Class 8

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power

HBSE 8th Class History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the following:

(i) Diwani	(a) Tipu Sultan
(ii) “Tiger of Mysore”	(b) Right to collect land revenue
(iii) Faujdari adalat	(c) Sepoy
(iv) Rani Chinnamma	(d) Criminal court
(v) Sipahi	(e) Led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Answer:
(i) (b)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (d)
(iv) (e)
(v) (c)

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks :
(a) The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of _________.
(b) Haidar Mi and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of _________.
(c) Dalhoiisie implemented the Doctrine of _________.
(d) Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the _________.
Answer:
(a) Piassey
(b) Mysore
(c) Lapse
(d) north

Question 3.
State whether true or false:
(a) The Mughal empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b) The English East India Company was the only European Company that traded with India.
(c) Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d) The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True
(d) False

LETS DISCUSS

Question 4.
What attracted European trading companies to India?
Answer:
There was a great demand of Indian goods in European countries such as cotton and silk. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand. These dungs could be purchased at low priees in India and could be sold at very high prices. Hence European trading companies came to India to gain profits.

Question 5.
What were the areas of conflict between the Nawabs of Bengal and the East India Company?
Answer:
Following were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the East India Company:
1. (i) The nawabs refused to grant concessions to die Company.
(ii) They demanded large tributes for the Company’s right to trade.
(iii) They denied Company the right for mint coins stopped it from extending its fortification.
(iv) The nawabs accused the Company of not paying taxes and writing disrespectful letters.

2. On the other hand, the Company also accused the nawabs in the following ways:
(i) The local officials of the Nawab were 1 ruining the trade of the Company by making unjust demands.
(ii) The Company had to pay excessive duties.
(iii) The Company is not permitted to enlarge settlement and rebuild its forts.

Question 6.
How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?
Answer:
The assumption of Diwani benefited the East India Company in the following ways:

• The Diwani allowed the Company to use vast revenue resources of Bengal.
• The outflow of gold and silver which the Company imported to buy goods in India was stopped.
• The revenue from Bengal now could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain
• Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

Question 7.
Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.
Answer:
The following were the features of . system of Subsidiary Alliance given by Lord Wellesley:
(a) The Indian rulers accepting the Subsidiary Alliance would neither enter into alliance with any other power, nor would they declare war against any power without the permission of English.

(b) The Indian rulers accepting this system were to agree to the stationing of the British contingent force for whose maintenance they would pay a subsidy.

(c) He would allow a British resident to stay in his state.

(d) He would not employ any Europeans other than the English and if there was already any, he would dismiss them.

(e) In return for acknowledging the British company as the paramount power, the company undertook to protect him from the external dangers and internal disorders.

Question 8.
In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?
Answer:
(i) The British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies-Bengal, Madras and Bombay. The supreme head of the administration was the Governor- General.

(ii) From 1773, each district was to have two courts – a criminal court (faujdari adalat) and a civil court (diwani adalat). Muslims and Hindu Pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.

(iii) In 1775, eleven Pandits were asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws.

(iv) By 1778, a code of Muslim laws also compiled for the benefit of European judges.

(v) Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Cotut was established. A court of appeal—the Sadar Nizamat Adalat was also set-up at Calcutta.

(vi) The main role of the collector in Indian district was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain law mid order in Ms district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas.

Question 9.
Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.
Answer:
The following were the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army:
(i) The English Company though recruited Indian soldiers in the army but they were never allowed to acquire any higher post.

(ii) The cavalry dominated the army and the Mughafstate did not feel the need to have a large professionally trained infantry. The English Company’s soldiers were however armed with muskets and match* locks.

(iii) The infantry regiments became more important under the British Company.

(iv) The soldiers of the Company were subjected to European style of training.

LETS DO

Question 10.
After the British conquest of Bengal, Calcutta grew from a small village to a big city, find out about toe culture, architecture and toe life of Europeansand Indians of toe city during toe colonial period.
Answer:
The main features of Calcutta city during the colonial period were os follows:
(i) Calcutta from 1750 to 1805 s The work of planning of Calcutta wot carried by different Governor-Generals. After toe Battle of Plassey Civil lines area wore developed.

(ii) Planning of Calcutta after Lord Wellesley. After Wellesleys departure, the work of town planning was carried on by Lottery Committee (1817) with the help of the government.

(iii) Role of Health and Town Planning of Calcutta t The threat of epidemics gave a further impetus to town planning.

(iv) Change in Attitude of Government for Hanning : Densely built up areas were seen as insanitary since they obstructed direct sunlight and circulation of air.

Question 11.
Collect pictures, stories, poems and information about any of the following-the Rani of dhansi, Mahadji Sindhia, Haidar All, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord Dalheusie or any other contemporary ruler of your region.
Answer:
Do yourself.

HBSE 8th Class History From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is Chauto?
Answer:
It is a tax levied by the Marathas from the areas outside their domain, equal to one- fourth ofthe revenue paid to the Mughal Empire.

Question 2.
Why could Delhi no longer function as an effective centre?
Answer:
Delhi could no longer function as an effective centre because powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India.

Question 3.
What was written in toe charter from toe Queen Elizabeth to toe East India Company in 1600?
Answer:
The charter from toe Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company in 1600 granted to Company the sole right to hade with the East.

Question 4.
How had the Portuguese reach toe western coast of India by toe time the first English ships sailed down toe west coast of Africa?
Answer:
The Portuguese had reached the western coast of India because the royal charter could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets.

Question 3.
When and where was toe first English factory set-up?
Answer:
The charter from toe Queen Elizabeth to the East India Company in 1600 granted to Company the sole right to trade with the East.

Question 4.
How had the Portuguese reach toe western coast of India by toe time the first English ships sailed down toe west coast of Africa?
Answer:
The Portuguese had reached the western coast of India because the royal charter could not prevent other European powers from entering the Eastern markets.

Question 5.
When and where was toe first English factory set-up?
Answer:
The first English factory was set-up on the banks of river Hugli in 1651.

Question 6.
What farman did the Company ask from the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb?
Answer:
The Company persuaded the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb to issue a farman granting the Company the right to trade duty free.

Question 7.
What three things Sirajuddaulah ask the Company to do?
Answer:
Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to:

• stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion
• stop fortification
• pay the revenues.

Question 8.
What was the main reason for the defeat of the Nawab Sirajuddaulah?
Answer:
The main reason for the defeat of the Nawab was that Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah’s commanders and Mir Jafar’s officers never fought the battle.

Question 9.
Name the Nawabs of Bengal who asserted their power and autonomy against the Mughals.
Answer:

• Murshid Quil Khan
• Alivardi Khan
• Sirajuddaulah.

Question 10.
Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
Sirajuddaulah.

Question 11.
What happened after Tipu Sultan’s death?
Answer:
After Tipu Sultan’s death :

• Mysore was placed under the former ruling dynasty of the Wodeyars.
• A subsidiary alliance was imposed on the state.

Question 12.
What did the new policy of ‘paramountcy’ state?
Answer:
The new policy of “paramountcy” stated that authority of Company was paramount or supreme, hence its power was greater than that of Indian states.

Question 13.
Who was Rayanna?
Answer:
Rayanna was a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor who revolted against the British.

Question 14.
Name the Governor-General who brought the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:
Lord Dalhousie.

Question 15.
Name any four Kingdoms annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.
Answer:

• Satara
• Sambalpur
• Udaipur
• Nagpur
• Jhansi.

Question 16.
How many Presidencies were there in the British India? Name them.
Answer:
There were three Presidencies:

• Bengal
• Madras
• Bombay.

Question 17.
Who was the first Governor- General of India?
Answer:
Warren Hastings.

Question 18.
Who was the last powerful Mughal ruler?
Answer:
Aurangzeb.

Question 19.
How did the Mughal empire become weak?
Answer:
After Aurangzeb’s death, many Mughal governors began establishing their own regional kingdoms. This weakened Mughal empire.

Question 20.
When and where was the East India Company established?
Answer:
The East India Company was established in 1600, in England.

Question 21.
What did the Charter mean?
Answer:
The Charter meant that no other trading group in England could compete with the East India Company.

Question 22.
Which western power came first to India.?
Answer:
Portuguese.

Question 23.
Who discovered the sea route to India and when?
Answer:
Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498.

Question 24.
Through which route the British came to India?
Answer:
The British came to India through the Cape of Good Hope (South of Africa).

Question 25.
When was the Supreme Court established?
Answer:
The Supreme Court was established in 1773 under the provisions of Regulating Act.

Question 26.
Which new technology aided the Company to become a territorial colonial power?
Answer:
New steam technology.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was the charter issued to the East India Company by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 advantageous for the Company?
Answer:
The charter issued by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 was advantageous for the Company because :

• No other trading group in England could Compete with the East India Company.
• With this charter the Company could venture across the oceans, looking for new lands from which it could buy goods at cheap price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.

Question 2.
What type of relationship existed between the trading companies through the seventeenth and eighteenth centimes?
Answer:
The relationship that existed between the trading companies was that of rivalry and harsh competition. The only way the trading companies could flourish was by eliminating the rival competitors. Trade was carried on with arms and trading posts were protected through fortification.

Question 3.
Why were the British furious with Tipu Sultan?
Answer:
The British got furious with Tipu Sultan because :
(a) In 1785, Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom and disallowed local merchants from trading with Company.

(b) He also established a close relationship with the French in India and modernised his army with their help.
The British saw him as ambitious, arrogant and dangerous and become furious.

Question 4.
How did Tipu Sultan come to be known as the ‘Tiger of Mysore’?
Answer:
Once Tipu Sultan went hunting in the forest with a French friend, he came face-to-face with a tiger. His guns did not work and his dagger fell to the ground. He battled with the tiger unarmed until he managed to reach down and pick up the dagger. Finally, he was able to kill the tiger in the battle. After this he came to be known as the Tiger of Mysore’.

Question 5.
What was the new system of justice established in 1772?
Answer:
A new system of justice was established in 1772. Each district was to have two courts-a criminal court and a civil court. Muslims and Hindu Pandits interpreted Indian laws for the European district collectors who presided over civil courts. The criminal courts were still under a qazi and mufti but under the supervision of the collectors.

Question 6.
Why did the European Companies conflict with each other?
Answer:

• They were trade competitors.
• They only way the trading Companies could flourish, was by eliminating rival competitors.
• The urge to secure markets, therefore, led to fierce battles between the trading Companies.

Question 7.
How did the farman issued by Aurangzeb cause loss of revenue for Bengal?
Answer:

• Aurangzeb’s farman had granted the Company the right to trade without paying duties.
• But the Company officials who were carrying individual trade also refused to pay duty.

This caused enormous loss of revenue for Bengal.

Question 8.
What was the main reason that Sirajddaulah lost the Battle of Plassey to the British?
Answer:

• One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Zafar, one of the Sirajuddaulah’s commanders, never fought the battle.
• Clive has managed to secure his support by promising to make him Nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.

Question 9.
What facilities did the Company get through the Royal Charter?
Answer:
With this Charter :

• The Company could venture across the oceAnswer:
• The Company could look for new lands from which it could collect revenues.
• The Company could buy goods at cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did the authority of the Central Government decline after the death of Aurangzeb?
Answer:
After the death of Aurangzeb, the authority of the Central Government or Mughal administration began to decline. Following were the main causes:
→ The Mughal Emperors who came to the throne after the death of Aurangzeb were inefficient in the matters of administration.

→ Degeneration of the Mughal nobility also weakened the empire. The nobles fought to capture the office of the wazir to promote the interests of their relatives and followers.

→ Aurangzeb’s long warfare in the Deccan caused chaos and confusion in the north. It gave rise in revolts and led to the downfall of the empire.

→ Prolonged warfare of Aurangzeb caused loss of men, money and prestige of the empire. Thus he faced financial crises too.

→ The revolts of the Jats, the Sikhs, the Rajputs and the Marathas caused disintegration of the Mughal Empire.

Question 2.
How did the annexation of the Indian states by the British affect the economic life of the common people?
Answer:
The annexation of the Indian states by the British affected the economic life of the common people in the following ways:
(i) The annexation of the Indian states abolished the administrative machinery of each state. It turned out all those persons who had been parts of the administrative system.

(ii) The scope of the Indians to get high jobs in the administrative system was restricted. All this created unemployment in the higher class of society.

(iii) The learned people who worked for the state and received its patronage lost their jobs and the lands gtranted to them by the old rulers were taken away.

(iv) A number of soldiers of the armies of the Indian rulers were also thrown out of employment after their states had been conquered or had entered into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British.

(v) Many craftsmen who depended on state patronage were also ruined.

Question 3.
Discuss the Anglo-Maratha wars?
Answer:
(i) The first Anglo-Maratha war ended in 1782 with the Salbai treaty without any result.

(ii) The second war (1803-05) resulted in the British gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra and Delhi.

(iii) The third Anglo-Maratha war (1817-19) ended the Maratha might. The Peshwa was sent to Bithur with a pension.

Question 4.
Why did the British want to secure its north-west frontier? What did it do?
Answer:
(i) The British had devloped a fear that Russia might expand across Asia and enter India from the north-west.

(ii) This was because, the Company focused on north-west region and fought wars with Afghanistan, Sindh and Punjab.

Question 5.
Discuss the reason that led to fierce battles between the European trading Companies in India.
Answer:
(i) The European Companies were interested in buying the same things.

(ii) The fine qualities of Indian silk and cotton had a big market in Europe. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand.

(iii) Competition amongst the European companies increased the cost of these goods that reduced the profit-margin.
The only way to retain profit was to eliminate the rivals. Thus, the urge to secure market led to fierce battles between European trading Companies in India.

From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Mercantile : A business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.
• Farman : A royal edict, a royal order.
• Puppet: Literally, a toy that you can move with strings. The term is used disapprovingly to refer to a person who is controlled by someone else.
• Injunction: Instruction.
• Subservience: Submissiveness.
• Confederacy: Alliance.
• Qazi : Ajudge.
• Mufti : A jurist of the Muslim community responsible for expounding the law that the qazi would administer.
• Impeachment: A trial by the House of Lords in England
• Dharmashastras: Sanskrit texts prescribing social rules and codes of behaviour, composed from 500 BCE onward.
• Sawar : Men on horses.
• Musket: A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers.
• Matchlock: An early type of gun in which the powder was ignited by match.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

HBSE 8th Class History How, When and Where Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
State whether true or false :
(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods: Hindu, Muslim, and Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) False
(c) True.

LETS DISCUSS

Question 2.
What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?
Answer:
(a) James Mill divided history on the basis of religion of the rulers of the times. However, a variety of faiths existed simultaneously in these periods.

(b) Mill, through his periodisation suggested that British rule could civilize India. He was of opinion that the British should conquer all the territories in India to ensure the enlightenment as if India was not capable of progress without British help.

Question 3.
Why did the British preserve documents?
Answer:
The British preserved official documents because they liked to have permanent record of every instruction, plan, policy, agreement. They believed that things could be properly studied and debated once we had such records.

Question 4.
How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?
Answer:
Usually the newspaper reports are not biased. These reports explain the fact as it was. Most of the times, these do not try to manipulate the event. These represent the true story of the event with every detail. On the other hand, the official reports are usually biased. These are written as per the will of the senior officials. These reports may carry the biased view of the reporting police officer. Thus if the historians are based only on the police reports, they may become misguided.

LETS DO

Question 5.
Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing with or how the government finds out about the number of the students, their bio-data and a brief history of their lives.
Answer:
Yes, there are many examples of surveys in world today. The administrative, botanical and market surveys help to know about the needs and aspirations of the people. The government finds out about the information of employees through the records and reports of school authorities.

HBSE 8th Class History How, When and Where Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Are official records a good source for writing colonial history? Why?
Answer:
No. This is because, most of the time, the writers of these records were biased.

Question 2.
Why do we divide history into different periods.
Answer:
We divide history into different periods to capture the characteristics of a time, its central features as they appear before us.

Question 3.
Name any four British Governor- Generals in India.
Answer:

• Warren Hastings
• Lord Wellesley
• William Bentick
• Lord Dalhousie.

Question 4.
How far are dates important for study of history?
Answer:
Dates are important for study of history as we focus on a particular set of events as important. If the focus of our study changes, we begin to look at new issues and a new set of dates gains significance.

Question 5.
Why is the study of history divided into chapters?
Answer:
We divide the study of history into chapters because to tell some events or story in chronological order makes sense. It is also to give each chapter some coherence.

Question 6.
According to Mill’s telling of history, who ruled India before the British came to India?
Answer:
According to Mill’s telling of history, Hindu and Muslim despots ruled the country.

Question 7.
In what parts have historians divided Indian history?
Answer:
Historians have divided Indian history into three parts—‘ancient’, ‘medieval’ and ‘modern’.

Question 8.
What is colonisation?
Answer:
When the subjugation of one country by another leads to political, economic, social and cultural changes in such a way to give the control to the supreme country, it is called colonisation.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is history? How has the study of history evolved over time?
Answer:
History is the study of changing patterns in society. It tells us about how things were in the past and how they have changed over the years. Over the years, history has developed and evolved. Ancient history revolved about the dates on which rulers were crowned or battles were fought. Now, history has become the study of common people, their lives and also about new ideas.

Question 2.
Write any two issues that modern day historians like to write.
Answer:

• They like to write on how people earned their livelihood.
• They like to write on what people produced and ate.

Question 3.
How did the British colonise Indian territories?
Answer:
The British colonised Indian territories by:

• establishing control over the economy and society.
• collecting revenue to meet all their expenses.
• buying the goods they wanted at low prices.
• producing crops they needed for export.

Question 4.
What were the kinds of surveys the British conducted in the early nineteenth century?
Answer:
By the early nineteeth century, the British conducted following surveys :

• Revenue surveys were conducted in the villages to know about the topography, the soil quality, the flora and the fauna, the local histories and the cropping pattern.
• Census operations were held to know the detailed records of the number of people, religions and occupations.
• Botanical surveys, archaeological surveys, anthropological surveys, forests surveys etc.

Question 5.
What were the purposes of surveys?
Answer:
Revenue surveys were conducted by the British to know the topography, the soil quality, the flora, the fauna, the local histories, the cropping pattern and many other things. They all helped them in proper administration.

Question 6.
What do the official records of the British tell us?
Answer:
The official records tell us:

• What the British officials thought.
• What they were interested in.
• What they wished to preserve for posterity.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Mill justified the British rule in India. How is it clear through his periodisation of history? What were the drawbacks in his classification?
Answer:
James Mill divided history of India into three periods – Hindu, Muslim and British. He advocated that:

• All Asian societies were at a lower level of civilisation than Europe.
• During the reign of Hindus and Muslim rulers, the social life in India was domi-nated by cast taboos, religious intolerance and superstitious practices.
• India was not able to progress without British help.

There were drawbacks in his classification because:

• It ignored the significant historical developments in the society, economy or culture.
• This division ignored the rich diversity of the sub-continent.

Question 2.
What are the important sources of studying a history?
Answer:
Historians use different types of sources to study about history. They are as follows:
(a) Official records: The official records of the British administration are an important source of historical events. The records of plan, instruction, policy, agreements were kept in a written form. With the spread of printing, multiple copies of these records were printed.

(b) Surveys: The different types of surveys (like population, botanical, zoological, archaeological, anthropological, forest surveys), have been conducted from time- to-time. The survey reports help to know about the people of the past.

(c) Other sources: These sources include:

• Personal diaries.
• Accounts of pilgrims and travellers.
• Autobiographies of important people.
• Newspapers.
• Stories, poems and novels.

Source-Based Questions

Reports to the Home Department;
In 1946 the colonial government in India was trying to put down a mutiny that broke out on the ships of the Royal Indian Navy. Here is a sample of the kind of reports the Home Department got from the different dockyards:

→ Bombay: Arrangements have been made for the Army to takeover ships and establish¬ment. Royal Navy ships are remaining outside the harbour.

→ Karachi : 301 mutineers are under arrest and a few more strongly suspected are to be arrested … All establishments … are under military guard.

→ Vizagapatnam : The position is completely under control and no violence has occurred. Military guards have been placed on ships and establishments. No further trouble is expected except that a few men may refuse to work.

Read the source given above and answer the following questions :
Question 1.
Where did the mutiny break out?
Answer:
The mutiny broke out on the ships of the Royal Indian Navy.

Question 2.
What arrangements were made at Bombay dockyard?
Answer:
Arrangements were made for the army to take over ships and establishment.

Question 3.
Where the position was under control and no violence had occured?
Answer:
Vizagapatnam.

Question 4.
Who had submitted the report?
Answer:
Director of Intelligence, HQ India Command Situation.

Picture-Based Questions

Question I.
Look at the picture and answer the following questions.

Question 1.
What event Is shown in the picture?
Answer:
The rebels of 1857.

Question 2.
Where are such images found?
Answer:
Such images are found in several illustrated books produced bythe British after the 1857 rebellion.

How, When and Where Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Historians : Those scholars who study different sources related with past and prepare details. They also study causes and effects of different events, revolutions, movements and different aspects of life.
• Advertisement: The public announcement in newspaper, legal notice.
• Chronology : The science or method of computing dates.
• Topography : The detailed description on a map.
• Calligraphist: A person who is specialised in the art of beautiful writing.
• Governor-General: Administrative head of the British rule in India.
• Taboos: Something that explains ‘Do Nots’.
• Tehsildar : A local administrative officer that kept record of revenue during the British rule in India.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

HBSE 8th Class Civics Law and Social Justice Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Talk to two workers (for example, construction workers, farmworkers, factory workers, or workers at any shop) to find out if they are receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.
Answer:
(i) Farmworkers are not getting minimum wages in villages.
(ii) Women workers are not getting equal wages as that of men which is not permitted by law.

Question 2.
What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?
Answer:
(i) They get cheap labourers or workers in India.
(ii) Since India has the second largest population country, there is a very vast internal market of foreign goods available in India.
(iii) India’s geographical conditions are favourable. India is linked to many other countries of the world. The companies, can export their goods to major markets of the world.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims of the Bhopal gas tragedy got justice?
Answer:
The victims of Bhopal Gas Tragedy have not got justice even after 28 years of Bhopal Gas Tragedy on December 2,1984. Even today 50,000 people are too sick to work. Many of them have developed severe respiratory disorders, eye-problems and other disorders. Even today many factories, workshops mines are running wihout proper safety measures.

Question 4.
What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?
Answer:
(i) Meaning: Law enforcement means that the law maker and enforcer, the government ensures that safety laws are duly implemented.
(ii) The government (excutive) is responsible for enforcement of law.
(iii) The enforcement of law is so important that without enforcement, the framing of laws meaningless. Safety laws were not enforced that led to Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

Question 5.
How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.
Answer:
(i) Laws should ensure that business men use ISI marked balance, weights or measurements.
(ii) The products especially the medicines and eatables should have MRP (Maximum Retail Price) and expiry date marked on them.
It is through laws that the markets are regulated and the relation between workers, consumers and producers are not allowed to become explosive.

Question 6.
Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory, which has received orders from the government to move to a different site 100 km away from the present location. Write about how your life would change.
Answer:
(a) I will have to shift my family.
(b) I will have to give ‘change of address’ notice for my bank and other legal documents.
(c) I will have to change the school of my children. If they don’t get a good school, their studies will suffer.

Question 7.
Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read ah opt in this unit.
Answer:
(i) The legislative organ of the government makes laws.
(ii) The executive organ of the government implements these laws and enforcement of the laws safeguards the interests of the minorities.
(iii) The judiciary organ of the government decides punishment for the law breakers.
(iv) The government ensures that the social- justice is achieved in the society, for example Workers do not work below minimumwages ; Child-labour is not practised.
(v) The government also undertakes welfare functions and sees to it that basic needs of the . citizens are met.

Question 8.
What are the source of environment pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to: (a) air (6) water (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce the pollution. Can you suggest some other measures?
Answer:
(i) The sources of environment pollution in our area are:
(a) Air is being polluted from smoke coming from factories, chimneys.
(b) Smoke from petrol and diesel vehicles also pollute the air.
(c) Water-pollution is caused by dirt, chemical fertilizers and garbage from factories, farms and houses.
(d) Humans wastes, and dirt from factories pollute the soil.

(ii) The steps taken to reduce pollution are:
(a) New laws are being made to check the environment pollution.
(b) CNG vehicles are promoted which do not cause pollution.
(c) Actions are being taken against companies who are responsible to violate environment laws.

(iii) Other suggestions:
Laws alone cannot make the environment clean. It is the people and every individual who is responsible and should take voluntary actions to
minimise pollution.

Question 9.
How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.
Answer:
(i) Earlier, the environment was considered a free entity which anyone could spoil. There was hardly any law to protect the environment. Neither the people, nor the government could take any action.
(ii) The Bhopal Gas Tragedy has brought the issue of environment to the forefront. Indian Government has introduced laws to protect the environment. The courts have declared the environment to be a public facility and the government is responsible for checking pollution, clear rivers and punish the wrong doers.

Question 10.
What do you think the famous Cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2006 law that you read on page 125.

Answer:
(i) I think the famous cartoonist is trying to draw our attention towards child-labour. In the cartoon, a rich woman hires another child to lessen the burden of heavy school-bag on her child’s shoulders.
(ii) The law of 2006, is an amendment to the Child Labour and Prevention Act, which bans children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants or as workers in dhabas, restaurants, tea-shops etc.

Question 11.
You have read about the Bhopal gas tragedy and the on-going struggle. Students from countries across the world have come together to support this struggle for justice. From protest marches to awareness campaigns, you can read about their activities on the website www.studentsforbhopal.com. The website also has resources such as photos, posters, documentaries, victims’ statements, etc.

Use this and other sources to make a wallpaper/exhibition on the’ Bhopal tragedy for your classroom. Invite the whole school to see and talk about it.
Answer:
It is a classroom activity. Do yourself

HBSE 8th Class Civics Law and Social Justice Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why are law made to protect the interest of producers and consumers in the market?
Answer:
To ensure that the relations between the workers, consumer and producer are governed in a manner that is not exploitative.

Question 2.
Mention the health problems faced by the survivors of Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
Answer:
Many people developed severe respiratory disorders, eye problems and other disorders. Children developed peculiar abnormalities.

Question 3.
Why did Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur?
Answer:
Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred due to leakage of highly poisonous gas-methyl isocyanite (MIC) from a factory which produces pesticides.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the government ensure social justice?
Answer:
Through making, enforcing and upholding these laws the government control the activities of individuals or private companies to ensure social justice.

Question 2.
Which three states have developed plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants?
Answer:
Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have developed plans to rescue and rehabilitate children who are working as domestic servants.

Question 3.
Was Bhopal Gas Tragedy an accident? If not why?
Answer:
Bhopal Gas Tragedy was not an accident Union Carbide had deliberately ignored the essential safety measures in order to cut costs. Much before the Bhopal disaster, there had been incidents of gas leakage killing a worker and injuring several people.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and the havoc caused by it.
Answer:
Union Carbide was an American Company located in Bhopal city in Madhya Pradesh where it produced pesticides. On December 2, 1884, a poisonous gas-Methyl-Isocyanite started leaking from this plant. The gas took no time to spread and the people settled in nearby areas started having breathing problems with in three days more than 8000 people died and hundreds of thousands were suffering different diseases. The people who survived developed many problems like respiratory problems, eye problems and other disorders. People became too sick and handicapped to work.

The tragedy occurred due to:
(i) Ignoring safety measures in order to cut costs.
(ii) Relaxation in enforcement of laws.
To make the matters worse; only 470 million was given as compensation as against 3 billion demanded by the court.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the given picutres and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What is the major cause of environmental pollution?
Answer:
Emissions from vehicles are a major cause of environmental pollution.

Question 2.
What had the Supreme Court ordered in a series of rulings (1998 onwards)?
Answer:
The Supreme Court had ordered in a series of rulings (1998) that all public transport vehicles were to switch to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

Question 3.
Why are the high levels of toxic substances present in the air?
Answer:
The high levels of toxic substances are present in the air due to emissions from cars run on diesel and a sharp increase in the number of cars on the road.

Law and Social Justice Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Consumer: An individual who buys goods for personal use and not for resale.
• Producer: A person or organisation that produces goods for sale in the market. At times, the producer keeps a part of the produce for his own use, like a farmer.
• Investment: Money spent to purchase new machinery or buildings or training so as to be able to increase/modernise production in the future.
• Workers’ Union: An association of workers. Workers’ unions are common in factories and offices, but might be also found among other types of workers, say domestic workers’ union.
• Market: Bazar or market is that place where the process of buying selling of articles take place.
• Protective Laws: The laws which are framed or passed by the legislature to protect people from different types of exploitation. These laws try to ensure that the unfair practices are kept at a minirmiman the markets.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 9 Public Facilities

HBSE 8th Class Civics Public Facilities Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think there are so few cases of private water supply in the world?
Answer:
(i) Private companies throughout the world only operate for profit. To supply clean, pure water at affordable rates is not very affordable.
(ii) The facilities provided by the private companies will not be affordable by all. A majority of the people would be deprived of the opportunity of availing the basic facilities and enjoying a decent life.

Question 2.
Do you think water in Chennai is available and affordable by all? Discuss.
Answer:
No, water is not available and affordable in Chennai by all.
(i) Areas like Anna Nagar, where Senior Government officials, reside, have tap water for a major part of the day. Even during water scarcity, a water tanker is arranged for them.
(ii) Residents of Mylapore get municipal water once in two days.
(iii) Madipakam gets water once in four days.
(iv) The residents of Saidapet, a slum area do not have separate water connection of their own. The water comes only in common tap for 20 minutes twice a ddy.
(v) The water is not affordable to all. The middle class and rich people can dig borewells, buy water from tankers or even bottled water for drinking. The poor people have the least access to water.

Question 3.
How is the sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai affecting the local people? Do you think local people can object to such exploitation of ground water? Can the government do anything in this regard?
Answer:
The sale of water by farmers to water dealers in Chennai is affecting adversely the local people.
(i) The ground water-level of surrounding towns and villages have dropped drastically resulting in the loss of drinking waiter to local residents.
(ii) The private companies or water dealers pay farmers an advance for the rights to exploit water sources on their land. These companies are using a fleet of over 13,000 water tankers.
(iii) Water has become short for agriculture resulting in less production of foodgrains.

Question 4.
Why are most of the private hospitals and private schools located in major cities and not in towns or rural areas?
Answer:
Private hospitals and private schools are located in major cities and not in town or rural areas because:
(i) The infrastructural and modem facilities to run such institutes are not available in towns or rural areas.
(ii) The skilled and educated doctors and educationists reside in major cities and very few of them would like to shift to rural areas or towns.
(iii) The private hospitals and schools are mainly run for profit motive and to meet their high expenses, they charge high fees which only people of major cities can afford.

Question 5.
Do you think the distribution of public facilities in our country is adequate and fair? Give an example of your own to explain.
Answer:
No, I think the distribution of public facilities in our country is not adequats and fair.
(a) In major cities, there are pucca houses but in villages most of the people are even living in kuchha houses. This is not fair for the biggest democratic country of the world.

(b) There are so many areas and villages where good road, proper schools, hospitals, good sanitation conditions, proper supply of pure water and electricity are not accessible till date.

(c) Even good hospitals and schools are also located in major cities only.

Question 6.
Take some of the public facilities in your area, such as water, electricity etc. Is there scope to improve these? What in your opinion should be done? Complete the table.
Answer:
There is certainly a scope for improvement in public facilities in our area. Most important is sanitation. There is a big garbage disposal pit adjoining our area which is a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Also the carbon generated from dirt in the pit leads to leakage of gas for airconditioners. The government has to take immediate actions to close the pit

	Is it available ?	How can it be improved ?
Water	Four hours a day	Timing of water supply should be increased.
Electricity	Less capacity, low voltage	Govt, should take steps to minimise wastage of electricity. More power plants should be installed.
Roads	In poor condition	They should be more even.
Public Transport	Condition of buses not satisfactory	More buses should be hired, there should be limit on number of passengers in a bus.

Question 7.
Are the above public facilities shared equally by all the people in your area? Elaborate.
Answer:
No, all the above facilities are not shared equally by all the people in your area. Nearly 20 percent people are living below the poverty line. They do not have access to pure and clean drinking water.
The rich people purchase sealed water bottles of branded companies. They have access to regular water supply through tap connections.

Question 8.
Data on some of the public facilities ‘ are collected as part of the Census. Discuss with you teacher when and how the census is conducted.
Answer:
Census is conducted every ten years, if The last census was conducted in 2011. The government appoints special people to 1 collect data from door to door about population, occupation, access to public facilities The data is compared with last figures and planned figures and suitable actions are takenr.

Question 9.
Private educational institutions- schools, colleges, universities, technical and vocational training institutes are coming up in our country in a big way. On the other hand, educational institutes run by the government are becoming relately less important. What do you think would be the impact of this? Discuss.
Answer:
The impacts of privatisation of education will be as follows:
(a) The education will be more costly.
(b) However, the new techniques of education will be followed with modem instruments. The private companies, in the competition, try to lend better facilities.
(c) There will be more inequality in society because only people from richer strata will be able to afford to send their children to private institutions.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Public Facilities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How many children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India?
Answer:
Almost over 16 hundred children below five years of age die due to water related diseases in India.

Question 2.
Under which article ‘right to water* is part of the right to life?
Answer:
Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution the ‘right to water’ is part of right to life.

Question 3.
What is special about Porto Alegre?
Answer:
Porto Alegre has lowest infant death rate than other cities of the world because of the availability of safe water maintained by city water department.

Question 4.
How did the drinking water of Mahbubnagar get contaminated?
Answer:
A textile company discharged poisonous chemicals in the river near the Mahbubnagar. This has contaminated the ground water, which was the source of irrigation and drinking water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the Indian Constitution say about Right to Education and what is the contradiction that prevails in India?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Education for all children between the age of 6-14 years. According to this Right, schooling facilities are available to all children impartially. According to report on education, schooling in India continues to be highly uneven.

Question 2.
The public facility benefits many people at a time. Discuss it with example.
Answer:
Indeed, the public facility benefits many people at a time. For example, a school in a village will allow any children to get educated. In the same way by the supply of electricity to an area the farmers can run pump-sets to irrigate their fields, people can open small workshops that run on electricity, students will get help in their studies.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what areas have the private companies successfully granted public facilities and why?
Answer:
The private companies have successfully ventured opening of schools and hospitals. They also provide drinking water through tankers and sealed bottles. They provide all these facilities at a price which upper class people can afford.

Question 2.
“Indian courts have done very praiseworthy work as far as the right to water is concerned and they have also taken steps to prevent the water-pollution by some companies.” Discuss.
Answer:
(a) The constitution of India recognises the right to water as being a part of the right to life (Article 21). There have several court cases in which both the High Courts and the SupremeCourt have held that the right to safe drinking water is a Fundamental Right.

(b) For example, in 2007, the Andhra Pradesh High Court restated this (Right to get sufficient safe water) while hearing a case based on a letter written by a village of Mahbubnagar district on the contamination of drinking water.

(c) The villager’s complaint was that a textile company was discharging poisonous chemicals into a stream near his village, contaminating ground water, which was the source for irrigation and drinking water.

(d) The judges of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh directed the Mahbubnagar district collector to supply 25 litres of water to each person in the village.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the given pictures given below and answer the following question:

Question 1.
What is most important form of public transport over short distances?
Answer:
Buses are the most important forms of public transport over short distances.

Question 2.
What has the government planned as an alternative to bus transport?
Answer:
The government has planned ambitious metro-rail project for Delhi and other metropolitan cities.

Question 3.
How much money was spent from the government budget for the construction of the first segment of metro-rail in Delhi?
Answer:
W 11000 crore was spent from the government budget for the construction of the first segment of metro-rail in Delhi.

Question 4.
What negative remarks have been given by the public for such a huge expenditure?
Answer:
People have remarked that such a huge expenditure could have been avoided if only a fraction of this amount was spent on upgrading the public bus system.

Public Facilities Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Sanitation: Provision of facilities for the safe disposal of human urine and feces.
• Company: A company is a form of business set up by people or by the government.
• Universal access: Universal access is achieved when everyone has physical access to goods and can also afford them.
• Basic needs: Primary requirements of food, water, shelter, sanitation, healthcare, and education necessary for survival.
• Right to Life: The constitution of India guarantees it for all persons living in this country.
• Parliament: It is the law-making body of the country which consists of the Rajya Sabha, Lok Sabha, and the President of India.
• Budget: Annual account of income and expenditure by the government.
• Public Transport System: Local buses, state-owned inter-buses, local trains, metro trains, and railways are the main means of public transportation.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation

HBSE 8th Class Civics Confronting Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List two fundamental rights in the Constitution that Dalits can draw upon to insist that they are treated with dignity and equals. Re-read the Fundamental Rights listed on page 14 to help you answer this question.
Answer:
(a) Right to Equality and
(b) Right to Freedom.

Question 2.
Re-read the story on Rathnam as well as the provisions of the 1989 scheduled caste and scheduled tribes prevention of Atrocities Act. Now list one reason why you think he used this law to file a complaint.
Answer:
Rathnam sought the support of law, filing his complaint under the Atrocities Act to protest against the domination and violence of
the powerful castes in his village. He used this as it was framed in response to demands made by Dalits and others so that the government may take seriously.

Question 3.
Why do Adivasi activists including C.K. Janu believe that Adivasis can also use this 1989 Act to fight against dispossession? Is there anything specific in the provisions of the Act that allows her to believe this?
Answer:
Being an Adivasi Activist, C.K. Janu is right in believing that they can use the 1989 Act to fight against dispossession. This is because it lists actions that dispossess Dalits and Adivasis of their meagre resources or which force them into performing labour of slavery.
Thus, they can use this Act since it seems to punish anyone who wrongfully occupies or cultivates any land owned by, or alloted to, a member of a scheduled caste or a scheduled tribe or gets the land alloted to him transferred.

Question 4.
The poems and the song in this unit allow you to see the range of ways in which individuals and communities express their opinion, their anger and their sorrow. In class do the following two exercises:
(a) Bring to class a poem that discurses a social issue. Share this with your classmates. Work in small groups with two or more poems to discuss their meaning as well as what the poet is trying to communicate.

(b) Identify a marginalised community. Write a poem, or song, or draw a poster etc., to express your feelings as a member of this community.
Answer:

(c) For example:
A poem by Soyrabai: (Refer Pg. 96 of your Social Science and Political Life-III text book). (Read the poem and then the summarised view below.)

Soyrabai who herself belongs to the Mahar caste through her esteemed poem questions about the idea or the criterion behind being called a pure person. She argues that every human being is born in the same way and is equal. She cannot understand what makes one body less or more pure than the other. Pollution, a basic idea of casteism should not be the tool for discrimination or to separate or deny people any access to spaces, work, knowledge or dignity. According to her, it does not occur through nature of work but through one’s clear ethnicity and beliefs.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Confronting Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which Article states abolishment of untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Question 2.
What is the literal meaning of Dalit?
Answer:
The term ‘Dalit’ literally means broken.

Question 3.
Which Article states “no discrimination”?
Answer:
Article 15.

Question 4.
Name a policy that promotes justice?
Answer:
Reservation.

Question 5.
When was the Arocities Act passed?
Answer:
1989.

Question 6.
Name a bhakti saint who criticized casteism.
Answer:
Kabir.

Question 7.
In your opinion does the force put on Rathnam to perform this ritual violate his fundamental right?
Answer:
Yes, in our opinion being forced to carry out such a task in which the person has no belief is a violation of fundamental right. Right to freedom and right to equality are rights that are violated.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does Article 15 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
The Article 15 of the Constitution states^ that no person can be discriminated against on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex or a place of birth.

Question 2.
State one reason why you think reservations play an important role in providing social justice to Dalits and Adivasis.
Answer:
The law of reservation to Dalits and Adivasis is based on a simple argument that in a society like ours, where for centuries, sections of population have been denied opportunities to learn and to work in order to develop new skills or vocation, a democratic government thus needed to step in and assist, these socially or economically backward sections.

Question 3.
Why do you think the Dalit families were afraid of angering the powerful castes?
Answer:
The situation of fear and tension might have taken place because of the fear of undergoing starvation due to unemployment on the powerful caste’s anger. They also declared the wrath of the locality would strike them if they refused to give in.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Article 17 of the Constitution states that untouchability has been abolished. What does this mean?
Answer:
Untouchability hps been abolished. It means that on one can prevent Dalits from educating themselves, entering temples, using public facilities, etc. It also means that it is wrong to practise untouchability and that this practice will not be tolerated by a democratic government. Untouchability is a punishable crime now.

Question 2.
Apart from making law how does government work for the marginalised in our country?
Answer:
Government makes specific laws and policies for the marginalised in our country. There are policies or schemes that emerge through other means like setting up a committee or by undertaking a survey, etc. The government then makes an effort to promote such policies in order to give opportunities to specific groups.

Question 3.
The government operates through laws to ensure that concrete steps are taken to end inequality in the society. Mention one such law.
Answer:
One such law is the reservation policy. This law reserved seats in education and government employment for Dalits and Adivasis people. It is based on an important argument that in a society like ours where for centuries sections of the population have been denied equal opportunities to learn and work, a democratic government needs to step in and assist these section.

Question 4.
How does the reservation policy work?
Answer:
Governments across India have their own list of Scheduled Castes (or Dalits) Tribes and Backward and the more Backward castes. The Central Government too has its list. Students applying to educational institutions and those applying for posts of government are expected to furnish proof of their caste or tribal status. If a particular Dalit caste or a certain tribe is on the government list, then a candidate from that caste or tribe can avail the benefit of reservation.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the picture below and complete the sentences:

The (a) ……………… government passed the Scheduled Tribe and other (b) ………….. Forest Dwellers Act in (c) ……… , The introduction states that it shall undo (d) ………… injustices. The Act also points out that the right to forest dwellers include conservation of (e) …………. and (f) …………. .
Answer:
The (a) Central government passed the Scheduled Tribe and other (b) Traditiona Forest Dwellers Act in (c) 2006. The introduction states that it shall undo (d) historical injustices. The Act also points out that the right to forest dwellers include conservation of (e) Forests and (f) biodiversity.

Confronting Marginalisation Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Assertive: Groups of people that can express their views strongly.
• Confront: To come face-to-face or to challenge someone or something. For example: The groups challenging marginalisation.
• Delusion: A false impression.
• Dispossessed: To have to give up ownership or to give up authority.
• Invoking: Imploring, appealing by authority.
• Morally reprehensible: An act that violates all norms of decency and dignity that society believes in. It usually refers to a hideous and repugnant act that goes against all values that society has accepted.
• Policy: A stated course of action that provides direction for the future, sets goals to be achieved, or lays out
• principles or guidelines to be followed and acted upon.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you, understand by the word ‘marginalisation’.
Answer:
‘Marginalisation’ is a social process by which certain sections of the society are confined to lower social standing. It results, to certain minority (such as Muslims) or Dalits (particularly among the Hindus) in having a low social status and not having equal access to education and other resources.

Question 2.
List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.
Answer:
Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised because:
(i) They are radically different from communities organised around the principle of jati-vama (castes).
(ii) Their way of life is quite different from the majority of people. They wear colourful costumes, strange type of head gears and have different cultures. They like to live in seclusion.

Question 3.
Write one reason why you think the constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities is very important.
Answer:
The Constitution safeguards to protect minority communities to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote equality as well as justice.

Question 4.
Reread the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term minority?
Answer:
The term minority is most commonly used to refer to communities that are numerically small in relation to the rest of the population.

Question 5.
You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement: ‘Muslims are a marginalised community’ using the data provided in this chapter list two reasons that you would give.
Answer:
Muslims are marginalised community because:
(i) They do not have equal access to basic amenities such as pucca house, electricity, piped water, etc.
(ii) Muslims have lowest literacy rates as compared to other religious groups of India.

Question 6.
Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks, “Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.”
List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.
Answer:
(i) Adivasis led excluded life in different hilly and forests areas of India till the middle of the nineteenth century or the dawn of British imperialism in India.

(ii) Adivasis are not a homogeneous population. There are over 500 different Adivasi groups ‘n our country. They are particularly numerous, in states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and in the north¬eastern states of Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura.

(iii) Adivasis practise ancestor worship and believes in all types of supernatural spirits like the primitive men.

Question 7.
In the story board, you read about how Helen hope to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?
Answer:
The story runs like this:
A foreign company has planned to establish a metal company in area of Adivasis. They are forced to move in very large number to various areas of India. A man and his girl friend decide to make an association. They approach to district authority, state Govt, and lastly to central government.

Under their leadership, the Adiyasis demand three things forest, water and livelihood. After a long struggle, Human Right Commission comes forward and their demands are accepted. They are handed over fairly large forest-lands, supply of water and they are given employment in companies and some newly started small scale industries etc.

Question 8.
Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?
Answer:
The different reports about the marginalisation point out that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked.
(i) In terms of occupation, houses, piped water, Muslims lag behind many other religious groups.

(ii) Most of the Muslims work in unorganised sector and have lower living standards than Hindus as a whole. Because of lack of education, they find it difficult to get both public as well as private sector jobs.

(iii) Since they are economically backward, they fail to attain a higher status in Indian society. Thus, economic and social marginalisation are interdependent.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Marginalisation Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are Adivasis?
Answer:
Adivasis literally means ‘original inhabitants’ who lived and often continue to live, in close association with forests.

Question 2.
How much percent of India’s population is Adivasi?
Answer:
Around 8 percent.

Question 3.
Name the important mining ana industrial centres where Adivasis are located.
Answer:
Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Bhilai.

Question 4.
About how many Adivasi groups are there in India?
Answer:
About 500 different Adivasi groups are there in India.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have Adivasis been treated by the state and private industrialists for the past 200 years.
Answer:
Adivasis have been increasingly forced through economic chagnes, forest policies and political force applied by the state and private industry. They migrated to live as worker in plantations, as construction sites, in industries and households.

Question 2.
Why are safeguards required for minorities?
Answer:
(i) To protect minority communities against the possibility of being culturally dominated by the majority.
(ii) To protect minorities against any discrimination and disadvantage that they may face.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have the forests been important for life and development of Adivasis?
Answer:
Forests have been very important for life and development of Adivasis.
(i) Metal ores like iron and copper, gold and silver, coal and diamonds, invaluable timber, most medicinal herbs and animal products and animal themselves all come from forests.
(ii) The continuation of life depended heavily on forests, that help recharge many of India’s rivers.
(iii) Forests covered the major part of our country till the nineteenth century.

Question 2.
By whom were the following demands being made on forest land?
(a) Timber for construction of houses and railways.
(b) Forest land for mining.
(c) Reserved by government and wild life parks.
In what ways would this effect tribal people?
Answer:
(a) Timber for construction of houses demanded by companies enaged in construction, work Or by individual rich people or by joint groups or companies. Timber for railways is demanded by Central Government or by Railway Contractors.
(b) By mining companies, by industrialists or industrial companies.
(c) Ministry of Forest and Environment on behalf of government.

Question 3.
In what ways would this affect tribal people?
Answer:
These would affect life of tribal people in following ways:
(i) Tribal people will loose their land and forests.
(ii) Their lives will be disturbed as the continuation of life depends heavily on forests, that help recharge many of our country’s rivers.
(iii) The tribal people will face shortage in the availability and quality of air and water.
(iv) More than 50 percent of tribal persons have been displaced.

Picture-Based Questions

(A) Look at the pictures and answer the following questions.


Question 1.
What do the two pictures reflect?
Answer:
The two pictures reflect the traditional dresses and life-style of Adivasis.

Question 2.
What image do we get about Adivasis from the pictures?
Answer:
We come to know that Adivasis were ‘exotic’ and ‘backward’.

(B) Look at the adjoining picture of Niyamgiri Hill and answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Where is Niyamgiri Hill located?
Answer:
Niyamgiri Hill is located in Kalahandi district of Orissa.

Question 2.
Name the Adivasi community which inhabits this area.
Answer:
Dongarria Konds.

Question 3.
Why is Adivasi Community endangered to be displaced from here?
Answer:
Adivasi Community is endangered to be displaced from here because a major aluminium company is planing to set-up a mine and a refinery here.

Question 4.
What action has been taken by Adivasi Community against it?
Answer:
Adivasi people have strongly resisted this proposed development and have been joined by environmentalists as well. A case against the company is also pending in Supreme Court.

Understanding Marginalisation Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Hierarchy: A graded system or arrangement of persons or things. Usually persons at the bottom of the hierarchy are those who have the least power.
• Ghettoisation: A ghetto is an area or locality that is populated largely by members of a particular community. Ghettoisation refers to the process that leads to such a situation.
• Mainstream: Literally this refers to the main current of a river or stream. In this chapter it is used to refer to a cultural context in which the customs and practices that are followed are those of the dominant community. Mainstream is also used to refer to those people or communities that are considered to be at the centre of a society.
• Displaced: This, here, refers to people who are forced or compelled to move from their homes for big development projects including dams, mining etc.
• Militarised: An area where the presence of the armed forces is considerable.
• Malnourished: A person who does not get adequate nutrition or food.
• Adivasis: The term adivasis, literally means ‘original in habitants’.
• Socially Marginalised: To be forced to occupy the sides or fringes and thus not be at the centre of things or set-up.
• Santhali: A language mainly spoken by Santhal adivasis.
• Republic Day: It is the day (26th January) when the constitution of our country was adopted.
• Scheduled Castes: Those dalits or damits who have been officially enlisted for special reservation and facilities so that their development may take place quickly in the society and grouped as scheduled caste.
• Sachar Committee: The government set-up a high-level committee in 2005, that was chaired by justice Rajinder Sachar to examine status of the Muslims.
• Tribals: Tribals are also referred to as Adivasis.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the ground on which the final between both teams is to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured. Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system.
First divide the class into the following four groups of person:
1. Police.
2. Public Prosecutor.
3. Defence Lawyer.
4. Judge.
The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions it needs to perform to bring justice.

Roles	Function
Police	hear the witnesses record the statements of witnesses
Public Prosecutor	cross examine the witnesses take photographs of burnt homes
Defence Lawyer	record the evidence arrest the Fiesta Fans write the judgement argue the case for the victims
Judge	decide for how many years the accused will be put in jail examine the witness in court pass the judgement get the assaulted women medically examined conduct a fair trial meet the accused person.

Match the above columns correctly.
Answer:

Roles	Functions
Police	take photographs of burnt houses.
Police	get the assaulted women medically examined
Police	record the evidence
Police	meet the accused persons.
Police	arrest the Fiesta fans
Judge	hear the witnesses
Judge	record the statement of witness.
Defence Lawyer	Cross examine the witness
Public Prosecutor	argue the case for victims
Judge	writes the judgement
Judge	decide for how many years the accused will be put in jail.
Judge	pass the judgement.
Judge	conduct a fair trial.

Question 2.
Now take the same situation but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta club to perform all the functions listed above.
Answer:
Self-activity.

Question 3.
Do you think the victims can get justice if only one person performed all the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not?
Answer:
The victims cannot get justice if one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system. Every function requires special skill to perform the task and also if one person performs all the functions, there is least possibility of cross-check. The police receives a complaint, the defence lawyer tries to defind the accused, the judge gives decision in the court and decides the punishment for the culprit. If only one person performed all the functions of the criminal justice system, that will lead to end of democracy.

Question 4.
State two reasons why do you believe that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system.
Answer:
The two reasons to support the view that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system are:
(i) The police and the judges are on one side and the Public Prosecutor and the Defence Lawyers on the other. This keeps a balance between two sides of the judicial edifice and ensures an impartial and fair justice.

(ii) If the duty of charging a person and punishing him is given to a single person, it would be the end of a democracy. In such a situation, the Fundamental Rights will have no meaning.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who are the four key players in the criminal justice system?
Answer:
(i) The Police
(ii) the Public Prosecutor
(iii) the Defence lawyer
(iv) the Judge.

Question 2.
What is done by police under investigation?
Answer:
A police records statements of witnesses and collects different kinds of evidence under investigation.

Question 3.
Who decides whether a person is guilty or innocent?
Answer:
The judge decides whether a person is guilty or innocent.

Question 4.
What does Article 21 of the Constitution state?
Answer:
Article 21 of the Constitution that guarantees the Right to Life that a person’s life or liberty can be taken away only be following a just and reasonable legal procedure.

Question 5.
When does the role of the public prosecutor begin?
Answer:
The role of the public prosecutor begins once the police has conducted the investigation and filed the charge sheet in the court.

Question 6.
What is an FIR (First Information Report)?
Answer:
The First Information Report is the information that a police officer receives about the commission of a crime.

Question 7.
Who is a Public Prosecutor?
Answer:
Public Prosecutor is a gazetted officer who is appointed by the state to help in the prosecution of offenders to keep the society free from crimes.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write three functions of the judge.
Answer:
The functions of the judge are:
(а) The judge hears all the witnesses and any other evidence presented by the prosecution and defence.
(B) The judge decides whether the person is guilty or innocent on the basis of the evidence presented and in accordance with the law.
(c) The judge pronounces the sentence for the accused. He may sei die person to jail or impose a fine or both, depending on what the law prescribes. .

Question 2.
What are the functions of the defence lawyer?
Answer:
The functions of the defence lawyer are:
(a) He gets a copy of the chargesheet and statements of the witnesses and he questions and cross examines the witnesses of the prosecution.
(B) He confirms that a fair trial is conducted.
(c) He presents witnesses in the defence of the accused.
(d) He collects and produces strong evidences to defend his client and to set him free.

Question 3.
Write three salient features of an FIR.
Answer:
(a) An FIR must be in writing, duly signed, and the copy must be handed over to the informant.
(b) An FIR must contain the place, date, time and an elaborate description of the incident.
(c) There is no fixed time for filing an FIR but is best if it is filed at the earliest, soon after the incident as the delay may prove fatal for the victim.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the Fundamental Rights guaranteed to every arrested person under Article 22 of the constitution?
Answer:
Article 22 of the constitution and criminal law guarantee to every arrested person the following Fundamental Rights:
(i) The right to be informed at the time of arrest of the offence for which the person is being arrested.
(ii) The right to be presented before a magistrate with in 24 hours of arrest.
(iii) The right not to be ill-treated or tortured during arrest or in custody.
(iv) Confessions made in police custody can not be used as evidence against the accused.
(v) A boy under 15 years of age and women cannot be called to the police station only for questioning.

Question 2.
What are the various preconditions of a fair trial?
Answer:
The following are the preconditions of a fair trial:
(i) The FIR (First Information Report) of the complainant should be registered at the Police Station and its copy should be given to every accused person.
(ii) A person can be arrested only with the permission of the court and on some valid ground.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Accused: This refers to the person who is tried by a court for a crime.
• Cognizable: This refers to an offence for which the police may arrest a person without the permission of the court.
• Cross-examine: This refers to the questioning of a witness who has already been examined by the opposing side in order to determine the veracity of his/her testimony.
• Detention: This refers to the act of being kept in illegal custody of the police.
• Impartial: The act of being fair or just and not favoring one side over another.
• Offense: Any act that the law defines as a crime.
• To be charged with a crime: This refers to the trial judge informing the accused, in writing, of the offense for which he/she will face trial.
• Witness: This refers to the person who is called upon in court to provide a first-hand account of what he/she has seen, heard, or knows.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary

HBSE 8th Class Civics Judiciary Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
You read that one of the main functions of the Judiciary is holding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this important function?
Answer:
An independent judiciary is necessary to carry out the function of ‘upholding the law and enforcing Fundamental Rights’ so that every citizen of India can approach the Supreme Court if they believe that their Fundamental Rights have been violated.

Question 2.
Read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in chapter I. How do you think the Right of Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of Judicial review?
Answer:
The Right to Constitutional Remedies and the idea of judicial review in both the cases, judiciary has the power to make amendments or corrections in the law if it believes that they are in violation of the basic structure of the constitutions. Judiciary acts as the guardian of our constitution.

Question 3.
In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgements given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class.

Answer:
Judgments given by various courts in the Sudha Goel case are:
(i) Lower Court: Laxman, his mother Shakuntala and his brother-in-law Subhash Chandra all the three were sentenced to death.
(ii) High Court: Laxman, Shakuntala and S ubhash Chandra were acquitted.
(iii) Supreme Court: Laxman and Shakuntala were sent to prison for life. Brother- in-law Subhash was acquitted due to lack of evidence against him.

Question 4.
Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sen tences that are true and correct the ones that are false.
(a) The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the trial court.
(b) They went to the high court after Supreme Court had given its decision.
(c) If they don’t like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the trial court.
Answer:
(a) Correct
(b) False. They went to the High Court after the Trial Court had given its decision.
(c) False. They have to accept the Supreme Court verdict, since it is the highest court. The accused cannot go back to the Trial Court.

Question 5.
Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all?
Answer:
The introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all because it allowed any individual or organisation to file a PIL in the High Court or the Supreme Court on behalf of those whose rights were being violated. The legal process was greatly simplified and even a letter or telegram addressed to the Supreme Court or the High Court could be treated as a PIL. ,

Question 6.
Reread excerpts from the judge¬ment on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood as part of the Right to Life. .
Answer:
The Right to Livelihood is the part of the Right to Life because no person can live without the means of living. In the case of Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal Corporation, the people live in slum. They have small jobs in the city and for them there is nowhere else to live. The eviction of their slum will lead to deprivation of their livelihood and consequently to the deprivation of life. Thus, it can be said that Right to Life means the need of basic requirements of livelihood, i.e., food, shelter and cloth.

Question 7.
Write a story around the theme, “Justice delayed is justice denied.”
Answer:
The delay in giving justice amounts to a negation of the principle of justice.
A story around the theme runs like this, Gopal took a loan of 1,00,000 from a money-lender for the marriage of his daughter. As he was coming back, a thief snatched the bag of money from him. He screamed and luckily, the people in the locality helped him to take his bag from the thief. However, the bag first went to the police custody and the case took a long time in the court so that Gopal could not get the money on time and the marriage of his daughter was cancelled and he was also mentally harassed. Hence, it is true to say “Justice delayed is justice denied.”

Question 8.
Make sentences with each of the glossary words given below:
(a) Acquit
(b) To appeal
(c) Compensation
(d) Eviction
(e) Violation
Answer:
(a) Acquit: He was honorably acquitted of blame by a court martial.
(b) To appeal: Our school made efforts for fund raising for the tsunami appeal.
(c) Compensation: The court granted huge compensation to the young lady after the divorce.
(d) Eviction: Unlawful eviction and harassment is a criminal offence in the United Kingdom.
(e) Violation: Violation of traffic rules can lead to huge losses.

Question 9.
The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign.

Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food. How does the phrase “Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns! We will not accept it!” used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?
Answer:
The constitution of India grants the citizens the Right to live. Right to live is closely associated with the Right to Food.
The duties of the government to uphold the right to food are:
(a) to provide at least minimum food item to the people either totally free or charging very nominal cost.
(b) to check the hoarding of wheat, rice, sugar.
(c) to check unnecessary inflation in price of food items.
(d) to provide mid-day meals to the poor- children in the school.
‘Hungry stomachs, overflowing godowns’ is not at all acceptable in a civilized society. Instead, the need of the hour is Guru Nanak’s saying; “HINDI” If the hoarding of food is not discouraged, the people with hungry stomachs will attempt to commit crimes.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Judiciary Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what ways can the work of judiciary be divided?
Answer:
(a) Dispute Resolution
(b) Judicial Review
(c) Upholding the Law and Enforcing Fundamental Rights.

Question 2.
When was the Supreme Court of India established? .
Answer:
26 January, 1950.

Question 3.
Where is the Supreme Court of India located?
Answer:
New Delhi.

Question 4.
Who presides over the Supreme Court?
Answer:
Chief Justice.

Question 5.
In which three Presidencies were the High Courts first established?
Answer:
(a) Calcutta (now Kolkata)
(b) Bombay (now Mumbai)
(c) Madras (now Chennai).

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the eligibility conditions for appointment as a judge of the High Court?
Answer:
To qualify for appointment as a judge of the High Court, the person:
• must be a citizen of India.
• should have 10 years of experience as an advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts in succession.

Question 2.
What are the functions of High Court?
Answer:
(i) The High Court issues writs for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights.
(ii) It passes rules on election petitions and other election-related disputes.
(iii) It hears appeals in both civil and criminal cases against the decisions of the subordinate courts and reviews the judgements.
(iv) It controls and superwises the working of the subordinate courts.

Question 3.
Distinguish between Criminal Law and Civil Law.
Answer:

Criminal Law	Civil Law
1. Deals with conduct or acts that the law defines as offences. For example, theft, harassing a woman to bring more dowry, murder.	1. Deals with any harm or injury to rights of individuals. For example : dispute relating to sale of land, purchase of goods, rent matters, divorce cases.
2. It usually begins with the lodging of an FIR (First Information Report) with the police who investigates the crime after which a case is filed in court.	2. A petition has to be filed before the relevant court by the affected party only.
3. If found guilty, the accused can be sent to jail and also fined.	3. The court gives the specific relief asked for.

Question 4.
What are the qualifications for the appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court?
Answer:
To qualify for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court, the person must:
(a) be a citizen of India.
(b) have experience of at least five years as a judge of a High Court, or at least 10 years as an advocate of a High Court, or be a distinguished jurist in the President’s opinion.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In India, we have an integrated judicial system. What does it mean?
Answer:
It means that the decisions made by higher courts are binding on the lower courts. This integration can also be understood through the appellate system that exists in India. It means that a person can appeal to a higher court if he believes that the judgement passed by the lower court is not just.

Question 2.
Why was the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) introduced by the Supreme Court?
Answer:
In our courty the courts are available for all. But in reality, access to courts has always been difficult for a vast majority of the poor in India. Legal procedures involve a lot of money and paper work as well as take-up a lot of time. For a poor person who cannot read and write and whose family depends on a daily wage, the idea to going to court to get justice often seems remote. Therefore, the Supreme Court devised a mechanism of Public Interest Litigation.

Judiciary Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Acquit: This refers to the court declaring that a person is not guilty of the crime which he/ she was tried for by the court.
• Compensation: This refers to the money given to make amends for an injury or a loss.
• Eviction: This refers to the removal of persons from land/homes that they are currently living in.
• Violation: This refers both to the act of breaking a law as well as to the breach or infringement of Fundamental Rights.
• Tenure: The period for which an official remains in his office.
• Civil Cases: Cases relating to property, taxes, contracts, etc.
• Criminal Cases: Cases involving a violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault etc.
• Jurisdiction: It refers to the territorial limits within which the court’s authority can be exercised. The area of authority is called jurisdiction.
• Appellate Jurisdiction: It refers to the power of superior courts to hear and decide appeals against the judgment of lower courts.
• Original Jurisdiction: Types of cases that come directly before the Supreme Court and it has the sole right to give judgment.
• Court of Record: The Supreme Court and High Courts are called the court of record because all the decisions and proceedings of these courts are kept as records and similar circumstances are quoted as precedents in the courts.
• Lok Adalat: Lok Adalat means people’s court set up for speedy and economical justice to the poor and downtrodden and to prevent delay in justice.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Human Resource

HBSE 8th Class Geography Human Resource Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at Fig. 6.1 and find out the continents which have the population:
(a) Only 5 percent
(b) Only 13 percent
(c) Only 1 percent
(d) Only 12 percent
Answer:
(a) North America
(b) Africa
(c) Oceania (Australia)
(d) Europe

Question 2.
Look at Fig. 6.2. below and find out of these countries how many are in Asia. Colour them on world map.

Answer:
The countries in Asia are : China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Japan.

EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Why are people considered a resource?
(ii) What are the causes for the uneven distribution of population in the world?
(iii) The world population has grown very rapidly. Why?
(iv) Discuss the role of any two factors influencing population change.
(v) What is meant by population composition?
(vi) What are population pyramids? How do they help in understanding about the population of a country?
Answer:
(i) People are considered a resource because it is the people who work on the natural resources of a country to produce wealth and raise standard of living.

(ii) Causes for the uneven distribution of population
(a) Geographical Factors:
→ Topography : People always prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus because these areas are suitable for farming, manufacturing and service activities. The Ganga plains are the most densely populated areas of the world while mountains like Andes, Alps and Himalayas are sparsely populated.

→ Climate: People usually avoid extreme climates that are very hot or very cold like Sahara desert, Polar regions of Russia, Canada and Antarctica.

→ Soil: Fertile soils provide suitable land for agriculture. Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, Hwang-Ho, Chang Jiang in China and the Nile in Egypt are densely populated.

→ Water: People prefer to live in the areas where fresh water is easily available. The river valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts have sparse population.

→ Minerals : Area with mineral deposits are more populated. Diamond mines of South Africa and discovery of oil in the Middle East lead to setting of people in 1 these areas.

(b) Socio-cultural and economic Factors
→ Social: Areas of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated e.g., Pune.

→ Cultural : Places with religion or cultured significance attract people. Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican City are some examples.

→ Economic : Industrial areas provide employment apportunities. Large number of people are attracted to these areas. Osaka in Japan and Mumbai in India are two densely populated areas.

(iii) The world population has grown very rapidly because of:
(а) Decrease in death rate due to :

• Increase food supplies
• Better medical facilities

(b) Birth rate still very high.

(iv) Population change refers to change in the number of people living during a specified period of time. Main factors influencing population change are:

• The difference between the birth rate and death rate (natural growth rate) is the main cause of population change.
• Migrations also bring about population change. Migration refers to the movement of people in and out of an area. People may move within a country or between countries.

(v) The different characteristics of a population in terms of age, sex, literacy level, health conditon, occupation and income level together form the composition of the population.

(vi) The distribution of various age groups in the population is shown by the age structure and male-female ratio diagram. This is called population pyramid.

The shape of the population pyramid of a country reveals two major details about the people age-group and sex-ratio. It also tells us how many dependents are there in a country.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Which does the term population distribution refer to?
(a) How population in a specified Area changes over time.
(b) The number of people who die in relation to the number of people born in a specified area.
(c) The way in which people are spread across a given area.
Answer:
(c) The way in which people are spread across a given area.

(ii) Which are the three main factors that cause population change?
(a) Births, deaths and marriage
(b) Births, deaths and migration
(c) Births, deaths and life expectancy
Answer:
(b) Births, deaths and migration.

(iii) In 1999, the world population reached ________.
(а) 1 billion
(b) 3 billion
(c) 6 billion
Answer:
(c) 6 billion.

(iv) What is a population pyramid?
(a) a geographical presentation of the age, sex composition of a population.
(b) When the population density of an area is so high that people live in tall buildings.
(c) Pattern of population distribution in large urban areas.
Answer:
(c) 6 billion

Question 3.
Complete the sentences below using some of the following words.
sparsely, favourable, fallow, artificial, fertile, natural, extreme, densely
When people are attracted to an area it becomes ________ populated. Factors that influence this include ________ climate, good supplies of ________ resources and ________ land.
Answer:
densely, favourable, natural, fertile.

ACTIVITY

Question 4.
Discuss the characteristics of a society with “too many under 15s” and one with “too few under 15’s”.
Hint : need for schools, pension schemes, teachers, toys, wheel chairs, labour, supply, hospitals.
Answer:
People of different age groups have different requirements. If a society has too many under 15s; it will require more teachers, toys, schools as per the needs of children. Labour supply will be less.

If a society has too few under 15s, it implies it has more adult population which will require more pension schemes, hospitals, wheel chairs Labour supply will be more.

HBSE 8th Class Geography Human Resource Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did the Ministry of Human Resource Development establish? What was its aim?
Answer:
The Ministry of Human Resource Development was established in 1985. Its main aim was to improve people’s skills.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the pattern of population distribution?
Answer:
The way in which people are spread across the earth surface is known as the pattern of population distribution.

Question 3.
Which are the most crowded areas of the world?
Answer:

• South and South-East Asia
• Europe
• North-Eastern North America.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Sixty percent of the world’s population stay in just 10 countries. Name any eight of them.
Answer:

• China
• India
• USA
• Indonesia
• Brazil
• Pakistan
• Bangladesh
• Russia
• Nigeria
• Japan.

Question 2.
What is the average density of population of the world? Which part of the world- have the highest density of population?
Answer:
The average density of population of the world is 45 persons per sq km. South central Asia has the highest density of population.

Question 3.
In the early 1970s, the world population was 3 billion. In 1999, the population doubled to 6 billion. What were the factors responsible for this growth?
Answer:
Factors responsible for this population growth were :

• Better food supplies
• Better medicines and
• Reduced Death Rate
• Number of births medical facilities remained fairly high.

Question 4.
Does emigration and immigration affect the population size of a country? Give example in support of your answer.
Answer:
Emigration and immigration do affect the population size of a country. Example: the population of United States of America and Austrilia increased due to immigration while Sudan has experienced a loss in population due to emigration.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how social, cultural and economise factors affect the distribution of population?
Answer:
Social factors: Area of better housing, education and health facilities are more densely populated, e.g., Pune, Bangalore, Chandigarh. Cultural factors : Places of religious or cultural signifi cance attract people. For example, Varanasi, Jerusalem and Vatican city.
Economic factors: Industrial areas provide employment opportunities, thus, attract large number of people. For example, Osaka, Mumbai.

Question 2.
Until the 1300s, the world’s population grew steadily but slowly. Give reasons.
Answer:

• Large number of babies were born, but they died early too.
• Lack of proper health facilities.
• Sufficient food was not available to masses.
• Farmers were not able to produce enough to meet the food requirements of all the people.

Question 3.
What is the general trend of international and internal (within a nation) migration?
Answer:

• The general trend of international migration is from less developed nations to the more developed nations in search of better employment opportunities.
• Within a nation, people move from the rural to urban areas in search of employment education and health facilities.

Question 4.
How does the population pyramid of a country in which both birth and death rates are high look? What do you conclude from such pyramid?
Answer:
The population pyramid of a country in which both birth and death rates are high, is broad at the base and rapidly narrows towards the top. This is because, although many children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very few old people.

Question 5.
How do soil and water affect the distribution of population?
Answer:
→ Soil: Fertile soil provides suitable land for agriculture. Fertile plains such as Ganga and Brahmaputra in India, the Nile in Egypt are densely populated.

→ Water : People prefer to live in the areas where sufficient amount of fresh water is available. The river valleys of the world are densely populated while deserts are sparsely populated.

Question 6.
How to topography and climate affect distribution of population?
Answer:
→ Topography : People prefer to live on plains rather than mountains and plateaus because plains are suitable for farming, manufacturing, transportation, etc. The Hwang Ho plains are densely populated while mountains like Andes, Alps, Himalayas are sparsely populated.

→ Climate : Regions of very hot and very cold climate like Sahara desert, Antarctica are sparsely populated.

Picture Based Questions

Look at the population pyramid shown in the adjoining picture. Answer the questions that follow:

Question 1.
To which country does it belong to?
Answer:
It belongs to Kenya.

Question 2.
Why is it broad at the base?
Answer:
This is broad at the base because many children are born.

Question 3.
Why does the population pyramid rapidly narrows towards the top
Answer:
The population pyramid rapidly narrows towards the top because though many children are born, a large percentage of them die in their infancy, relatively few become adults and there are very few old people.

Human Resource Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Human Resources: All human beings engaged in some useful activities represent the human resources.
• Pattern of Population Distribution: The way in which people are spread across the earth’s surface is known as the pattern of population distribution.
• Population Density : Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface.
• Population Change : The population change refers to change in the number of people during a specific time.
• Migration : Migration is the movement of people in and out of an area.
• Life Expectancy: It is the number of years that an average person can expect to live.
• Birth Rate : The number of live births per 1000 people.
• Death Rate : The number of deaths per 1,000 people.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Industries Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Industries

HBSE 8th Class Geography Industries Textbook Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY

Question 1.
Give some examples of agro based industries.
Answer:
Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.

Question 2.
Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the manufacture of a leather shoe.
Answer:
Inputs : Raw materials like leather, labour, cost of land, transport, infrastructure.
Processes : Activities to convert hide into tough leather, spinning, printing.
Outputs : Leather shoes.

Question 3.
Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.
Answer:
The shirt which we use is made up of cotton. Cotton is grown in the fields. Cotton buds are plucked and cotton is separated. Cotton seeds also separated and then it is processed for spinning. It is done by hand dr looms. Now machines are used which are run by power. After spinning the weaving process starts and cotton cloth is ready for making shirt which is used by us. In this process power, labour and capital in big amount is used.

Question 4.
What inputs in quantity are required to manufacture one tonne of steel?
Answer:
It requires 8 tonne of coal, 4 tonnes of iron ore and one tonne of lime stone.

LET’S DO

Question 5.
On the outline map of India locate the places that supply raw material to TISCO.

Answer:
The raw material with their source required for TISCO:

• Iron-ore : From Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• Limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• Water is supplied from Kharkai and Subarnrekha rivers.

Question 6.
On the outline map of the world mark the places which provide raw material to cotton textile industry of Osaka.

Answer:
The main raw material of cotton textile industry is cotton. For Osaka textile industry cotton is imported from India, USA and Egypt.

Question 7.
Bangalore has some important public sectors and research institutions. Find out the full forms of the organisations listed below
BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, nSc, NCBS, and UAS.
Answer:
BEL – Bharat Electrical Ltd.
BHEL – Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited.
HAL – Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
NAL – National Aeronautics Ltd.
DRDO – Defence Reaserch and Development Organisation
ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation
ITI – Industrial Training Institute
IISc – Indian Institute Of Science
NCBS – National Centre for Biological Science
UAS – University Administration and Services
BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, nSc, NCBS, and UAS.

Question 8.
Collect different types of cloth pieces from the tailor’s shop and classify them under cotton, silk, synthetic and woollen. Find out the raw materials used in their manufacturing.
Answer:

• Cotton – From agriculture
• Silk – Silk worm
• Synthetic – Petroleum products
• Woollen – Sheep

EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Answer:
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extracton of minerals and provision of services.

(ii) What are the main factors which influence the location of an industry ?
Answer:
The factors affecting the location of an industry are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, capital, transport and market.

(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modem industry and why?
Answer:
Iron and steel is often referred as the backbone of modem industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools or machines of this metal. Ships, trains, tracks are made largely with steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel framework.

(iv) Why cotton textile industry expanded rapidly in Mumbai ?
Answer:
The warm, moist climate, port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of cotton textile industry in Mumbai.

(v) What are the similarities between information technology (IT) industry in Bangalore and California?
Answer:

Bangalore	California
1. Bangalore is located in Deccan plateau of India.	1. Silicon Valley is a part of Santa Clara Valley in California.
2. The city is known for mild climate throughout the year.	2. The area has temperate climate.
3. Bangalore has the largest number of IT. colleges and software companies.	3. Close to some of the advanced scientific and technological centres of the world.
4. It is considered dust- free city.	4. Pleasant climate with attractive and a clean environment.
5. It is located close to major roads and airports.	5. It is also close to major roads and airports.
6. Good access to market and skilled workforce.	6. Good access to market and skilled workforce.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Silicon Valley is located in
(a) Bangalore
(b) California
(c) Ahmedabad
Answer:
(b) California.

(ii) Which one of the following industries is known as sunrise industry?
(a) Iron and steel industry
(b) Cotton textile
(c) Information technology
Answer:
(c) Information technology.

(iii) Which one of the following is a ‘natural fibre’?
(a) Nylon
(b) Jute
(c) Acrylic
Answer:
(b) Jute.

Question 3.
Distinguish between the following:
(i) Agro-based and mineral-based industry.
(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry.
Answer:
(i)

Agro-Based Industry	Mineral-Based Industry
1. Agro-based industries use plant and animal based products as their raw materials.	1. Mineral based industries are primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw material.
2. Food processing, vegetable oil are examples of agro- based industries.	2. Iron made from iron-ore is a product of mineral

(ii)

Public Sector Industry	Joint Sector Industry
1. Public Sector industries are owned and operated by government.	1. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by state and a group of individuals.
2. Example : Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd., Steel Authority of India Ltd.	2. Example : Maruti Udyog Ltd.

Question 4.
Give two examples of the following in the space provided.
(i) Raw materials: __________ and __________
(ii) End products : __________ and __________
(iii) Tertiary activities : __________ and __________
(iv) Agro-based industries: __________ and __________
(v) Cotton industries : __________ and __________
(vi) Co-operatives : __________ and __________
Answer:
(i) Iron ore, cotton.
(ii) Baskets, Handicrafts.
(iii) Commerce, Banking.
(iv) Food processing, Vegetable oil.
(v) Basket weaving, Pottery
(vi) Amul, Mother Dairy.

ACTIVITY

Question 5.
Activity
How to identify a location for establishing an industry?
Divide your class into groups. Each group is a Board of Directors faced with the problem of choosing a suitable site for an iron and steel plant Developen Dweep. A team of technical experts have submitted a report with notes and a map. The team considered access to iron-ore, coal, water and limestone as well as the main market, sources of labour and port facilities. The team has suggested two sites, X and Y. The Board of Directors have to take the final decision of where to locate the steel plant.

• Read the report submitted by the team.
• Study the map to find out the distances of the resources from each site.
• Give each resource a “weight” from 1 to 10, according to its importance. The greater the ‘pull’ of the factor on the industry, the higher the, weight from 1 to 10.
• Complete the table.
• The site with the lowest total should be the most satisfactory site.
• Remember each group of directors can decide differently.

REPORT

Factors/Resources affecting the location of a proposed Iron and Steel Plant on Developen Dweep.
Iron-ore : This is a very large deposit of low grade iron-ore. Long distance transportation of the ore would be uneconomic.

→ Coal : The only coalfield contains rich deposits of high grade coal. Transportation of the coal is by railway, which is relatively cheap.

→ Limestone : This is widely available over the island, but the purest deposits are in the Chuna Mountains.

→ Water: Both the tributaries of river Neel carry sufficient water to supply a large iron and steel plant in all seasons. The sea water, because of its high salt content is unsuitable.

→ Market : It is expected that the chief market for the plant’s products will be the engineering works of Rajdhanipur. Transport costs for the products mainly small steel bars and light steel plates would be relatively low.

→ Labour Supply : This will have to be recruited mainly from the unskilled workers in the 3 fishing villages of Hii, Rah and Sing. It is expected that most workers will commute daily from their present homes.

→ Port Facilities : These are at present minimal. There is a good, deep natural harbour at port Paschimpur developed to import metal alloys.

the larger the pull, the higher the weighting.

HBSE 8th Class Geography Industries Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On what bases industries can be classified?
Answer:
Industries can be classified on the following bases : (a) raw materials, (b) size, (c) ownership.

Question 2.
Classify the industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
Private sector, state owned or public sectors, joint sector and co-operative sector.

Question 3.
Name the major industrial regions of the world.
Answer:

• Eastern North America
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Asia.

Question 4.
Why do industrial accidents or disaster occur?
Answer:
Industrial accidents occur mainly due to technical failure or irresponsibile handling of hazardous material.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how products of mineral based industries feed other industries.
Answer:
Iron made from iron-ore is the product of mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of various products such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Question 2.
What is the difference between private sector and public sector industries?
Answer:
Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government.

Question 3.
Write the difference between joint sector and co-operative sector industries.
Answer:
1. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
2. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

Question 4.
Name the major industrial regions of India.
Answer:

• Mumbai Pune Cluster
• Bangalore Tamil Nadu region
• Hugli region
• Ahmedabad Baroda region
• Chottanagpur Industrial belt
• Visakhapatnam Guntur belt,
• Gurgaon Delhi Meerut region
• Kollam Thiruvananthapuram region.

Question 5.
What was the cause of industrial diaster which occurred in Bhopal on December 3,1984?
Answer:
The industrial disaster in Bhopal on 3 December, 1984 occurred due to the leakage of high poisonous Methyl Isocynate (MIC) gas alongwith Hydrogen Cyanide and other reactive products.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was Sakchi (Jamshedpur) chosen to set up the steel plant TISCO? Give reason.
Answer:
Sakchi was chosen to set-up steel plant (TISCO) for various reasons:

• It was close to the iron-ore, coal and manganese deposits. TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields and iron-ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured suffficient water supply.
• Kolkata provided a large market.
• Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

Question 2.
Describe the locational advantages of Pittsburgh Steel City in the United States America.
Answer:
Locational advantages of Pittsburgh steel city :

• Coal is available locally.
• Iron-ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
• The world’s best route: the famous Great Lakes waterway is available for shipping ore cheaply
• Train carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.
• The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

Question 3.
Describe the favourable locational factors that were responsible for the development of the textile industry in Ahmedabad.
Answer:

• Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area. This ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
• The flat terrain is suitable for the establishment of the mills.
• The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semiskilled labour
• There are well developed road and railway network.
• Nearby Mumbai port facilities import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.

Question 4.
‘Ahmedabad’ is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area’. Write its advantages.
Answer:

• Location of Ahmedabad ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The humid climate there is ideal for textile processes.
• The plain area and easy availability of land helps establish mills.
• Gujarat and Maharashtra provide for skilled and semi-skilled labour.
• Easy access to market is provided through transportation by well-developed roads and railway network.

MAP-TIME

On an outline map of the world, mark 5 major iron-ore producing areas.
Answer:
Industries Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Industry: It is an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals, or provision of services.
• Agro-Based Industries: These industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw material. For Example, Food processing, and cotton textile industries.
• Mineral Based Industries : These industries use mineral ores as their raw materials. For example, Iron-Steel Industry,
• Marine Based Industries: These industries use products from seas and oceans as raw materials. For example, Industries are processing seafood.
• Forest Based Industries: These industries utilize forest produce as raw materials. For Example, Industries associated with pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals.
• Small Scale Industries : They use a lesser amount of capital and technology.
• Large Scale Industries: They are industries that use larger capital and technology to produce large volumes of products.
• Private Sector Industries: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
• Joint Sector Industries: These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Maruti Udyog Ltd.
• Co-operative Sector Industries: These industries are owned and co-operated by producers suppliers, workers, or both. For example, Amul, Mother Dairy.
• IT Industry: It deals in the storage, processing, and distribution of information.