Class 8

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

HBSE 8th Class Geography Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is agriculture?
Answer:
The science and art of cultivation of the soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock are called agriculture. It is a primary activity and one of the oldest occupations known to humans.

(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture.
Answer:
The factors influencing agriculture are:
(a) Climate
(b) Soil
(c) Relief
(d) Other factors like availability of irrigation facilities, size of landholdings, transport facilities, nearness of market etc.

(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer:
Shifting cultivation is the process of agriculture where a small area of a forest is cleared by cutting down all the trees and the area is burned. The ashes are mixed with soil to make it more fertile and the land is used for growing crops. After a couple of years, when the land becomes less fertile, it is abandoned.

The disadvantages of shifting cultivation are:
(а) It has led to deforestation and loss of natural vegetation.
(b) It leads to soil erosion and soil loss.

(iv) What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:
Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming practised on farms called estates to grown a single crop like tea, coffee, sugarcane, rubber, banana etc. The plantations are managed like industrial units.

(v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.
Answer:
The fibre crops are : Cotton, Jute
Climatic conditions for their growth are:
Cotton :
(а) High temperature of about 27°C during the growing period.
(b) Rainfall of about 60 cm to 100 cm in frequent showers.
(c) Fertile, well drained soil.
(d) Dry, clear and sunny weather during the ripening of the cotton bolls.

Jute:
(а) Warm and wet climate.
(b) Alluvial soil, well-drained.
(c) Heavy rainfall.

Question 2.
Tick (✓) the correct answer:
(i) Horticulture means:
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables
(b) primitive farming
(c) growing of wheat
Answer:
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables.

(ii) Golden fibre refers to :
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) jute
(c) jute.
Answer:
(c) jute.

(iii) Leading producers of coffee _________.
(a) Brazil
(b) India
(c) Russia
Answer:
(a) Brazil.

Question 3.
Give reasons :
(i) In India agriculture is a primary activity.
Answer:
About 75 percent of India’s population lives in villages and depend directly or indirectly on agriculture. It provides food for human beings and raw materials for agro-based industries.

(ii) Different crops are grown in different regions.
Answer:
Different crops are grown in different regions because the different climatic conditions and favourable soil are required for different crops which is found in different regions.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the followings:
(i) Primary activities and tertiary activities.
(ii) Subsistence farming and intensive farming.
Answer:
(i)

Primary Activities	Tertiary Activities
Primary activities include all those connected with extraction and production of natural resources.	Tertiary activities are the activities which provide support to primary and secondary sectors through services.
For example: Agriculture, fishing, mining etc.	For example: Transport, trade, banking, insurance advertising.

(ii)

Subsistence Farming	Intensive Farming
(a) This is mainly practised to meet the needs of the farmer’s family.	(a) The farmer tries to get the maximum possible output from a small plot of land. It is practised in densely populated countries in the monsoon region.
(b) The farmer uses primitive methods to produce a variety of crops.	(b) The farmer uses simple tools and abundant human labour.
(c) All types of manure and a little of chemical fertilizers are used.	(c) This is mostly done on fertile soil.

Question 5.
Activity :
(i) Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds and pulses available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out in which type of soil they grow.
Answer:

• Wheat: It grows good in well-drained loamy soil. Black soil provides excellent quality grain.
• Rice : It grows well in alluvial clayey soil which can retain water.
• Jowar, Bajra, Ragi : These can be grown in less fertile and sandy soil.
• Maize : It requires well-drained, deep and fertile soil.
• Oilseeds: Groundnuts are grown in alluvial soil and in black soil. Mustard requires alluvial soil.
• Pulses : They are grown in less fertile alluvial soil and red soil.

(ii) Find out the difference between the life style of farmers in the USA and India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books and newspapers and the internet.
Answer:
The following points will clear the difference between the life style of farmers in USA and India.

Life Style of Farmers In USA:

• Farmers have large size of farms ranging between 100-300 hectares.
• They use high dose of fertilizers.
• They use modern techniques and machines like harvesters in agriculture.
• They generally live in farm houses.
• They use high quality seeds and take adequate measures to control pests and improve soil fertility.
• They are generally educated. They work like businessmen and maintain proper accounts of expenditure and income.
• They sell their produce in big markets and export to other countries also.

Life Style of Farmers In India:

• The farmers generally do not have farms more than 1.5 hectares in area.
• They generally hire big machines for farming or work with small machines.
• They are not aware of the properties of soil and lack soil testing facilities.
• The farmers lack storage facilities and sell produce in the nearby markets (mandis).
• They are not educated and cannot keep account of farm activities.
• They live in kuchcha houses in villages.
• All the members of family are engaged in agricultural activities.

Question 6.
FOR FUN
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of given clues:

Across :
1. Crop that needs well drained fertile soils, moderate temperatures and lots of sunshine (5).
2. Increasing production through use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides (5,10).
4. USA, Canada, Russia, Australia are major producers of this crops (5)
10. Type of farming to meet family needs (11)
13. Rearing of animals for sale (9)
14. Growing grapes for wines (11)

Down:
1. Coarse grains are also called (7)
3. Cultivation involving slash and burn (8)
5. Growing of crops, fruits and vegetables (11)
6. Tea, coffee, sugarcane and rubber are grown in (11)
7. Requires 210 frost-free days for growth (6).
8. Growing of flowers (12)
9. Also called ‘Golden Fibre’ (4)
11. Also known as paddy (4)
12. Activity concerned with extraction of natural resources (7)
Answer:
Across :
1. MAIZE
2. GREEN REVOLUTION
4. WHEAT
10. SUBSISTENCE
13. LIVESTOCK
14. VITICULTURE

Down :
1. MILLETS
3. SHIFTING
5. AGRICULTURE
6. PLANTATIONS
7. COTTON
8. HORTICULTURE
9. JUTE
11. RICE
12. PRIMARY

HBSE 8th Class Geography Agriculture Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two essentials for agricultural activity?
Answer:
Favourable topography of soil, climate.

Question 2.
Name three secondary activities.
Answer:
Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread, weaving of cloth.

Question 3.
What is arable land?
Answer:
The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land.

Question 4.
What is organic farming?
Answer:
In this type of farming, organic manure and natural pesticides are used instead of chemicals.

Question 5.
What types of farming are included in commercial farming?
Answer:
Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture.

Question 6.
What is done in mixed farming?
Answer:
In mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What climatic conditions are required for the cultivation of cotton?
Answer:

• high temperature.
• light rainfall
• two hundred and ten frost-free days.
• bright sunshine.

Question 2.
What are different types of fibre crops?
Answer:
Fibre Crops : Fibre is a material produced from vegetables, animals, minerals and chemicals. Vegetables fibres are procured from seeds, stems, leaves and fruit cases. Animal fibres are produced from insects like silkworms, from animals like sheep, goats, yaks, llamas, rabbits, reindeers and camels. Minerals fibres, like glass, are made from silica sand. Synthetic fibres are obtained from chemical treatment of natural cellulose, made of wood pulp. Two important sources of vegetable fibre are cotton and jute.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the regions where commercial grain farming is practised.
Answer:
(a) Commercial grain farming is practised in the temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia.
(b) These regions are sparsely populated with large farms sprading over hundreds of hectares.
(c) Due to severe winters only a single crop can be grown.

Question 2.
Write a short note on millets.
Answer:

• Millets are also known as coarse grains and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils.
• It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
• Millets are grown in India, Nigeria, China and Niger.

Question 3.
Write the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of tea.
Answer:

• Tea requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
• It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes.
• Large number of labour is required to pick the leaves.

Agriculture Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Agriculture : The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock.
• Sericulture : Commerical rearing of silk worms.
• Pisciculture : Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.
• Viticulture : Cultivation of grapes.
• Horticulture : Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commerical use.
• Subsistence Farming: This is the type of farming carried out by a farmer to satisfy the needs of his family alone.
• Nomadic Farming: Nomadic farming refers to the practice of farming in which herdsmen move from one place to another, with their families and their livestocks.
• Commercial Farming: The crops are grown and animals are reared to sell in the market.
• Mixed Farming: In mixed farming, livestocks are reared along with the farming of food and fodder crops.
• Agricultural Development: Agricultural development refers to the increase in farm production in order to meet the demands of a growing population.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Laws Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.
Answer:
Rule of law:
This means that all laws apply equally to all citizens of the country and no one can be above the law. Neither a government official, neither a wealthy person nor even the President of the country is above the law.
Example: Jones, a boy of 17 years belongs to an ordinary family. He is caught driving without licence. His parents are fined and put in jail.

Utkarsh, the son of minister of 16 years of age is also caught driving but since he is the son of minister; his parents are neither fined nor is he thrown in jail. This is an example of violation of rule of law.

Question 2.
State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.
Answer:
Two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India are:
(i) The colonial law was arbitrary, i.e., nothing was fixed under British rule and it was instead left to one’s choice or judgement.
(ii) The Indian Nationalists played a prominent role in the development of the legal spheres in British India.

Question 3.
Re-read the story board on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.
Answer:
People of India came to know from their own direct experiences and through observations and through mass-media that the Indian women were not treated equally and well at their homes and work-places.
(i) Several husbands beat their wives.
(ii) Some old women were ill-treated by their sons, daughters-in-law.
(iii) Some women (unmarried/widows/ divorces or having no kids) were verbally abused or insulting remarks were passed.
(iv) Some women who gave birth to only daughters, not a son were also abused.
Indian women wanted protection against being beaten, from all sorts of physical or social violence.

Throughout the 1990s the need for a new law for giving protection to women was raised in different forums. In 1999, a group of lawyers known as lawyers collective, law students and social activists, after a nationwide consultation, took the lead in drafting the domestic violence bill. Some NGOs started the women movement. The Parliament Standing Committee in its report accepted most of the demands of women’s group. Finally a bill was introduced in the parliament in 2005. After being passed by the Parliament and getting the approval of the President, the Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006.

Question 4.
Write in your own words what you understand by the following sentence on page 44-45.
They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.
Answer:
(a) The word The/ in the above passage stands for the Indian nationalists who were participating in freedom.
(b) The nationalists wanted “rule of law’ dining the colonial period.
(c) They protested against the law that any one protesting or criticising the British Government could be arrested without due trial.
(d) The legal rights of Indians were defended.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Laws Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When was the Sedition Act passed?
Answer:
1870.

Question 2.
What was Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005?
Answer:
According to Hindu succession Amendment Act; sons, daughters and their mothers can get an equal share of family property.

Question 3.
When does parliament need to change a law?
Answer:
Parliament needs to change a law when a large number of people begin to feel that a wrong law has been passed.

Question 4.
How did people become aware of the need of the Women Protection Law?
Answer:
NGOs and other awakened people met the members of the Indian Parliament to make laws for the protection of the women. They participated in conferences and group discussion.

Question 5.
What can the people do if they find any law unfavourable for them?
Answer:
If people find any law unfavourable for them, they can approach the court to decide on the issue. The court has the power to modify or cancel laws if it finds that they don’t adhere to the constitution.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which ways the Indians played a major role in the evolution of the rule of law during the colonial period?
Answer:
(i) Indians adopted legal profession and they demanded respect in the colonial courts.
(ii) They began to use law to defend the legal rights of Indians.
(iii) Indian judges also began to play a greater role in making decisions.

Question 2.
How can the voice of citizen be heard by the government or parliament?
Answer:
The voice of the citizen can be heard through TV reports, newspaper editorials, radio broadcasts, local meetings, etc.

Question 3.
Why did Rosa Parks an African- American woman refuse to give up her seat on a bus to white man
Answer:
Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on abus to white man because she was protestiig the law on segregation that divided up all public spaces, including the streets, between the Whites and the African-Americans.

Question 4.
Which event led to the start of the Civil Rights Movement in USA? Also write its one effect.
Answer:
Rosa Parks, an African-American woman refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement. This movement led to the Civil Right Act in 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in the USA.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of parliament in making a law?
Answer:
(a) The Parliament is the law-making body at the central level. It frames new laws and amends or repeals them, if necessary, on all the 97 subjects of the Union list and all the Residuary Subjects which have not found a place in any of the lists.

(b) As far as the 47 subjects in the concurrent list are concerned, both the Parliament and the State Legislatures have got the right to make laws. But if any state law comes into conflict with the central law, the central law shall prevail.

(c) It can enact laws on the 66 subjects of the state list also if:
(i) The Rajya Sabha passes a resolution with 2/3 majority to the effect that the particular subject of the State List has come to assume national importance.
(ii) Two or more states request the Centre to pass a law for them on one or more subjects mutually agreed upon by them.
(iii) A state of national emergency is proclaimed by the President.
(iv) President takes over the administration of a state on the break-down of the constitutional machinery in that state.
Such laws will concern only the states for which they are passed.

Question 2.
How does a bill become a law?
Answer:
Acts, before they are passed by the Parliament, are called Bills. Bills are of two types-(a) Ordinary bills, and (b) Money Bills. Ordinary bills are those in which money is not involved while all such bills which are related to income and expenditure are called Money Bills. With a little difference in procedure, both the Ordinary Bills and Money Bills have to pass through various stages before they are finally passed. First is the stage of introduction.

Money Bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha while Ordinary Bills can be introduced in either of the two Houses of the Parliament. Then comes the Second Stage when the Bill is debated clause by clause and amendments, if any, and that too passed by a majority vote, are included in it. In the Third stage, the Bill is either passed or rejected as a whole. If passed, it is sent to the other house where the same procedure is adopted once again. If the Bill is passed by the second house also, it is sent to the President for his approval. After his assent, it becomes a law.

Picture-Based Questions

A. Look at the above picture and answer the following questions

Question 1.
Which incident is depicted in the above picture?
Answer:
Jallianwala Bagh massacre.

Question 2.
When did this happen?
Answer:
13 April, 1919.

Question 3.
Why had the public gathered at Jallianwala Bagh?
Answer:
The public had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh to:
(i) protest against the arrest of Dr. Satyapal and Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew.
(ii) protest against the Rowlatt Act.

Question 4.
Who ordered the troops to fire?
Answer:
General Dyer ordered the troops to fire.

Question 5.
What happened as a consequence?
Answer:
Several hundreds of people died in the gunfire and many more were wounded including women and children.

Understanding Laws Class 8  HBSE Notes

• Violation of Law: To act or do something against the law (a crime).
• Rule of Law: To govern or to maintain or deal the situation according to law.
• Equality of the law: To consider all tUfe persons equal before law. Not to discriminate between persons on the basis of their caste, class, gender, religion, ideology and social backgrounds.
• Arbitrary: When nothing is fixed and is instead left to one’s judgement or choice.
  Sedition: This applies to anything that the Government might consider as stirring up resistance or rebellion against it.
• Criticise: To find fault with or disapprove of a person or thing.
• Evolution: This refers to the process of development from a simple to a complex form and is often used to discuss the development of a species of plants or animals.
• Repressive to control severely in order to prevent free and natural development or expression.
• Civil Cases: Cases relating to property, taxes, contracts, etc.
• Criminal Cases: Cases involving a violation of penal laws such as murder, theft, assault, etc.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament? Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?

HBSE 8th Class Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament? Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why do you think the nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?
Answer:
The nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote because:
(a) The nationalists had started openly criticizing the British government and make demands.
(b) As far back as 1885, the Indian National Congress demanded that there be elected members in the legislation with a right to discuss the budget and ask questions.
(c) The Government of India Act, 1909 allowed for some elected representation. However, they did not allow for all adults to vote nor could people participate in decision-making.
(d) With the coming of independence, it was felt that the government had to be sensitive to people’s needs and demands.
This led the nationalist movement to support the idea that all adults have a right to vote.

Question 2.
In this 2004 map of Parliamentary constituencies alongside, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the IMP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies coloured green while others are coloured blue?
Answer:
Self-study for students. Take help from your teachers or other educated persons of your area.

Question 3.
You have read in Chapter 1 that the ‘Parliamentary form of government’ that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (central government) and the various State Legislatures (state governments). Fill in the following table with information on the various representatives from your area.
Fill in the table with your individual answers.

	State Government	Central Government
Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?
When were elections last held?
When will the next elections be held?
How many women representatives are there (from your state)?

Answer:

	State Government	Central Government
Which political party/parties is/are currently in power?	AAP	B JP Government
Who (name) is the current representative from your area?	Satish Lilothia	Pinki Jain
Which political parties currently form the Opposition?	Congress	Bhartiya Janta Party
When were elections last held?	2015	2014
When will the next elections be held?	2019	2019
How many women representatives are there (from your state)?	6 Women representatives	50 women members 1 members from Delhi

Student do yourself according to the area you belong to.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament? Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
When did India become independent?
Answer:
India became independent on 15 August, 1947.

Question 2.
What is the basic idea of a demo¬cratic form of government?
Answer:
The basic idea of democratic form of government is that the individual or the citizen is the most important person and that in princi-ple the government as well as other public institu¬tions need to have the trust of these citizens.

Question 3.
What is the Parliament?
Answer:
The Parliament of India (Sansad) is the supreme law-making institution.

Question 4.
Name the two houses of parliament.
Answer:
The Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha.

Question 5.
What can be the maximum strength of the members of Lok Sabha?
Answer:
The maximum strength of the members of the Lok Sabha can be 552.

Question 6.
How many members does Rajya Sabha have?
Answer:
There are 233 elected members plus 12 members nominated by the President in Rajya Sabha.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What made our nationalists to feel that all persons in independent India would be. able to participate in making decisions?
Answer:
The experience of colonial rule as well as the participation of different people in the struggle for freedom made our nationalists to feel that all persons in independent India would be able to participate in making decisions.

Question 2.
Write two important features of the Parliament of India?
Answer:
(a) The Parliament of India (Sansad) is the supreme law-making institution.
(b) The Indian Parliament is the expression of faith that the people of India have in the principles of democracy.

Question 3.
How are members of Lok Sabha elected?
Answer:
Members of the Lok Sabha are elected through the general elections. Elections take place every five years. For the purpose of elections, the country is divided into constituencies. Only one person is elected from each constituency. All citizens above 18 years have the right to vote. A single winner is chosen in a given constituency by virtue of his/her getting more votes than any other individual representative.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how the people of India form the government and also control it.
Answer:
Through election the people elect their representatives to the Parliament. Then one group from among these elected representatives forms the government. The parliament, which is made up of all representatives together, controls and guides the government. In this sense people, through their chosen representatives, form the government and also control it.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of question hour in the Parliament.
Answer:
The questions hour is an important mechanism through which MPs elicit information about the working of the government. This is a very important way through which the Parliament controls the executive. By asking questions the government is alerted to its shortcomings and also comes to know the opinion of the people through their representatives in the Parliament.

Question 3.
What have recent changes been noticed in the selection of representative members of the Parliament?
Answer:
The Parliament now has more and more people from different backgrounds. For example, there are more rural members as also members from regional parties. Groups and peoples that were unrepresented, are now being elected to the Parliament. There has also been an increase in political participation from the Dalit and backward castes and the minorities.

Question 4.
Differentiate between the features of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Answer:

Lok Sabha	Rajya Sabha
(i) Lok Sabha is called House of the People.	(i) Rajya Sabha is called Council of States.
(ii) The maximum strength of Lok Sabha is 552 members.	(ii) The maximum strength of Rajya Sabha is 250 members.
(iii) Out of 552 members, 530 members are elected from the states and 20 members are elected from the Union Territories. The President of Intha can nominate two members from the Anglo-Indian Community if he feels that the community is not adequately represented.	(iii) Out of 250 members 238 members are elected from States and Union Territories and 12 members are nommated by the President.
(iv) Lok Sabha is presided by the speaker.	(iv) Rajya Sabha is presided by the Chairman (Vice President).
(v) Members are elected for five years.	(v) Members are elected for six years.
(vi) A member of Lok Sabha should not be less than 25 years of age.	(vi) A Member of Rajya Sabha should not be less than 30 years of age.

Why Do We Need A Parliament? Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Approval: To give one’s consent to and be favourable towards something. Here, it refers both to the formal consent that Parliament has as well as the fact that it needs to continue to enjoy the people’s trust.
• Coalition: A temporary alliance of groups or parties. Here it refers to the alliance formed by political parties after elections when no party has been able to get adequate seats to form a clear majority. For example, NDA or UPA.
• Unresolved: This refers to situations in which there are no easy solutions to problems. For example, the problem of Common Civil Laws for each and every Indian.
• Colonial Rule: British rule over India from 1757 to 14 August, 1947.
• Nationalists: People who are loyal to the nation.
• Adults: Male and female having age of 18 years and above.
• Parliament: The parliament of India is the supreme law-making body. It consists of two houses- Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
• Bicameral Legislature: It means a legislature which has two houses, the lower house and the upper house.
• Unicameral Legislature: It means a legislature with only one house elected by the voters, for a specific term.
• Executive: In India, it comprises the President, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
• Judiciary: In India, it comprises the Supreme Court (as head), High Courts and Lower Courts of the states.
• Prorogue: To discontinue a meeting of Parliament for a time without dissolving it.
• Question-hour: During a Parliamentary session, the time fixed for asking questions from ministers and answering them orally is called question hour.
• Speaker: He is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha and is responsible for the efficient business in the Lok Sabha.
• Money Bills: Money bills contain provisions relating to tax regulations, regulations of borrowing of money by the government, payment to or withdrawal from the contingency or the consolidated fund of India.
• Ordinary Bills: Ordinary bills are draft proposals for ordinary legislation.
• Constitutional Amendment Bills: Constitutional Amendment Bills deal with the amendment of our constitution.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List the different types of religious practices that you find in your neighborhood. This could be different forms of prayer, worship of different gods, sacred sites, different kinds of religious music and singing, etc. Does this indicate freedom of religious practices?
Answer:
The different types of practices that we find in our neighborhood are:
(a) Going to temples and gurudwara.
(b) Performing yajna.
(c) Satsang. (Hymn Recitement)
(d) Reading namaaz. (Muslim prayers)
(e) Worshipping idols.
(f) Saying prayers.
(g) Reading epics.
All these things indicate that India is a secular country and the constitution of India grants religious freedom and equality. State does not promote any religion. Everybody is free to worship any god in any manner he or she likes.

Question 2.
Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanti¬cide? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, the government will intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practise infanticide. We can give the following reasons for our answer:
(a) No religion of the world allows anyone the murder of an infant. All the religions promote non-violence.
(b) System of sacrifice was promoted by superstitions and selfish religious leaders in ancient or medieval times. No righteous man will support this.

Question 3.
Complete the following table:

Objective	Why is this important?	Example of a violation of this objective
(а) One religious community does not dominate another.
(b) The State does not enforce any particular religions nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.
(c) That some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.

Answer:

Objective	Why is this important?	Example of a violation of this objective
(а) One religious community does not dominate another.	For the progress and upraising of all community together	Muslims dominate Hindus in Jammu & Kashmir
(b) The State does not enforce any particular religions nor take away the religious freedom of individuals.	To avoid discrimination, coercion and killing of religious minorities.	Tamils are dominated by Sinhale’s natives of Sri Lanka
(c) That some members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.	To maintain peace, tolerance, coordination and cooperation in the society	Untouchability is practised in Hindu community.

Question 4.
Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them certain to different religions? What does this indicate?
Answer:
We get about 30 days of holidays every year in which 25 of them pertain to different religions..Like Holi and Diwali {Hindu festivals), Id (Muslim Festival), Good Friday, Christmas (Christian festivals), Guru Nanak Birthday (Sikh festivals), Mahavir Jayanti (Jain festivals), Budh Jayanti (Budh’s festival). This indicates that in India all religious are treated equally. The Indian Constitution allows individuals the freedom to live by their religious beliefs and practices.

Question 5.
Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.
Answer:
Examples of different views within the same religion:
(a) Hindu are divided in Vashnav (followers of Lord Vishnu) and Shiva (worshippers of Lord Shiva).
(b) Muslims are divided into Shiyas and Sunnis.
(c) Buddhists are divided into Mahayan and Hinyan.
(d) Followers of Lord Mahavir are called Jain.
They are also divided into Shwetambaer and Digambar.

Question 6.
The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervene in religion. This idea can be confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might come up with.
Answer:
Indian State keeps away from religion because if major religious group has access to state power then it could be easily applicable the power and financial resources against the persons of other religions. The majority could quite easily prevent minorities from practising their religions.

To prevent the practice of untouchability among the Hindus, the Indian Constitution bans untouchability. In this case, the State is intervening in religion in order to end a social practice that it believes discriminates and excludes and that violates the fundamental rights of Tower castes’ who are citizens of this country.

Question 7.
This poster alongside highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says, “Peace is a never ending process. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?
This chapter had three drawings on religious tolerance made by students of your age. Design your own poster on religious tolerance for your peers.

Answer:
Peace is loved by all. All religions preach peace, non-violence, humanity and brotherhood. Peace is needed for everyone for the sake of security, property protection and for living with honour.

‘Peace’ is a human phenomenon which is for the protection of all. Terrorism is to be condemned by all of us. A picture can be drawn showing the celebration of some festival like Diwali, Holi, Dussehra, being celebrated together by people of more than one religion.

HBSE 8th Class Civics Understanding Secularism Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a secular state?
Answer:
A state where all religions command equal respect is called a secular state.

Question 2.
What is the main idea behind secularism?
Answer:
Secularism refers the separation of religion from the State.

Question 3.
Write the names of any two non-secular states or countries.
Answer:
(a) Israel (Pro-Jewish)
(b) Saudi Arabia.

Question 4.
Write the names of three former French Colonies.
Answer:
(i) Algeria
(ii) Tunisia
(iii) Morocco

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the objectives of secul-arism in India?
Answer:
The secularism in India has the following objectives:
(a) One religious community does not dominate another.
(b) The same members do not dominate other members of the same religious community.
(c) The State does not enforce any particular religion nor takes away the religious freedom of individuals.

Question 2.
Give one example from the US (United States of America) that is considered an objectionable practice by some children in government school, as a religious saying.
Answer:
In the United States of America, most children in government schools have to begin their school day reciting the ‘Pledge of Allegiance’. This pledge includes the words “Under God”. It was established more than 60 years ago that government school students are not required to recite the pledge if it conflicts with their religious beliefs. Despite this, there have been several legal challenges objecting to phrase “Under God” saying that it violates separation between Church and State that the First Amendment of the US constitution guarantees.

Question 3.
Give examples of violation of the Fundamental Rights in Indian Society.
Answer:
People from minority have sometimes gone to Internal Human Rights Commission. The children below 14 years of age are still seen working in rich families in cities. Female infanticide is practised in some towns though it has been banned by law.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In what way is Indian secularism different from that of other democratic countries?
Answer:
(а) There is strict separation between religion and the State in American secularism, in Indian secularism the State can intervene in religious affairs.
(b) The Indian Constitution on a way permits the State to intervene in religious practices.
For example:
(i) to establish untouchability in Hindu religious practices.
(ii) to ensure that laws relating to equal inheritance rights are respected.
In the USA, the separation between State and religion means that neither the State nor religion can interfere in the affairs of one another.

Question 2.
Why is it important to separate religion from the State?
Answer:
It is important to separate religion from the State because:
(а) In almost all countries of the world there are more than one religious groups living there. If one majority group uses the power and financial resources of the state against minority, this will lead to tyranny of the majority on the minority religious groups.
(b) Once a secular state can ensure the freedom of the individuals and can protect the Fundamental Rights of all its citizens.
(c) The right to freedom of religion is guaranteed to all citizens in a democratic society.

Understanding Secularism Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Coercion: To force someone to do something. It refers to the force used by a legal authority like the State.
• Freedom to interpret: The independence that all persons shall have to understand things in their own way.
• Intervene: It refers to the State’s efforts to influence a particular matter in accordance with the principles of the constitution.
• Untouchability: The wrong and highly objectionable practice of the Hindus (before India became a republic, 26 January 1950 under which the so-called (or claims upper castes most of the Hindus) dominate other members.
• Fundamentalism: That narrow and irrational religious ideology that inspires to think only for the interest of one’s own religion and to hate or discriminate against others because they are followers of his/her religion.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution

HBSE 8th Class Civics The Indian Constitution Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why does a democratic country need a constitution?
Answer:
A democratic country needs a constitution for the following purposes:
(a) It lays down rules that guard against the misuse of power by our political leaders.
(b) The constitution guarantees the right to equality to all persons and no citizen can be discriminated against on grounds of religion.
(c) Constitution provides certain funda¬mental rights as well as certain duties to the citizens.
(d) The constitution also ensures that a dominant group does not use its power against other less powerful people or groups.

Question 2.
Look at the wordings of two documents given on next page. The first document is from the 1990 Nepal constitution. The second column is from the more recent interim constitution of Nepal.

Column I	Column II
1990: Constitution of Nepal Part 7: Executive   Article 35: Executive Power: The executive power of the king.	2007 Interim Constitution Part 5 : Executive   The Executive power of Nepal shall, pursuant to this constitution and other laws, be vested in the Council of Ministers. The executive functions of Nepal shall be taken in the name of the Prime Minister.

What is the difference in who exercise ‘Executive Power’ in the above two constitutions of Nepal. Keeping this in mind, why do you think Nepal needs a new constitution today?
Answer:
According to constitution of Nepal 1990, the executive power is vested solely in the hands of king. He could exercise his powers as desired. On the other hand according to Interim Constitution of 2007, Executive power will be vested in the council of ministers. It means the Parliamentary democracy will function in Nepal.

Nepal needs a new constitution which will decide the functions and powers of different heads of government. It will also divide the functions of legislative, executive and judiciary.

Question 3.
What would happen if there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives?
Answer:
If there were no restrictions on the power of elected representatives then there will also be possibility that the elected representatives misuse their power. The misuse of authority and power can lead to gross injustice.

Question 4.
In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.
(a) In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.
(b) In a city 5 percent of the population are Buddhists.
(c) In a factory mess for all employees, 80 percent are vegetarians.
(d) In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.
Answer:
(a) Minority are the females. It is important to respect the view of minority (females) because they are equally qualified to males and equally contributing to run the institution.

(b) Minority are the Buddhists. It is important to respect their views because every religious group has the right to preserve and develop their own culture.

(c) Minority are the non-vegetarians. It is important to respect their views because everyone has the right to have their own food habits br taste.

(d) Minority are the students who belong to average or poor families. It is important to respect the views of minority because being students of the same class, their ideas cannot be ignored. By ignoring their ideas there may develop inferiority complex among the minorities which would influence their performance in the class.

Question 5.
The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian constitution. In the other column write two sentences in your own words, on why you think this feature is important.

Key Feature	Significance
Federalism Separation of Power Fundamental Rights Parliamentary Form of Government.

Answer:
1. Federalism:
India is a large country divided into states. It is not possible to run the whole country from the centre (national capital). To run our country efficiently, we have government at the state level and Panchayati Raj at the village level.
2. Separation of Powers: To prevent the misuse of power by the legislature, executive and the judiciary.
3. Fundamental Rights: These rights protect citizens against the arbitrary and absolte exercise of power by the state.
4. Parliamentary Form of Government: People of India have a direct role in electing then- representatives.

Question 6.
Colour in the following countries in this map:
(а) Colour India in red.
(b) Colour Nepal in green.
(c) Colour Bangladesh in yellow.

HBSE 8th Class Civics The Indian Constitution Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a constitution?
Answer:
A constitution is a set of rules, laws or principles according to which a country is governed.

Question 2.
What is Preamble?
Answer:
The Preamble is an introductory document which explains the goals of the government. It states the aims and objectives of the constitution.

Question 3.
Define Socialism.
Answer:
Socialism is that everyone must enjoy social and economic equality. Everyone must have equal status and opportunities. Everyone must also enjoy equitable distribution of wealth and a decent standard of living for all.

Question 4.
Why did the Constituent Assembly include provisions to control the actions taken by the executive branch of government?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly included provisions to control the actions taken by the executive branch of government because the assembly feared that the executive might become too strong and ignore its responsibility.

Question 5.
Why did Dr. Ambedkar urge Scheduled Castes to join the government as well as the civil services?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar urged Scheduled Castes to join the government as well as the civil services because though the laws might exist to safeguard the interests of scheduled castes but the administration of these laws were in the hands of‘Caste Hindu officers.’

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are Directive Principles of State Policy? Why were they added to the constitution?
Answer:
The Directive Principles of State Policy are the guidelines that are given to the government to ensure the welfare to the people. They are contained in Part IV of our constitution. They were added in our constitution:
(a) to ensure greater social and economic reform.
(b) to serve as a guide to the independent Indian State
(c) to institute laws and policies that help reduce the poverty of the masses.

Question 2.
How is a ‘state’ different from a ‘government’?
Answer:
By ‘Government’ we mean a body which is responsible for administering and enforcing laws. The government can change with elections.
The state on the other hand refers to a political institution that represents sovereign people who occupy a definite territory. For example, we can say, the Indian State, the Nepalese State etc.

Question 3.
Which Fundamental Rights will the following situations violate?
(a) If a 13-year old child is working in a factory manufacturing carpets.
(b) If a politician in one state decides to not allow labourers from other states to work in his state.
(c) If a group of people are not given permission to open a Telugu-medium school in Kerala.
(d) If the government decides not to promote an officer of the armed forces because she is a woman.
Answer:
(a) Right against exploitation.
(b) Right to freedom.
(c) Cultural and Educational Rights.
(d) Right to Equality.

Question 4.
All persons are equal before the law. Which fundamental right states this? What does this mean?
Answer:
This is given under Right to Equality. This means that all persons shall be equally protected by the laws of the country. It also states that no citizen can be discriminated against on the basis of their religion, caste or sex. Every person has access to all public places including playgrounds, hotels, shops etc. The state cannot discriminate against anyone in matters of employment.

Question 5.
“India is a democratic state.” Explain.
Answer:
India can be called a democratic state in the following context:
(a) The ultimate source of political and constitutional authority in India is vested with the people.
(b) Periodical elections are held on the basis of adult franchise.
(c) Equality, the basic principle of a democratic form of government, is adhered to in the constitution.
(d) Citizens of India enjoy Fundamental Rights, which are clearly enumerated in the constitution.
(e) Rule of law is an essential feature of the Indian democratic state.

Question 6.
Is India a Welfare State? Explain.
Answer:
A state is called welfare state where Government does a lot of work for the welfare of citizens. Too much importance is given to the Directive Principles of the State Policy and Fundamental Rights of the citizens. Fundamental Duties are also shown alongwith the Fundamental Rights so that welfare programmes can be continued. Stress is given on the welfare of the backward and tribal people in this way.

Question 7.
What is the difference between the fundamental rights and the directive principles?
Answer:

Directive Principles	Fundamental Rights
(1) Directive Principles are the set of guide-lines which every government comes to power is expected to be guided by when making policies and laws.	(1) Fundamental rights are those rights which are guaranteed and incorporated in the constitution to the citizens.
(2) The directive principles cannot be enforced in a court of law. The government cannot be sued in a court of law for failing to fulfil any of the ideals mentioned in the directive principles.	(2) The Fundamental Rights can be safe-guarded by law or judiciary. No government or political party can take away these rights from the citizens in normal conditions.
(3) The scope of Directive Principles is wider. Their aim is to establish social and economic democracy and a just society.	(3) The scope of Fundamental Rights is limited. They intend to establish political democracy.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the main features of the Indian Constitution as stated in Preamble of the constitution.
Answer:
The main features of the Indian Constitution are as follows:
(a) Preamble: Our constitution begins with a preface or introduction called the preamble. It highlights the goals and aspirations of the Indian people.
(b) Sovereign State: Sovereign means that India is now independent, it is no longer governed by any external authority and is its own master.
(c) Socialist: Everyone is given equal opportunities to make use of resources of the country.
(d) Secular: All religions are treated equally. There is no official religion.
(e) Democratic: The people of India choose their elected representatives through elections which are conducted at regular intervals.
(f) Republic: The Indian constitution proclaims that the head of the state will be elected, and not be a hereditary ruler.
(g) Justice: The Indian constitution strives to ensure an equitable and just society by reducing economic and social inequalities.
(h) Liberty: The constitution gives the citizens the freedom to express their opinion, follow their own path and also choose the occupation of their choice.
(i) Equality: All citizens are equal before the law.
(j) Fraternity: Indian State will observe a sense of fraternity or brotherhood to preserve the unity and oneness of India.

Question 2.
Explain all the six Fundamental Rights which are granted by the Indian Constitution to all Indian citizens.
Answer:
Fundamental Rights:
The Indian Constitution has granted six Fundamental Rights to its citizens which are:
(i) Right to Equality: Right to Equality is a valuable right. In India, the right to equality is guaranteed to every citizen without any discrimination on grounds of religion, caste, creed, colour or untouchabilh”

(ii) Right to Freedom is the essence of human existence. The Indian constitution provides to every citizen the right to freedom of speech, peaceful associations, movement and residence in any part of Indian territory.

(iii) Right against Exploitation: All religions in India have equal respect. Religion and politics are two different aspects.

(iv) Right to Freedom of Religion: India is a country of many religions. All religions have equal respect and religion and politics are different aspects.

(v) Cultural and Educational Rights: The Constitution states that all minorities, religions or linguistic, can setup their own educational institutions in order to preserve and develop their own culture.

(vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies: This right allows a citizen to move to court if they believe that any of their above Fundamental rights have been violated by the state.

Question 3.
Explain the provisions made in the Indian Constitution for improving the condition of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.
Answer:
The Constitution of free India, which came into force from the 26th January, 1950, guaranteed some provisions for the welfare, security and development of Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. The main provisions are given below:
(i) The Constitution ends discrimination on the basis of caste, religion, race or sex. It gives the right of entry and use of every place like shops, hotels, roads, wells and places of entertainment to every Indian without any discrimination.

(ii) The Constitution abolished untouch-ability in any form. Practice or preaching of untouchability is a punishable offence (Article 17).

(iii) The Constitution provides protection to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes from any type of social and economic exploitation
(Article 46).

Picture-Bases Questions With Answers

I. Look at the given picture and answer the following questions.

Social and Political Life III.

Question 1.
Which Assembly is shown in the picture?
Answer:
The Constituent Assembly is shown in the picture.

Question 2.
Between what period did the Constituent Assembly draft a constitution for independent India?
Answer:
Between December 1946 and November 1949, the Constituent Assembly drafted a constitution for independent India.

Question 3.
Who is addressing in the picture?
Answer:
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru is addressing the Constituent Assembly in the picture.

The Indian Constitution Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Constitution: A constitution is a set of rules, laws and principles according to which a country is governed.
• Democracy: Rules by the people.
• Monarchy: Rule by king or queen.
• Arbitrary: When nothing is fixed and is instead left to one’s judgement or choice. This can be used to refer to rules that are not fixed, or decisions that have no basis etc.
• Ideal: A goal or a principle in its most excellent or perfect form.
• Indian national movement: The Indian national movement started in nineteenth century. India saw thousands of men and women together to fight against British rule. This culminated in India’s independence in 1947.
• Polity: A society that has an organised political structure. India is a democratic polity.
• Sovereign: The sovereignity means the independence of the people who are masters of their own destiny.
• Trafficking: The practice of the illegal buying-selling of different commodities across national borders. In this chapter, it refers to illegal trade in human beings, particularly women and children.
• Tyranny: The cruel and unjust use of power or authority.
• Amendment: Any change made in law of articles of constitution by the Parliament.

Haryana Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions

HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions in Hindi Medium

HBSE Class 8 Social Science History: Our Pasts – III (इतिहास – हमारे अतीत – III)

• Chapter 1 कैसे, कब और कहाँ
• Chapter 2 व्यापार से साम्राज्य तक कंपनी की सत्ता स्थापित होती है
• Chapter 3 ग्रामीण क्षेत्र पर शासन चलाना
• Chapter 4 आदिवासी, दीकु और एक स्वर्ण युग की कल्पना
• Chapter 5 जब जनता बगावत करती है (1857 और उसके बाद)
• Chapter 6 उपनिवेशवाद और शहर
• Chapter 7 बुनकर, लोहा बनाने वाले और फैक्ट्री मालिक
• Chapter 8 देशी जनता को सभ्य बनाना राष्ट्र को शिक्षित करना
• Chapter 9 महिलाएँ, जाति एवं सुधार
• Chapter 10 दृश्य कलाओं की बदलती दुनिया
• Chapter 11 राष्ट्रीय आंदोलन का संघटन : 1870 के दशक से 1947 तक
• Chapter 12 स्वतंत्रता के बाद भारत

HBSE Class 8 Social Science Geography: Resources and Development (भूगोल – संसाधन एवं विकास)

• Chapter 1 संसाधन
• Chapter 2 भूमि, मृदा, जल, प्राकृतिक वनस्पति और वन्य जीवन संसाधन
• Chapter 3 खनिज और शक्ति संसाधन
• Chapter 4 कृषि
• Chapter 5 उद्योग
• Chapter 6 मानव संसाधन

HBSE Class 8 Social Science Civics: Social and Political Life – III (नागरिक शास्त्र – सामाजिक एवं राजनीतिक जीवन – III)

• Chapter 1 भारतीय संविधान
• Chapter 2 धर्मनिरपेक्षता की समझ
• Chapter 3 हमें संसद क्यों चाहिए?
• Chapter 4 कानूनों की समझ
• Chapter 5 न्यायपालिका
• Chapter 6 हमारी आपराधिक न्याय प्रणाली
• Chapter 7 हाशियाकरण की समझ
• Chapter 8 हाशियाकरण से निपटना
• Chapter 9 जन सुविधाएँ
• Chapter 10 कानून और सामाजिक न्याय

HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions in English Medium

Haryana Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography: Resources and Development

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resource

Haryana Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions History: Our Pasts – III

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• Chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 and After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the Native, Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement: 1870s–1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Haryana Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Civics: Social and Political Life – III

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice