this time?
Answer:
There were two significant changes in agriculture around this time:
(i) Growing use of iron plough-shares helped in yielding a better grain produce. Heavy, clayey soil could be turn better with an iron plough-share than with a wooden plough-share.
(ii) People began transplanting paddy. This meant that instead of scattering seed on the ground, from which plants would sprout, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields. Production developed due to this since many plants survived.

Question 3.
How did magadha become the most important Mahajanapada?
Answer:
Magadha became the most important Mahajanapada due to various reasons. They are:
(i) Many rivers such as the Ganga and son flowed through the Mahajanapada. This was important for transport, water supply and made the land fertile.
(ii) Elephants which lived in the forest, could be captured and trained for the army. Forests also provided wood for building houses, carts and chariots.
(iii) Iron ore mines in the region could be tapped to make strong tools and weapons.

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Kingdom: A form of government in which a country is ruled by a king or a queen.
• Republic: A form of government in which power is held by the people or a group of elected persons or an elected chief.
• Oligarchy: An oligarchy is a government by the chosen few.
• Ambassador: An official representing the Government of his country in a foreign country.
• Amatyas: Ministers.
• Barter system: Exchange of goods.
• Janapads: Small states mainly ruled by tribals.
• Mahajanpadas: Large kingdoms comprising many kingdoms.
• Senapati: Chief of the army.
• Gramika: Headman of the village.
• Monarchy: State (kingdom) ruled by hereditary king.
• Shreni: A group of merchants and craftsmen following the same trade.
• Taxes: Taxes were the source of Income for any government. To perform various functions government collects money in the form of taxes i.e., Road tax, and property tax. etc.
• Varnas: Classification of people into four groups (Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and the Shudras) on the basis of occupation were called Varnas.
• Ashvamedha: It means unquestioned control over an area in which the royal horse moves uninterruptedly. In the Vedic period, the king’s strength was influenced by these rituals.
• Matrimonial alliance: A relationship based on marriage.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us

HBSE 6th Class History What Books and Burials Tell Us Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the sentences

1. Slaves were used for ………………. .
2. Megaliths are found in ……………… .
3. Stone circles or boulders on the surface were used to ………… .
4. Port-holes were used for ……………. .
5. People at Inaingaon ate ………………. .

Answer:

1. various kind of work
2. Deccan in the north, east and Kashmir
3. cover to burial places
4. entering the burial places
5. fruits, cereals and meat

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 3.
In what ways are the books we read tuday different from Rig Veda?
Answer:
Rig Veda Books:
Itistheearliest Vedas composed by Aryans and has 1028 hymns (songs in praise of god), Rigveda is the main source of information about vedic culture, which gives us the information about social, religious, and economic life of the people. These vedas were composed orally and passed orally too.

Modern Books:
Today books contain doses of scientific and technical knowledge along with religious and ethical values. Knowledge is passed through various methods-visually, orally. It is written, read and dictated.

Question 4.
What kind of evidence from burials do archaeologists use to find out whether there were social differences amongst those who were buried.
Answer:
The objects found in graves were usually different and vaned. They found different types of skeleton. In Brahinagiri, one skeleton was found with numerous jewels. On the other hand, some skeletons were found only with a few pots. This shows that economic and social difference existed even in those time. While some were poor, others enjoyed luxurious life.

Question 5.
In what ways do you think that the life of a raja was different from that of a dasa/dasi?
Answer:

LET’S DO

Question 6.
Find out whether your school library has a collection of books on religion, and list names of five books from this collection.
Answer:
The five books on religion are :
(1) Sikhs – Guru Granth Sahib
(2) Zorastrianism – Zend-ei-Avesta
(3) Islam – Quran
(4) Christians – Bible
(5) Judaism – Old Testament

Question 7.
Write down a short poem or song that you have memorised. Did you hear or read the poem or song ? How did you learn it by heart?
Answer:
आओ बच्चों तुम्हें दिखाएँ,
झाँकी हिंदुस्तान की।
इस मिट्टी से तिलक करो,
यह धरती है बलिदान की।
We heard the poem and learnt it by heart with the help of a teacher.

Question 8.
In the Rigveda, people were described in terms of the work they did and the languages they spoke. In the table below fill the names of six people you know, choosing three men and three women. For each of them mention the work they do and the languages they speak. Would you like to add else to the description?

Answer:

HBSE 6th Class History What Books and Burials Tell Us Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where is the Great Bath located?
Answer:
Mohenjadaro.

Question 2.
Name the four Vedas?
Answer:
(i) Rigveda
(ii) Samaveda
(iii) Yajurveda
(iv) Atharvaveda.

Question 3.
Name the oldest Veda when was it composed.
Answer:
The oldest Veda is the Rigveda composed about 3500 years ago.

Question 4.
Which two epics lead to later Vedic age being called as Epic age?
Answer:
(i) Ramayana
(ii) Mahabharata.

Question 5.
Name the four vamas into which Aryan society is divided?
Answer:

Question 6.
Where was the Rigveda being composed?
Answer:
Rigveda was being composed in the north-west part of subcontinent.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who composed and taught the hymns of the Rigveda? In what language is it written?
Answer:
The hymns were composed by the sages (rishis). Priest taught students to recite and memorise with great care. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. Few were composed by women. The Rigveda is written in vedic Sanskrit.

Question 2.
Name the two type ofburials. Write about them.
Answer:
The two type of burials are:
(i) Some megaliths can be seen on the surface, they are either surrounded by circle of stones or a single big megalith.
(ii) The other type of burial is in the cist, which are burials under ground. There were portholes to which were used as an entrance.

Question 3.
What was the wealth from the battles spent on?
Answer:
(a) Some of the wealth that was obtained was kept by leaders, some was given to the priests and the rest was distributed amongst the people.
(b) Some wealth was used for the performance of yajnas or sacrifices in which offerings were made into the fire. These were meant for gods and goddesses. Offerings could include ghee, grain, and in some cases animals.

Question 4.
Why people participated in wars?
Answer:
Most men took part in these wars. There was no regular army, but there were assemblies where people met and discussed matters of war and peace. They also choose leaders, who were often brave and skilful warriors.

Question 5.
What is a cist and porthole?
Answer:
When the burial places are underground, they are called ‘cist’. At some places many skeletal remains have been found in one megaliths. They were brought through the portholes, which was used as an entrance.

Question 6.
What evidence have archaeologists found that can lead us to the occupations performed by people at the Inamgaon?
Answer:
Archaeologists have found seeds of wheat, barley, rice, pulses, millets, peas and sesame. Bones of a number of animals, many bearing cut marks that show they may have been used as food, have also been found. These include cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog, horse, ass, pig, sambhar, spotted deer, blackbuck, antelope, hare and mongoose, besides birds, crocodile, turtle, crab and fish. There is evidence that fruits such as ber, amla, jamun, dates and a variety of berries were collected.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was community been depicted in the Rigveda as a whole?
Answer:
Some of the words used to describe people in the Rigveda.
(a) There are two groups who are described in terms of their work-the priests, sometimes called brahmins, who performed various rituals and the rajas.

(b) Two words were used to describe the people or the community as a whole. One was the word jana, which we still use in Hindi and other languages. The other was vish. The word vaishya come from vish.

(c) Sometimes, the people who composed the hymns described themselves as Ary as and called their opponents Dasas or Dasyus.

Question 2.
How do the archaeologists find out that the skeletal remain is of a men, women or a child?
Answer:
The archaeologists can find out that:
(i) It is easy to make out the skeleton of a child from its small size. However there are no major differences in the bones of a girl and a boy.

(ii) Sometimes, people decide on the basis of what is found with the skeleton e.g. if the skeleton is found with jewellery, it is sometimes thought to be that of a woman. However there are problems. Often men also wore ornaments.

(iii) A better way of finding out the sex of a skeleton is to look at the bone structure the hipour the pertic area of the women is generally larger to enable child bearing.

Question 3.
What are oracles? Why did the rulers in China consult the fortunetellers? Write about the way of living of the rulers.
Answer:
Around 3500 years ago, people in China knew about writing. They wrote on animal bones. These writings were called oracle bones, because they were used to predict the future. Kings got scribes write questions on the bones – would they win battle? Would they have a good harvest? The bones were then put into the fire and they cracked because of the heat. Then fortune-tellers studied the cracks and tried to’predict the future.

The kings lived in palaces in cities. They amassed vast quantities of wealth, including large elaborately decorated bronze vessels. However, they did not know about the iron.

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Veda : The oldest books that represent the culture and ethics of Indian land.
• Hymns : Songs sung in the praise of a god or goddess.
• Chariot : The transport used by kings and queens or royal persons to travel from one place to another driven by horses or elephants.
• Sacrifice : To let off something that may be of need to you.
• Raja : (Here), the upper-class society who possessed rich luxuries.
• Slave : (Here), men and women captured in war.
• Burial : A site where a person is buried after his/her death.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas

HBSE 6th Class History New Questions and Ideas Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Describe the ways in which the Buddha tried to spread his message to the people.
Answer:
Buddha tried to spread his message of being kind and respecting the lives of people in the following ways:

• Buddha taught the people Prakrit, which was the language of the ordinary people so that it was understood by ordinary people.
• He also encouraged people to think for themselves rather to simply accept what he said.
• Buddha moved from place to place to give his message to all the people.
• Buddha himself led a simple life so that people could follow him.

Question 2.
Write whether true or false :

• The Buddha encouraged animal sacrifices.
• Sarnath is important because it was the place where Buddha taught for the first time.
• The Buddha taught that Karma has no effect on our lives.
• The Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
• Upanishadic thinkers believe that raja ‘ and brahmin were ultimately one.

Answer:

• False
• True
• False
• True
• True

Question 3.
What were the questions that upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer?
Answer:
The questions which upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer were :

• They wanted to know about life after death.
• They wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed.
• They believed that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. They described this as ‘atman’ or individual soul.
• They believed that ultimately both the atman and the brahman were one.

Question 4.
What were the main teachings of the Mahavira?
Answer:
The main teachings of Mahavira were:

• Men and women who wished to know the truth must leave their homes.
• Men and women must follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, i.e., not hurting or killing living beings.
• All beings long to live. To all things life is dear.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
Why do you think Anagha’s mother wanted her to know the story of Buddha?
Answer:
Anagha’s mother wanted her to know about the story of the Buddha because she was going on a school trip to Varanasi. Varanasi has many places like Sarnath, which are closely related to the life of Buddha. It would have enriched her knowledge about one of the greatest teacher and preacher of ancient times.

Question 6.
Do you think it would have been easy for slaves to join the ‘sangha’ ? Give reasons for your answers.
Answer:
Yes, slaves can join ‘Sangha’. Buddhism doesn’t believe in casteism. Any person who was ready to act on Buddhist Rule can join Sangha. Slaves can only join Sanghas, when he got the permission of his master and debtors that of his creditors.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
Make a list of at least five ideas and questions mentioned in this lesson.
Choose three from the list and discuss why you think they are important even today.
Answer:
The list of five ideas and questions mention in this lesson is given below:

• What was the languages used to compose Vedas?
• What was Buddha trying to teach the sorrowing Kisagotami?
• How did the beggar convince the sages to share their food?
• What are the varnas mentioned here? Were all four varnas allowed to participate in the ashrams?
• What does the Buddhist texts tell us?

Discussion:

• Sanskrit was the language used to compose Vedas. She is the mother of all ancient languages.
• He was trying to teach the sorrowing Kisagotami that death is the part of life and there is life after death.
• The Buddhist texts tells us that the varnas and ranks system will vanish if the followers of Buddha join the order of monk.

Question 8.
Find out more about men and women who renounce the world today. Where do they live, what kind of clothes do they wear, what do they eat ? Why do they renounce the world ?
Answer:
Make the chart with the help of your class teacher and hang it on the wall of your class room. You can write about any person who renounce the society, the country and the whole world. For your help some clues are given below:

Renounce: One who gives worldly pleasure. Try to find out the man/woman who does that work. Write his standard of living, where does he live and what he eats. In the end conclude that whatever they were capable to renounce the world or they are doing so.

HBSE 6th Class History New Questions and Ideas War Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were the supporters of traders. It spread to different parts of north India Jainism? Where did it spread in India? and to Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.
Answer:
Jainism was mainly supported by traders. It spread to different parts of north India and to Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.

Question 2.
Who later developed the upanishadic ideas?
Answer:
Upanishadic ideas were later developed by the famous thinker Shankaracharya.

Question 3.
What are Upanishads?
Answer:
‘Upanishad’ literally means approaching and sitting near and the text of Upanishads contains conversations between teachers and students.

Question 4.
Who were the upanishadic thinkers and teachers?
Answer:
Most upanishadic thinkers and teachers were men, especially brahmins and rajas. Some women thinkers like Gargi, Who was famous for learning, also participated in debates held in the royal court. Poor people did not take part in the discussions. One such exception was Satyakama Jabala, the son of the slave mother Jabala.

Question 5.
Why did farmers find it difficult to follow the rule of Jainism?
Answer:
Farmers found it difficult to follow the rules of Jainism because they had to kill insects to protect their crops.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where were the changes in the lives of people about 2500 years ago?
Answer:

• Some kings in the Mahajanapadas were growing more powerful.
• New cities were developing.
• Life was changing in the cities as well.

Question 2.
How did Buddha become enlightened?
Answer:
When Buddha was young, he wanted to gain knowledge and for that purpose, he left the comforts of his home. He wandered for several years meeting and holding discussions with other thinkers. He, then mediated for days under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. There he became enlightened.

Question 3.
What did Buddha tell why is life full of suffering and unhappiness?
Answer:
According to Buddha life is full of suffering and unhappiness because we have carings and desires. Sometimes even if we get what we want, we are not satisfied.

Question 4.
What kind of life did the followers of Mahavira have to live?
Answer:

• The followers of Mahavira had to lead very simple lives, begging for food.
• They had to be absolutely honest.
• They were especially asked not to steal.
• They had to observe celibacy.
• Men had to give up everything, including their clothes.

Question 5.
Who could join Sangha?
Answer:

• All men could join the Sangha.
• Children had to take permission of their parents and slaves that of their masters.
• The king’s workers and the debtors had to take permission of the king and the creditors respectively.
• Women had to take the permission of their husbands.

Question 6.
Why were monasteries built?
Answer:
To begin with, both Jaina and Buddhist monks went from place to place throughout the year, teaching people about their religions. The only time they stayed in one place was during the rainy season, when it was very difficult to travel.

As time passed on, the supporters of the monks built temporary shelters for them in gardens or they lived in natural caves in hilly areas. Then, several supporters of monks and nuns and they themselves, felt the need for more permanent shelters. So, monasteries were built.

Question 7.
What were the four ashrams prescribed ? How did the system of ashrams help men and women?
Answer:
The four ashrams were :

• Brahmacharya : The early years of life when Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya were supposed to lead simple life.
• Grihastha : They had to marry and live as householders.
• Vanaprastha : They had to live in the forest and mediate.
• Sanyasins : They had to give up everything.

The system of ashrams allowed men to spend some part of their lives in mediation. Women had to follow the ashrams chosen by their husbands.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Compare and contrast Buddhism and Jainism.
Answer:
Compare:

• Both ignored the ideas of God and laid great stress upon a pure and moral life.
• Both laid stress on the effects of good and bad deeds upon a man’s future birth and ultimate salvation.
• Both opposed the caste system and inequalities among men.
• Both preached Ahimsa or non-violence.
• Both the Buddha and Mahavira were Kshatriya princess, who founded Buddhism and Jainism.
• Both preached their religions in the simple languages of the people.

Contrast:

• Jainism laid greatest stress upon asceticism and practised it in a very vigorous manner, whereas Buddhism discarded it and asked his followers to follow the middle path.
• The Jains see life even in stones and plants while the Buddhists care only for men and animals who should not be injured or killed.
• Both differ in fundamental conceptions about salvation. The Jain’s conception of soul is radically different from the Buddhist.
• The Buddha kept silent about God, while Mahavira denied the existence of the creator.
• Both have separate scriptures. The Jain scripture is called ‘Angas’ while the Buddhists have ‘Tripitikas’.

Question 2.
What are the basic differences between the principles of Buddhistic sects of  Mahayana and Hinayana?
Answer:

Question 3.
What were the rules made for the Buddhist sangha?
Answer:
The rules made for the Buddhist sangha are written down in a book cabled Vinaya Pi taka. From this we know that there were separate branches for men and women. All men could join the sangha. However, children had to take the permission of their parents, women of their husbands and slaves of their masters. Men and women who joined the sangha had to lead a simple life. They meditated for most of the time and wyent to cities to beg for food during fixed hours. That is why, they were known as bhikkhus (beggars) and bhikkunis. They taught others and helped one another. They held meetings to settle any quarrels within the sangha. Most of them wrote down the teachings of Buddha and composed poems describing the life of the sangha.

New Questions and Ideas Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Tanha : Thirst or trishna is called tanha. It is lust, to have more and more in life.
• Prakrit: It was the language of the ordinary people. The Buddha taught his disciples and- other people through this language so that everybody could understand his message.
• Upanishad : These are the philosophical books of the Hindus. These were part of the later Vedic texts.
• Upanishad literally means ‘approaching and sitting near’ and the texts contain conversations between teachers and students.
• Atman : It means soul or individual soul. It is something permanent in the universe. It would last even after the death.
• Brahman : It means the universal soul. Individual’s soul is part of Brahma. Indian thinkers believe that ultimately, both the atman and the Brahman are one.
• Ahimsa: The Jain rule of ahimsa means not hurting or killing living beings.
• Viharas: The monasteries where monks lived were called Viharas.
• Buddhism: The religion founded by the Buddha (Gautama/Siddhartha) was Buddhism.
• Chaitya: A shrine of Buddhism is called Chaitya.
• Jina: A person who has true knowledge or one who has gained true knowledge.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War

HBSE 6th Class History Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Make a list of the occupations of the people who lived within the Mauryan empire.
Answer:
The list of the occupations of the people who lived within Mauryan empire is given below:
Main occupations:

• Agriculture
• Artisans
• Herdsmen
• Carpenters
• Many people employed in royal army
• Government officials
• Stone cutting.

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences:

1. Officials collected _________ from the area under the direct control of the ruler.
2. Royal princes often went to the provinces as _________.
3. The Mauryan rulers tried to control _________ and _________ which were important for transport.
4. People in forested regions provided the Mauryan officials with _________.

Answer:

1. taxes
2. Governors
3. roads, rivers
4. tribute.

Question 3.
State whether true or false :

1. Ujjain was the gateway to the north-west.
2. Chandragupta’s ideas were written down in Arthashastra.
3. Kalinga was the ancient name of Bengal.
4. Most Ashokan inscription are in the Brahmi script.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True

Let’s Discuss

Question 4.
What were the problems that Ashoka wanted to solve by introducing dhamma?
Answer:
The problems that Ashoka tried to solve by introducing dhamma were:

• The different religions followed by people led to conflicts.
• Sacrifice of animals for religion.
• Ill-treatment given to slaves and servants.
• Quarrels in families and amongst neighbours.

Question 5.
What were the means adopted by Ashoka to spread the message of dhamma?
Answer:

• Ashoka appointed officials known as the dhamma mahamatta who went from place 1 to place teaching people about dhamma.
• Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials to read his message to those who could not read it themselves.
• Ashoka sent messengers to spread ideas about dhamma to other lands such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.

Question 6.
Why do you think that slaves and servants were ill-treated ? Do you think the orders of the emperor would have improved their condition ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
We think that the slaves and the servants were ill-treated in the society because their masters felt superior to them. The masters treated them as animals. It was because of the old ‘varna’ system. The emperor’s orders might have helped to some extent. Ashoka was a king who was loved by his subjects. Moreover his ‘dhamma’ was a realistic innovation.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
Write a short paragraph explaining Roshan why the lions are shown on our currency notes? List at least one other object on which you see them.
Answer:
If you look at the Ashokan pillar at Samath (or a picture of it) you will find the capital of the pillar that has 4 lions sitting back to back. The lion represents the attainment ofBuddhahood. The four lions suimountiugthe capital symbolize the kingship of the Buddha and his roar over the four directions.

There is also a non-religious interpretation to the symbol, describing the four lions as the symbol of Ashoka’s rule in the four directions. Just as Buddha and his follower Ashoka , wanted to spread the message of peace and friendship, Similarly India after she gained independence wanted to spread the same message. So India adopted the emblem of 4 lions after she gained independence.

We can find this emblems on the cars of the President of India, Prime Minister and the others Indian dignitaries. It can also be seen on the s epaulette.

Question 8.
Suppose you had the power to inscribe your orders, what four commands would you like to issue?
Answer:
I would like to issue the following four commands :

• Slavery be abolished.
• Animal sacrifice be banned.
• Respect and regard the others’ religions.
• Respect the elders and love the youngsters.

HBSE 6th Class History Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Megasthenese?
Answer:
Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of West Asia named Seleucus Nikator. He left an interesting account about what he saw in the country.

Question 2.
What is a dynasty?
Answer:
When members of the same family become rulers one after another, the family is often called a dynasty.

Question 3.
Who were the dharam mahamatras?
Answer:
Dharam mahamatras were the officials appointed by Ashoka, who went from place to place to teach people about Dhamma.

Question 4.
What was unique about Maury an ruler, Ashoka?
Answer:
Maury an ruler Ashoka was the first ruler who tried to take his message to the people through inscriptions.

Question 5.
Name the only war fought by Ashoka. WTiy did he give up warfare?
Answer:
The only war fought by Ashoka was with Kalinga. It is the ancient name of Coastal Orissa. He won the war after lots ofbloodshed. However, he was so horrified when he saw bloodshed, violence and carnage, that he decided not to fight any more wars. He is the only king in the history of the world to give up warfare after winning the battle.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are empires different from kingdoms?
Answer:

• Emperors need more resources than kings because empires are larger than kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies.
• Empires need a larger number of officials who collect taxes.

Question 2.
How was ‘tribute’ different from regular taxes?
Answer:

• Taxes – Taxes were collected on a regular basis.
• Tribute – Tribute was collected as. and when it was possible from people who gave a variety of things, more or less willingly.

Question 3.
How were the provinces governed during the rule of the Mauryas?
Answer:
Each province was rules from the provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain. The royal princes were sent as governors, and local customs and rules were observed. There was overall control from Pataliputra.

Question 4.
Write about any three big or promi-nent .cities of the Mauryan empire. Why were these cities popular (or famous)?
Answer:

• Pataliputra, the capital town of the Mauryan empire. It was main centre of all political activities and administration.
• Taxila, (now-a-days in modern Pakistan) was a gateway to the northwest, including central Asia.
• Ujjain, lay on the route from north (India) to south India. Merchants, officials and crafts persons probably lived in all the above mentioned three cities.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where did Megasthenes come from? What did he write bout Chandragupta – his capital, his court, the people and their occupations?
Answer:
Megasthenes was Ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, the ruler of the eastern parts of Alexander’s empire. He was sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.

His account: Megasthenes has written that Chandragupta’s court was very magnificient. The king lived in great pomp and show. He personally listened to the grievances of people. He had a very large army too.

According to Megasthenes, Pataliputra was a grand city surrounded by four walls. Most of the buildings were made of wood. The royal : palace was made of stone.

Most of the people were farmers who lived happily in villages. Shepherds and cowherds lived in villages, too. The artisans – weavers, carpenters, ironsmiths and potters live in towns. The trade was quite brisk.

Question 2.
Describe the administration of Mauryan empire.
Answer:

• The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor. The officials were appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders, crafts persons and traders.
• Officials punished those who disobeyed ruler’s orders.
• Messengers went to and fro, and spies kept a watch on the officials.
• The emperor supervised the officials with the help of members the royal family, and senior ministers.
• Some areas or provinces were ruled from a provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain.
• In some other vast areas, Mauryas tried to control roads and rivers which were important for transport and to collect whatever resources were available as tax and tribute.

Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Provinces : A state of an empire or a part of the vast empire.
• Dynasty : A series of ruler belonging to the same ruler-class (family).
• Capital: A city state if an empire is known as capital of the empire.
• Cavalry : Group of soldiers who fought in battlefield on horseback.
• Infantry : Soldiers who fought on foot on the battlefield.
• Dhamma Mahamatyas: Ashoka’s officers travelled around the country and persuaded the people to follow the Dhamma.
• Edicts : Orders proclaimed by an authority decrees.
• Dhamma : A code of morality enacted by Ashoka for his people to lead a peaceful and virtuous life.
• Brahmi : A script used in ancient times in India.
• Prakrit: A language spoken by the common people in ancient times.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. ________ was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
2. The grama-bhojaka often got his land cultivated by the ________.
3. Ploughmen were known as ________ in Tamil.
4. Most grihapatis were ________ landowners.

Answer:

1. Vellalar
2. Slaves/hired labourers
3. Uzhavar
4. Smaller.

Question 2.
Describe the functions of the Grama-Bhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
Answer:
Functions of the Grama-Bhojaka:
The village headman was known as grama- bhojaka and he was the largest land-owner. He had slaves or hired workers to cultivate his land.

• The king often used him to collect taxes from the village.
• He also functioned as a judge and also as a policeman.

He was powerful because :

• he had a close association with the king.
• he had a strong control over the village.
• he had the largest land which means he was quite rich and hence had financial power.

Question 3.
List the crafts person who would have been present in both villages and cities.
Answer:
Carpenters, weavers, potters, black-smiths, goldsmiths etc.

Question 4.
Choose the correct answer:
(а) Ring wells were used for:
1. bathing
2. washing clothes
3. irrigation
4. drainage.
Answer:
4. drainage.

(b) Punch marked coins were made of:
1. silver
2. gold
3. tin
4. ivory.
Answer:
1. silver

(c) Mathura was an important:
1. village
2. port
3. religious centre
4. forested area.
Answer:
3. religious centre

(d) Shrenis were associations of:
1. rulers
2. craftspersons
3. farmers
4. herders.
Answer:
2. craftspersons

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Which of the iron tool shown on page 87 your NCERT Text Book would have been important for agriculture? What would the other tools have been used for?

Answer:
Ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. The other tools used were sickles and axes. The other tools like tongs, nails and hammers were used for carpentry and also by ironsmiths.

Question 6.
Compare the drainage system in your locality with that of the cities mentioned in the lesson.
Answer:
Similarities:

• Both the cities and our localities have a good drainage system in each house.
• Even today, there is hardly any cleanlines and people use them carelessely. People in ancient times used them as drains, garbage dumps and even as toilets.

Differences:
Today drainage system has been systematically planned as compared to ancient times.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you have seen crafts persons at work, describe what they do in a short paragraph. (Hint : how do they get the raw materials, what kind of equipment do they use, how do they work, what happens to the finished products)
Answer:

• The craftsperson buys raw material from different parts of the city or the village.
• He works in a part of the house, with the help of the family members.
• He works with simple tools like looms, spindles and needles.
• The finished product is sent either to the cities for selling or the merchants come to the houses of the craftsperson to buy goods.

Question 8.
List the functions performed by men and women who live in your city or village. In what ways are these similar to those performed by the people who lived in Mathura? In what ways are they different?
Answer:
Similarities : The people in Mathura worked as goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers. In present times, people in cities are goldsmiths and others are present in the villages.

Differences: In present times, we can find people who work in offices, banks, schools, colleges, etc., but they were not present in those days.

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the Jataka tales?
Answer:
Jataka tales were the stories that were probably composed by ordinary people and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks.

Question 2.
Why do the kings demand taxes from farmers or revenues? How does it also benefit the farmers?
Answer:
The kings demand taxes as they need money for armies, palaces and forts. Since for increasing production. The king provides money and plans irrigation works and also the labour is provided by people, the probability of quality production increases.

Question 3.
Bring out the division in Tamil region in the agricultural sector.
Answer:
Vellalar
(large landowners)
↓
Uzhavar
0ordinary ploughmen)
↓                     ↓
Kadaisiyar adimadi
(slaves) (slave)

Question 4.
Who were grihapatis?
Answer:
Grihapatis were independent farmers with smaller lands.

Question 5.
Who were dasa Karamkaras?
Answer:
Dasa karamkaras were people who did not own land and had to earn a living working on the field owned by others.

Question 6.
What are punch marked coins?
Answer:
Punch marked coins have been given this name because the designs were punched on to the metal-silver or copper. Archaeologists have found thousands of these coins. They were in use about 500 years back.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can we find about the life of the people in early times? (Give three evidences)
Answer:
We can find more about the life of the people in early times from:

• Archaeological evidences, i.e., things found after digging certain sites and old historical buildings.
• From tales of the early people and other literary sources.
• From sculptures: Sculptors carved scenes depicting people’s lives in towns and villages, as well as in the forest. Many of. these sculptors were used for decorating railings, pillars and gateways of buildings.

Question 2.
What are ring wells and their functions?
Answer:
In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one top of the other. These are known as ring wells. They function as :

• toilets
• arains
• garbage dumps.

Question 3.
Why can’t much be explored about common people’s lives?
Answer:

• There are hardly any remains of places, markets or of homes of ordinary people.
• Some are yet to be discovered by archaeologists.
• Others made of wood, mudbrick and thatch may not have survived.

Question 4.
How do travellers play an important role in finding about cities?
Answer:

• One way of finding about cities is from the accounts of sailors and traveller who visited them.
• One of the most detailed accounts has been given by an unknown Greek sailor. He described all potas he visited.

Question 5.
Give reason :
(a) Mathura emerged and has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years.
OR
How can we say that Mathura is multi-functional town?
Answer:
It was important because it was located at the cross roads of two major routes of travel and trade – from the northwest to the east and from north to south. There were fortifications around the city, and several shines. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people in the city. Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced.

Question 6.
Give evidence that Mathura was a religious centre.
Answer:
Mathura was a religious site as:

• There were Buddhist monastries.
• Jaina shrines.
• It is an important centre for Krishna.

Question 7.
What archaeological evidences give us insights into the town of Mathura?
Answer:
Several inscriptions on surface such as stone slabs and statues have been found in Mathura. Generally, these are short inscriptions, recording gifts made by men (and sometimes women) to monasteries and shrines. These were made by kings and queens, officers, merchants and crafts persons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket ; markers, garland makers, perfumers.

Question 8.
Besides the use of coins, what were the other methods to buy and sell goods? How do we know about it?
Answer:
The merchants exchanged their goods , with the goods of other merchants. We come to know about this method of exchange from a poem in the Sangam literature. The poem mentions the exchange of paddy and salt.

Question 9.
What were shrenis? How did they function?
Answer:
Many craftspersons and merchants formed associations known as shrenis. They provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished goods. The shrenis of the merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions and monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are shrenis? What are its functions many craftspersons and merchants now formed associations known as Shrenis.
Answer:

• These Shrenis of craftspersons provided training procured raw material and distributes the finished products.
• The Shrenis of merchants organised the trade.
• Shrenis also served as banks where rich men and women deposited money.

This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions such as monastries.

Question 2.
What are the findings in Arikamedu?
OR
Write a short note on Arikamedu.
Answer:
Arikamedu was a coastal settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands. A massive brick structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at the site. Other finds include pottery from the Mediterranean region, such as amphorae (tall double-handled jars contained liquids such as wine or oil) and stamped red-glazed pottery, known as Arretine Ware, which was named after a city in Italy. This was made by pressing wet clay into a stamped mould. There was yet another kind of pottery which was made locally, though Roman designs were used. Roman lamps, glassware and gems have also been found at the site. Small tanks have been found that were probably dyeing vats, used to dye cloth. There is plenty of evidence for the making of beads from semi-precious stones and glass.

Question 3.
How do we learn about the city of Bharuch ? Write about the port city.
Answer:
A Greek sailor has left a detailed account about all the ports that he visited. He wrote about the city of Bharuch, which he called Barygaza. He mentions :

• The gulf was very narrow at Barygaza and was very hard to navigate for those coming from the sea.
• Ships had to be steered in by skilful and experienced local fisherman, who were employed by the king.
• The main imports at Barygaza were wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins.
• The main exports were plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, cotton, silk and perfumes.
• Special gifts were brought by the merchants for the king, which included vessels of silver, fine wines and fine cloth.

The two things that were not in use during Harappan times were wine and coral.

Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Shreni : A group of merchants and craftsmen following the same trade.
• Punch Marked Coins: Coins that were punched by the government. They were crude in shape and made of copper.
• Sangam : An assembly or gathering of literary persons.
• Satraps : They were the military commander under Sakas.
• Ring-Well: Rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one on the top of the others, is known as ring-well.
• Vellalar : They were big land owners in Tamil Nadu.
• Kadaisiyar and Adimai : Landless labourers which also includes slaves were called Kadaisiyar and adimai in the Tamil region.
• Grama-bhojaka : In northern part of India, the headman of the village is known by the name of Grama-bhojaka.
• Dakshinapatha : Route towards the south.
• Irrigation : To water the crops by means of canals, wells, or tanks.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities

HBSE 6th Class History In the Earliest Cities Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Archaeologists know that the people in the Harappan civilization use cloth because they have found pieces of cloth attached to the lid of a silver vase. They have also found spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience. They were used to spin thread.

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.
Why were metals, writing, the wh.ee! and the plough important for the Harappans?
Answer:
(i) Metals: Metals were important for the Harappans, because metals were used for making ornaments and seals.
(ii) Writing: They know the art of writing and their script was pictographic. They used this sign (pictographic script) to convey their idea (message).
(iii) Wheel: Wheel was used for making carts (bullock-carts, ox-carts). It was also used for disigning pottery.
(iv) Plough: Plough was used for digging the earth for turning the soil and planting seed s. Early plough were made of wood.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 4.
Make a list of all the Terracotta toys shown in. the lesson. What do you think children would have enjoyed playing with the most?
Answer:
The Terracotta toys shown in the lesson are other Terracotta toys used were dolls, puppets, marbles, whistles, jewellery articles etc. We think children would have preferred toy carts instead of toy ploughs. Girls would have enjoyed dolls and puppets the most.

(a) Toys of dog.

(b) A toy plough.

(c) Toy cart.

Question 5.
Make a list of what the Harappans ate, and put a tick mark against the things you eat today.
Answer:
Harappans ate the following things:
(a) wheat
(b) barley
(c) pulses
(d) peas
(e) rice
(f) sesame
(g) linseed
(h) mustard
(i) fruits like her
We eat almost all the things mentioned in the list today.

Question 6.
Do you think that life of farmers and herders who supplied food to the Harappan cities was different from that of the farmers and herders you read about in chapter 3? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Some points of difference between the lives of farmers and herders who supplied food, to the Harappan cities, and those of the previous chapter:
(i) Tools:
Harappan farmers and herders used a wooden tool called plough which was used for turning the soil and planting seeds. The earlier farmers and herders used mortars and pestle for grinding grain. Their tools were also made of bone.

(ii) Irrigation: Harappan farmers and herders used irrigation for better produce while the earlier ones did not.

(iii) Storage: The Harappan farmers stored food in well-built granaries and not in clay pots, baskets, etc.

(iv) Residence:
Harappan farmers lived on the outskirts of cities, whereas there were no settled cities in the time of the farmers and herders in Chapter 3.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
Describe three important buildings in your city or village. Are they located in a special part of the settlement (e.g. the centre)? What are the activities that take place in these buildings?
Answer:
The three important building in my city, Delhi, are:
(i) Rashtrapati Bhavan: It is the official residence of the President of India.
(ii) Parliament House: Here the elected representatives of the people meet and discuss all important issues regarding the country.
(iii) Supreme Court: It is the highest court of the country where all the cases are decided. The building is called the supreme court building.

Question 8.
Are there any old building in your locality? Find out how old they are and who looks after them.
Answer:
There are many old buildings near my locality. They are
(i) Red Fort
(ii) Jama Masjid
(iii) Ferozeshah Kotla.
Red Fort was constructed in the 17th century.
Jama Masjid was also constructed in the 17th century.
Ferozeshah Kotla was built in the 15th century.
The Archaeological survey of India looks after the ancient buildings

HBSE 6th Class History In the Earliest Cities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a citadel?
Answer:
Citadel is the higher part of the city. Usually, the part to the west was smaller but higher.

Question 2.
Name some the important site of this culture.
Answer:
The important sites of this culture were Harappa and Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan) Kalibangan and Lothal (in Rajasthan and Gujarat) respectively.

Question 3.
What was lower town?
Answer:
Lower town was part to the east of Harappan city which was larger but lower.

Question 4.
Where was cotton grown?
Answer:
It was grown at Mehrgarh about 7000 years ago.

Question 5.
What was done at fire altars?
Answer:
Sacrifices were performed at fire altars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about the economic life of the people of Harappa Culture?
Answer:
The main occupation of the people of Indus Valley Civilization was agriculture. They grew wheat, barley and rice. Other occupations were animal rearing, the spinning and weaving of cotton and wool. Their most important industry was pottery. Jewellers made wonderful jewellery of gold, silver and stones. There were traders who carried on trade with foreign countries like Egypt and Sumer. Foodgrains were exported to foreign countries and gold, copper and tin were imported from abroad.

Question 2.
Write about the drainage system in the Harappan cities.
Answer:
Many of the cities had covered drains. They were carefully laid down in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that the water could flow through it. Very often drains in the houses were connected to those in the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them.

Question 3.
Write how were the fields cultivated by the farmers?
Answer:
Farming:
(i) A new tool, the plough was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. The plough was made of wood.
(ii) As this region does not receive heavy rainfall, some form of irrigation may have been used. This means water was stored arid supplied
to the fields when plants were growing.

Question 4.
List at least two differences between the houses of the Harappa and the earlier houses.
Answer:
In Harappa, the house were either one or two storeys high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most house had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water.

Earlier house:
The archaeologists have found the remains houses Mehrgarh, a site in the fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. Here the houses were either square or rectangular in pattern. Each house had four or more compartments, some of them may have been used for storage.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the people living in the Harappan cities.
Answer:
There were mainly the following kinds of people living in Harappan Cities:
Rulers : They were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. They sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones, and other things that they wanted.
Scribes: Scribes were people who knew how to write. They prepared seals and also wrote on the other things that have not survived.
Crafts-persons: They were people who made all kinds of things. Besides, there were other people who were farmers or herders.

Question 2.
What factors indicated that Harappan culture was declining around 3900 years ago?
Answer:
The following factors indicated that Harappan culture was declining:
(а) People stopped living in many of the cities.
(b) Writing, seals and weights were no longer used.
(c) Raw materials brought from long distances became rare.
(d) The garbage was found piled up in the streets of Mohenjodaro.
(e) The drainage system broke down.
(f) The new, less impressive houses were built, even over the streets

Question 3.
What were the factors responsible for the decline of the Harappan City?
Answer:
(i) Floods: Some historians say that regular floods destroyed the Indus Valley Civilization.
(ii) Epidemic: Some historians think that an epidemic might have killed that people.
(iii) Change in Climate: Some other historians say that rapidly the climate began to change and the region became dry like a desert.
(iv) Attacked by the Aryans or some other people: Historians believed that Aryans or some other people attacked the Harappan cities and destroyed them.
(v) Loss of Control: Rulers might have lost control. Consequently, people abandoned sites in Sind and Punjab and moved to newer, smaller settlements to the east and the south.

Question 4.
How was Harappa discovered?
Answer:
Nearly a hundred and fifty years ago when railway lines were laid down for the first time in Punjab, engineers found the site of Harappa in present Pakistan. They thought, it was a big mound, which was a source of ready made, high quality bricks. So they carried off thousands of bricks from the walls of old buildings of the city to build railway lines.

Then about eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site and realised that it was one of the ancient cities in the subcontinent. As this was the first city to be discovered, all other si ties from where similar buildings were found were described as Harappan. The cities developed about 4700 years ago.

In the Earliest Cities Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Civilization: That stage of man’s development when he used to live in cities and looks for more than just the satisfaction of material needs.
• Culture: Develpoment of the body, mind and spirit by training and experience. It also includes the development of arts, science etc., in human society.
• Citadel: Fortress for protecting a town place of refuge or safety.
• The Harappan Culture: The culture which existed in Sindh, Punjab, Northern Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is also known as Indus Valley Civilization, after the principal river of the region.
• Pictographs: Pictures like signs to represents letters or words.
• Seal: A stamping tool made of clay with a design on one side.
• Four Valley Civilizations: Indus Valley Civilization, the Egyptian Civilization. The Chinese Civilization and the Sumerian Civilization.
• Lothal: The port from where the Harappan traders shipped their merchants.
• The Great Public Bath: The best-known building in the Harappan citadel.
• Granaries: Grain was stored in granaries.
• Pillared Hall: Hall whose roof stands on pillars.
• Dockyard: An area where ships are loaded and unloaded and place also used for repairing ships.
• Grid System: Intersection of roads at right angles to each other.
• Outskirts: A part of the city that is further away from its centre.
• Decipher: It means to make out of meaning.
• Armlets: Ornament worn in the arm known as armlets.
• Idol: An image used for worshipping and worship is called idol worship.
• Terracotta: Hard and reddish-brown baked clay is called Terracotta.
• Faience: Artificially produced gum used to shape sand or powdered quartz into an object.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food

HBSE 6th Class History From Gathering to Growing Food Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?
Answer:
People who grow crops have to stay at one place for a long time because the fields had to be looked after, the plants had to be watered and plants had to be protected from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds would ripen.

Question 2.
Look at the table given below. If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she should have visited.

Answer:
If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, she should have visited Koldihwa and Mahagara (both in present day are the part of Uttar Pradesh).

Question 3.
Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later?
Answer:
Archaeologists think many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters because they have found bones of many kinds of animals from earliest levels. These included bones of wild animals such as deer and pig. In later levels they found more bones of sheep and goat and in still later levels, cattle bones are more common.

Question 4.
State whether true or false:

1. Millets have been found at Hallur.
2. People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses.
3. Chirand is a site in Kashmir.
4. Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading may have been brought from China.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
List three ways which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers.
Answer:

Question 6.
Make the list of all animals mentioned in the table (Question No.2). For each one describe what they may have been used for.
Answer:
List of animals:

1. sheep
2. goat
3. cattle
4. dog
5. buffalo
6. ox
7. pig.

1. sheep: meat and wool.
2. goat: milk and meat.
3. cattle: for diary and milk products.
4. dog: to look after the fields.
5. buffalo: milk giving animal.
6. ox: for ploughing the field and pulling the carts..
7. pig: for meat.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
List the cereals that you eat.
Answer:
Some cereals eaten by us are listed below:

1. Bajra
2. Wheat
3. Barley
4. Rice
5. Millet
6. Maize
7. Lentil
8. Jowar.

Question 8.
Do you grow the cereals you have listed in answer no. 7? If yes, draw a chart to show the stages in growing them. If not, draw a chart to show how these cereals reach you from the farmers who grow them.
Answer:
The farmers grow the cereals. The various steps involve are :
(1) Ploughing the field and putting manure.
(2) Sowing the seeds.
(3) Looking after the tender plants and saving them from pests.
(4) Watering the fields when necessary.
(5) Harvesting the crop.
(6) Storing them in the sheds.
The cereals reach to the people from the farmers. The chart given below show it.

The crops are purchased by the middle man from the farmers. They bring it to the cities.
↓

They sell them to the wholesale merchant or a retailer.

↓

We buy it form the shops, either from the wholesale merchant or retailer.

HBSE 6th Class History From Gathering to Growing Food Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the different conditions needed for survival of plants and animals.
Answer:
Animals and plants need different conditions grow and survive e.g.
(i) Rice requires more water than wheat and barley.
(ii) Sheep and goat can survive more easily than cattle in dry mountains environment.

Question 2.
Give one difference between domesticated animals and wild animals.
Answer:
The teeth and horns of wild animals are usually much larger than those of domesticated animals.

Question 3.
Name the first animal that was tamed.
Answer:
Dog was the first animal to be tamed.

Question 4.
How are animals useful as a ‘store’ of food?
Answer:
Domesticated animals like cow, goat, hen if looked after carefully; provide milk, meat and eggs. Hence, animals that are reared can be used as a ‘store’ of food.

Question 5.
Define domestication.
Answer:
Domestication is the name given to the process in which people grow plants and look after animals.

Question 6.
How are tribes different from other form of societies?
Answer:
In the tribal set-up land, forests, grasslands and water are regarded as the wealth of the entire tribe and everybody shares and uses these together. There are no sharp differences between the rich and the poor.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did domestication take place? Name the earliest plants and animals to be domesticated.
Answer:
Domestication was a gradual process that took place in many parts of the world. It began about 12000 years ago. Some of the earliest plants to be domesticated were wheat and barley. The earliest domesticated animals include sheep and goat.

Question 2.
How did people become farmers?
Answer:
Men, women and children observed many things like:

• the places where edible plants were found.
• how seeds broke off stalks, fell on the ground and new plants sprouted from them.

They began looking after plants protecting them from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds could ripen. In this way, people became farmers.

Question 3.
What are burials? Write about the burial in Mehrgarh.
Answer:
When people die their relatives and friends generally pay respect to them, people look after them in the belief that there is form of life after death. Burial is one such arrangement. In one kind of burial, found at Mehrgarh, the dead person was buried with goats, which was probably meant to serve as food in the next world.

Question 4.
Describe the features of pit houses found in Burzahom.
Answer:
(a) Pit-houses were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them.
(b) These houses may have provided shelter in cold weather.
(c) There were cooking houses both inside and outside the huts so that depending on weather people could cook food inside or outside the houses.

Question 5.
What types of tools were used by farmers and herders ?
Answer:
Stone tools have been found from many sites. They are often different from the Palaeolithic tools and are called ‘Neolithic’. There were tools that were polished so as to give a fine cutting edge, and mortars and pestles were used for grinding grain and other plant produce. However, Palaeolithic tools were still used for some purposes. Some tools were also made of bone.

Question 6.
Where is, Daojali Hading ? Write about the life of the people.
Answer:
Daojali Hading is a site on the hills near the Brahamputra valley, close to the routes leading to China and Myanmar. Here stone tools, including mortars and pestles have been found.

It indicated that people were probably growing grain and preparing food. They also used tools made of fossil wood (ancient wood that has hardened into stone) and pottery. Other finds include jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the lives of people in a tribe ?
Answer:
The lives of people in a tribe can be described as follows:
(a) Members of a tribe follow occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and. fishing.
(b) Usually, women do most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain.
(c) Children often look after plants, driving away animals and birds that might eat them.
(d) Men usually lead large herds of animals in search of pasture.
(e) The cleaning of animals and milking is done by both men and women.
(f) The members of the tribe make pots, baskets, tools and huts.
(g) They also take part in singing, dancing and decorating their huts.

Question 2.
Describe the life in site of Mehrgarh.
Answer:
Mehrgarh is a site located in a fertile plain, near the Bolaun Pass, one of the most important routes into Iran. It was one of the first places where people grew barley and wheat, and reared sheep, and goat. In fact, it is one of the earliest known villages.

Archaeologists have found evidence of animal bones here on excavation. They have found remains of houses here. Most houses were square or rectangular. They usually had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage. Several burial sites have also been found in Mehrgarh.

Question 3.
Describe the tools and pots and other crafts of the Neolithic times.
Answer:
Many of the stone tools are different from the earlier times, which belonged to the Palaeolithic period. The new tools are called Neolithic. They include tools that were polished to give a fine cutting edge and mortars and pestles used for grinding grains. Many kinds of earthen pots have also been found. They were sometimes decorated and used for storing things. People began using pots for cooking food like rice, wheat, lentils. They also began to weave cloth using cotton that was now grown.

Question 4.
Make a list of all the activities performed by men and women in tribal societies.
Answer:
The activities which were performed by men and women in tribal societies were
(i) Occupation:
People followed different occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and fishing. Most of the agricultural work was done by women, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. Men usually took the animals for grazing. Women also thresh, husk and grind grain. The cleaning and milking was done both by men and women. Both men and women made pots, baskets, tools and huts. They also took part in singing and dancing.

(ii) Leaders of the society: Some men who were old and experienced or young brave warriors or priests were leaders.

(iii) Cultural traditions: The tribes had rich and unique cultural traditions including language, music, stories and painting. They also had their own gods and goddesses.

From Gathering to Growing Food Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Farmer: One who cultivates a land.
• Herder: One who tends herds of cattle or a keeper of herds of animals.
• Neolithic age: The last stage of the Stone Age.
• Tribes: Usually two or three generations live together in small settlements or villages most families are related to one another and groups of such families form a tribe.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Why did the kings want to control the Silk Route?
Answer:
The kings wanted to control the silk route so that they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route.

Question 3.
What kinds of evidence do historians use to find out about trade and trade routes?
Answer:
The remains of the merchandise like pottery, especially bowls and plates have been found at various places. They were taken by the traders. South India was famous for gold, spices and previous stones. Traders carried these goods to Rome in ships across the sea and by land in caravans. Gold coins have been found at the trading posts.

Question 4.
What were the main features of Bhakti?
Answer:

• Bhakti refers to a person’s devotions to his or her chosen deity.
• Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.
• The followers of bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaborate sacrifices.
• ‘Bhakti’ literally means to divided or share.
• Bhakti suggests an intimate two-way relationship between the deity and the devotee.

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Discuss the reasons why the Chinese pilgrims came to India.
Answer:
The Chinese pilgrims who came to India were Fa Xian, Xuan Zang, I-Qing. They were Buddhist pilgrims. They came to visit the places associated with the life of Buddha. They visited famous monastries and collected statues of Buddha.

Question 6.
Why do you think ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti?
Answer:
Ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti because it was a devotion to a particular deity, e.g., Shiva, Vishnu, etc. The people did not need to perform elaborate temple or religious ceremonies.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
List five things that you buy from the market. Which of these are made in the city / villages in which you live and which are brought by traders from other areas ?
Answer:
I buy following things from the market:

• Food grains – grown in the villages.
• Vegetables – in the nearby areas and also from villages.
• Readymade garments – made in the cities.
• Exercise notebooks and stationery goods – made in the cities.
• Electronic toys and mobile phones – made in the city.

Question 8.
There are several major pilgrimages performed by people in India today. Find out about any one of them, and write a short description. (Hint: who can go on the pilgrimage – men, women or children? How long does it take? How do people travel? What do they take with them? What do they do when they reach the holy place? Do they bring anything back with them?)
Answer:
India is the land of religions. Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity are the main religions found in India. Major pilgrims performed by the people in India are :

• Hajj
• Visit to shrine place on foot
• Rathyatra (Puri in Odisha)
• Visit to Kailash Mansaraver etc.

Hajj : Hajj is done by the Muslim people in their holy place Mecca. Men, women and children belong to muslim sect can go to this pilgrim. From India if they go for Hajj, it will take 10-20 days for up and down. They go to Mecca by air, When they reach their holy place, they offer ‘Namaz’ there. When they come back they bring some things useful for them and gifts from Mecca for their near and dear ones.

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the most famous Buddhist centre of learning.
Answer:
The most famous centre of Buddhist learning was Nalanda in Bihar.

Question 2.
Why was pepper known as black gold in the Roman Empire?
Answer:
Pepper was known as black gold in the Roman Empire because it is particularly valued.

Question 3.
What does ‘Muvendar’ refer to?
Answer:
‘Muvendar’ is a Tamil word refers to three chiefs, used for the heads of three ruling families, the cholas, cheras and Pandyas.

Question 4.
What route came to be known as silk route?
Answer:
The path followed by some people for China who went to distant lands on foot, horsebacks and on camels, carrying silk with them came to be known as the Silk Route.

Question 5.
Which rulers are best-known for controlling the Silk Route?
Answer:
Kushanas are best known for controlling the Silk Route.

Question 6.
Who were Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
Bodhisattvas were persons who had attained enlightenment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the monsoon winds help the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:
The monsoon winds helped the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal to cross the seas more quickly. So, if they wanted to reach the western coast of the subcontinent from East Africa or Arabia, they choose to sail south-west monsoon.

Question 2.
Why were Satavahana rulers called Dakshinapathas?
Answer:
Satavahana rulers were known as Dakshinapathas (lords of the south). Literally it means the route leading to the south, which was also the name for the entire southern region. Gautamiputra Shri Satkarni sent his army to the eastern, western and southern coasts.

Question 3.
What is meant by Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
The holy persons whom the Buddhists respected are called Bodhisattvas. The Bodhisattvas were holy persons who lived on the earth before the Buddha. There are many stories about the Bodhisattvas in the Jataka tales.

Question 4.
Who was Kanishka? What religion did he preach?
Answer:
Kanishka was a Kushana king who worked hard to make his kingdom strong in North India. The Kushana came into conflict with the Chinese armies of Hun empire in the Central Asia. Kanishka was a great supporter of Buddhism. He gave money for building monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by silk-route? What was its importance?
Answer:
Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to rulers in Iran and west Asia and from there, the knowledge of silk spread further west. The dangerous roads along which the silk was brought was called the silk route.

The silk route was important because the kings who controlled silk route could benefit from taxes tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attack by robbers.

The Kushana extended the Silk Route from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

Question 2.
Describe the development of Buddhism during the route of Kushanas.
Answer:
The development of Buddhism was as follows:

• A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism developed.
• The statues of the Buddha were made. The statues were made in Mathura and in Taxila.
• The belief in Bodhisattvas was encouraged. Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people. The worship of Bodhisattvas became very popular.
• Buddhism also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of caves were hollowed out of hills for monks to live in.
• The caves were made on the orders of kings and queen, others by merchants and farmers.
• Traders probably halted in cave monasteries during their travels.
• Buddhism spread south eastwards to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and other parts of South east Asia including Indonesia.

Question 3.
What was Bhakti movement? Why did it become more popular?
Answer:
Bhakti movement was a new way of worship. Bhakti means devotion to a particular deity. During the post vedic era some deities like Shiva, Vishnu and Durga became popular among the devotees. This inclination towards deities came to be known as Bhakti movement.

It became popular because in this, there was no discrimination among the worshippers or devotees. There was no difference whether one was rich or poor, high or low, man or woman. Everyone was allowed to worship the deities of his/her own choice. Bhakti movement discarded the performance of elaborated sacrifices.

Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Silk Route : The trade route between China and Western Asia ran through Central Asia.
• Pliny : A Roman historian who wrote ‘Natural History of Latin’.
• Indo-China : Siam, Loas and Malaya represent the territories of Indo-China.
• Muvendar : It is a ‘Tamil’ word for representing the heads of three ruling families i.e. Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
• Mahayanas and Hinayans : The two prominent Buddhist sects.
• Diagambara and Svetambara : The two prominent sects of Jainism.
• Buddhism : Buddhism was the most popular religion in ancient India. It was founded by Gautam Buddha.
• Bodhisattava : These were supposed to be the persons who had attained enlightenment through meditation.
• Bhakti : Single-minded devotion to one god.
• Pilgrim: The men and the women undertake their journey to holy places in order to praise god/goddess.