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Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Industries Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Industries

HBSE 8th Class Geography Industries Textbook Questions and Answers

ACTIVITY

Question 1.
Give some examples of agro based industries.
Answer:
Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products and leather industries.

Question 2.
Find out the inputs, outputs and processes involved in the manufacture of a leather shoe.
Answer:
Inputs : Raw materials like leather, labour, cost of land, transport, infrastructure.
Processes : Activities to convert hide into tough leather, spinning, printing.
Outputs : Leather shoes.

Question 3.
Trace the journey of your shirt from a cotton field to your wardrobe.
Answer:
The shirt which we use is made up of cotton. Cotton is grown in the fields. Cotton buds are plucked and cotton is separated. Cotton seeds also separated and then it is processed for spinning. It is done by hand dr looms. Now machines are used which are run by power. After spinning the weaving process starts and cotton cloth is ready for making shirt which is used by us. In this process power, labour and capital in big amount is used.

Question 4.
What inputs in quantity are required to manufacture one tonne of steel?
Answer:
It requires 8 tonne of coal, 4 tonnes of iron ore and one tonne of lime stone.

LET’S DO

Question 5.
On the outline map of India locate the places that supply raw material to TISCO.

Answer:
The raw material with their source required for TISCO:

• Iron-ore : From Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• Limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• Water is supplied from Kharkai and Subarnrekha rivers.

Question 6.
On the outline map of the world mark the places which provide raw material to cotton textile industry of Osaka.

Answer:
The main raw material of cotton textile industry is cotton. For Osaka textile industry cotton is imported from India, USA and Egypt.

Question 7.
Bangalore has some important public sectors and research institutions. Find out the full forms of the organisations listed below
BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, nSc, NCBS, and UAS.
Answer:
BEL – Bharat Electrical Ltd.
BHEL – Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited.
HAL – Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
NAL – National Aeronautics Ltd.
DRDO – Defence Reaserch and Development Organisation
ISRO – Indian Space Research Organisation
ITI – Industrial Training Institute
IISc – Indian Institute Of Science
NCBS – National Centre for Biological Science
UAS – University Administration and Services
BEL, BHEL, HAL, NAL, DRDO, ISRO, ITI, nSc, NCBS, and UAS.

Question 8.
Collect different types of cloth pieces from the tailor’s shop and classify them under cotton, silk, synthetic and woollen. Find out the raw materials used in their manufacturing.
Answer:

• Cotton – From agriculture
• Silk – Silk worm
• Synthetic – Petroleum products
• Woollen – Sheep

EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions.
(i) What is meant by the term ‘industry’?
Answer:
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extracton of minerals and provision of services.

(ii) What are the main factors which influence the location of an industry ?
Answer:
The factors affecting the location of an industry are the availability of raw material, land, water, labour, capital, transport and market.

(iii) Which industry is often referred to as the backbone of modem industry and why?
Answer:
Iron and steel is often referred as the backbone of modem industry. Almost everything we use is either made of iron or steel or has been made with tools or machines of this metal. Ships, trains, tracks are made largely with steel. Oil wells are drilled with steel machinery. Steel pipelines transport oil. Minerals are mined with steel equipment. Farm machines are mostly steel. Large buildings have steel framework.

(iv) Why cotton textile industry expanded rapidly in Mumbai ?
Answer:
The warm, moist climate, port for importing machinery, availability of raw material and skilled labour resulted in rapid expansion of cotton textile industry in Mumbai.

(v) What are the similarities between information technology (IT) industry in Bangalore and California?
Answer:

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Silicon Valley is located in
(a) Bangalore
(b) California
(c) Ahmedabad
Answer:
(b) California.

(ii) Which one of the following industries is known as sunrise industry?
(a) Iron and steel industry
(b) Cotton textile
(c) Information technology
Answer:
(c) Information technology.

(iii) Which one of the following is a ‘natural fibre’?
(a) Nylon
(b) Jute
(c) Acrylic
Answer:
(b) Jute.

Question 3.
Distinguish between the following:
(i) Agro-based and mineral-based industry.
(ii) Public sector and joint sector industry.
Answer:
(i)

(ii)

Question 4.
Give two examples of the following in the space provided.
(i) Raw materials: __________ and __________
(ii) End products : __________ and __________
(iii) Tertiary activities : __________ and __________
(iv) Agro-based industries: __________ and __________
(v) Cotton industries : __________ and __________
(vi) Co-operatives : __________ and __________
Answer:
(i) Iron ore, cotton.
(ii) Baskets, Handicrafts.
(iii) Commerce, Banking.
(iv) Food processing, Vegetable oil.
(v) Basket weaving, Pottery
(vi) Amul, Mother Dairy.

ACTIVITY

Question 5.
Activity
How to identify a location for establishing an industry?
Divide your class into groups. Each group is a Board of Directors faced with the problem of choosing a suitable site for an iron and steel plant Developen Dweep. A team of technical experts have submitted a report with notes and a map. The team considered access to iron-ore, coal, water and limestone as well as the main market, sources of labour and port facilities. The team has suggested two sites, X and Y. The Board of Directors have to take the final decision of where to locate the steel plant.

• Read the report submitted by the team.
• Study the map to find out the distances of the resources from each site.
• Give each resource a “weight” from 1 to 10, according to its importance. The greater the ‘pull’ of the factor on the industry, the higher the, weight from 1 to 10.
• Complete the table.
• The site with the lowest total should be the most satisfactory site.
• Remember each group of directors can decide differently.

REPORT

Factors/Resources affecting the location of a proposed Iron and Steel Plant on Developen Dweep.
Iron-ore : This is a very large deposit of low grade iron-ore. Long distance transportation of the ore would be uneconomic.

→ Coal : The only coalfield contains rich deposits of high grade coal. Transportation of the coal is by railway, which is relatively cheap.

→ Limestone : This is widely available over the island, but the purest deposits are in the Chuna Mountains.

→ Water: Both the tributaries of river Neel carry sufficient water to supply a large iron and steel plant in all seasons. The sea water, because of its high salt content is unsuitable.

→ Market : It is expected that the chief market for the plant’s products will be the engineering works of Rajdhanipur. Transport costs for the products mainly small steel bars and light steel plates would be relatively low.

→ Labour Supply : This will have to be recruited mainly from the unskilled workers in the 3 fishing villages of Hii, Rah and Sing. It is expected that most workers will commute daily from their present homes.

→ Port Facilities : These are at present minimal. There is a good, deep natural harbour at port Paschimpur developed to import metal alloys.

the larger the pull, the higher the weighting.

HBSE 8th Class Geography Industries Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
On what bases industries can be classified?
Answer:
Industries can be classified on the following bases : (a) raw materials, (b) size, (c) ownership.

Question 2.
Classify the industries on the basis of ownership.
Answer:
Private sector, state owned or public sectors, joint sector and co-operative sector.

Question 3.
Name the major industrial regions of the world.
Answer:

• Eastern North America
• Western and Central Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Eastern Asia.

Question 4.
Why do industrial accidents or disaster occur?
Answer:
Industrial accidents occur mainly due to technical failure or irresponsibile handling of hazardous material.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain how products of mineral based industries feed other industries.
Answer:
Iron made from iron-ore is the product of mineral based industry. This is used as raw material for the manufacture of various products such as heavy machinery, building materials and railway coaches.

Question 2.
What is the difference between private sector and public sector industries?
Answer:
Private sector industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government.

Question 3.
Write the difference between joint sector and co-operative sector industries.
Answer:
1. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
2. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.

Question 4.
Name the major industrial regions of India.
Answer:

• Mumbai Pune Cluster
• Bangalore Tamil Nadu region
• Hugli region
• Ahmedabad Baroda region
• Chottanagpur Industrial belt
• Visakhapatnam Guntur belt,
• Gurgaon Delhi Meerut region
• Kollam Thiruvananthapuram region.

Question 5.
What was the cause of industrial diaster which occurred in Bhopal on December 3,1984?
Answer:
The industrial disaster in Bhopal on 3 December, 1984 occurred due to the leakage of high poisonous Methyl Isocynate (MIC) gas alongwith Hydrogen Cyanide and other reactive products.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was Sakchi (Jamshedpur) chosen to set up the steel plant TISCO? Give reason.
Answer:
Sakchi was chosen to set-up steel plant (TISCO) for various reasons:

• It was close to the iron-ore, coal and manganese deposits. TISCO gets coal from Jharia coalfields and iron-ore, limestone, dolomite and manganese from Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
• The Kharkai and Subarnarekha rivers ensured suffficient water supply.
• Kolkata provided a large market.
• Government initiatives provided adequate capital for its later development.

Question 2.
Describe the locational advantages of Pittsburgh Steel City in the United States America.
Answer:
Locational advantages of Pittsburgh steel city :

• Coal is available locally.
• Iron-ore comes from the iron mines at Minnesota about 1500 km from Pittsburgh.
• The world’s best route: the famous Great Lakes waterway is available for shipping ore cheaply
• Train carry the ore from the Great Lakes to the Pittsburgh area.
• The Ohio, the Monogahela and Allegheny rivers provide adequate water supply.

Question 3.
Describe the favourable locational factors that were responsible for the development of the textile industry in Ahmedabad.
Answer:

• Ahmedabad is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area. This ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The humid climate is ideal for spinning and weaving.
• The flat terrain is suitable for the establishment of the mills.
• The densely populated states of Gujarat and Maharashtra provide both skilled and semiskilled labour
• There are well developed road and railway network.
• Nearby Mumbai port facilities import of machinery and export of cotton textiles.

Question 4.
‘Ahmedabad’ is situated in the heart of a cotton growing area’. Write its advantages.
Answer:

• Location of Ahmedabad ensures easy availability of raw material.
• The humid climate there is ideal for textile processes.
• The plain area and easy availability of land helps establish mills.
• Gujarat and Maharashtra provide for skilled and semi-skilled labour.
• Easy access to market is provided through transportation by well-developed roads and railway network.

MAP-TIME

On an outline map of the world, mark 5 major iron-ore producing areas.
Answer:
Industries Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Industry: It is an economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals, or provision of services.
• Agro-Based Industries: These industries use plant and animal-based products as their raw material. For Example, Food processing, and cotton textile industries.
• Mineral Based Industries : These industries use mineral ores as their raw materials. For example, Iron-Steel Industry,
• Marine Based Industries: These industries use products from seas and oceans as raw materials. For example, Industries are processing seafood.
• Forest Based Industries: These industries utilize forest produce as raw materials. For Example, Industries associated with pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals.
• Small Scale Industries : They use a lesser amount of capital and technology.
• Large Scale Industries: They are industries that use larger capital and technology to produce large volumes of products.
• Private Sector Industries: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
• Joint Sector Industries: These are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Maruti Udyog Ltd.
• Co-operative Sector Industries: These industries are owned and co-operated by producers suppliers, workers, or both. For example, Amul, Mother Dairy.
• IT Industry: It deals in the storage, processing, and distribution of information.

Haryana State Board HBSE 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 8th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture

HBSE 8th Class Geography Agriculture Textbook Questions and Answers

EXERCISES

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is agriculture?
Answer:
The science and art of cultivation of the soil, raising crops, and rearing livestock are called agriculture. It is a primary activity and one of the oldest occupations known to humans.

(ii) Name the factors influencing agriculture.
Answer:
The factors influencing agriculture are:
(a) Climate
(b) Soil
(c) Relief
(d) Other factors like availability of irrigation facilities, size of landholdings, transport facilities, nearness of market etc.

(iii) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?
Answer:
Shifting cultivation is the process of agriculture where a small area of a forest is cleared by cutting down all the trees and the area is burned. The ashes are mixed with soil to make it more fertile and the land is used for growing crops. After a couple of years, when the land becomes less fertile, it is abandoned.

The disadvantages of shifting cultivation are:
(а) It has led to deforestation and loss of natural vegetation.
(b) It leads to soil erosion and soil loss.

(iv) What is plantation agriculture?
Answer:
Plantation agriculture is a type of commercial farming practised on farms called estates to grown a single crop like tea, coffee, sugarcane, rubber, banana etc. The plantations are managed like industrial units.

(v) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.
Answer:
The fibre crops are : Cotton, Jute
Climatic conditions for their growth are:
Cotton :
(а) High temperature of about 27°C during the growing period.
(b) Rainfall of about 60 cm to 100 cm in frequent showers.
(c) Fertile, well drained soil.
(d) Dry, clear and sunny weather during the ripening of the cotton bolls.

Jute:
(а) Warm and wet climate.
(b) Alluvial soil, well-drained.
(c) Heavy rainfall.

Question 2.
Tick (✓) the correct answer:
(i) Horticulture means:
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables
(b) primitive farming
(c) growing of wheat
Answer:
(a) growing of fruits and vegetables.

(ii) Golden fibre refers to :
(a) tea
(b) cotton
(c) jute
(c) jute.
Answer:
(c) jute.

(iii) Leading producers of coffee _________.
(a) Brazil
(b) India
(c) Russia
Answer:
(a) Brazil.

Question 3.
Give reasons :
(i) In India agriculture is a primary activity.
Answer:
About 75 percent of India’s population lives in villages and depend directly or indirectly on agriculture. It provides food for human beings and raw materials for agro-based industries.

(ii) Different crops are grown in different regions.
Answer:
Different crops are grown in different regions because the different climatic conditions and favourable soil are required for different crops which is found in different regions.

Question 4.
Distinguish between the followings:
(i) Primary activities and tertiary activities.
(ii) Subsistence farming and intensive farming.
Answer:
(i)

(ii)

Question 5.
Activity :
(i) Collect seeds of wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, oilseeds and pulses available in the market. Bring them to the class and find out in which type of soil they grow.
Answer:

• Wheat: It grows good in well-drained loamy soil. Black soil provides excellent quality grain.
• Rice : It grows well in alluvial clayey soil which can retain water.
• Jowar, Bajra, Ragi : These can be grown in less fertile and sandy soil.
• Maize : It requires well-drained, deep and fertile soil.
• Oilseeds: Groundnuts are grown in alluvial soil and in black soil. Mustard requires alluvial soil.
• Pulses : They are grown in less fertile alluvial soil and red soil.

(ii) Find out the difference between the life style of farmers in the USA and India on the basis of pictures collected from magazines, books and newspapers and the internet.
Answer:
The following points will clear the difference between the life style of farmers in USA and India.

Life Style of Farmers In USA:

• Farmers have large size of farms ranging between 100-300 hectares.
• They use high dose of fertilizers.
• They use modern techniques and machines like harvesters in agriculture.
• They generally live in farm houses.
• They use high quality seeds and take adequate measures to control pests and improve soil fertility.
• They are generally educated. They work like businessmen and maintain proper accounts of expenditure and income.
• They sell their produce in big markets and export to other countries also.

Life Style of Farmers In India:

• The farmers generally do not have farms more than 1.5 hectares in area.
• They generally hire big machines for farming or work with small machines.
• They are not aware of the properties of soil and lack soil testing facilities.
• The farmers lack storage facilities and sell produce in the nearby markets (mandis).
• They are not educated and cannot keep account of farm activities.
• They live in kuchcha houses in villages.
• All the members of family are engaged in agricultural activities.

Question 6.
FOR FUN
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of given clues:

Across :
1. Crop that needs well drained fertile soils, moderate temperatures and lots of sunshine (5).
2. Increasing production through use of HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers and pesticides (5,10).
4. USA, Canada, Russia, Australia are major producers of this crops (5)
10. Type of farming to meet family needs (11)
13. Rearing of animals for sale (9)
14. Growing grapes for wines (11)

Down:
1. Coarse grains are also called (7)
3. Cultivation involving slash and burn (8)
5. Growing of crops, fruits and vegetables (11)
6. Tea, coffee, sugarcane and rubber are grown in (11)
7. Requires 210 frost-free days for growth (6).
8. Growing of flowers (12)
9. Also called ‘Golden Fibre’ (4)
11. Also known as paddy (4)
12. Activity concerned with extraction of natural resources (7)
Answer:
Across :
1. MAIZE
2. GREEN REVOLUTION
4. WHEAT
10. SUBSISTENCE
13. LIVESTOCK
14. VITICULTURE

Down :
1. MILLETS
3. SHIFTING
5. AGRICULTURE
6. PLANTATIONS
7. COTTON
8. HORTICULTURE
9. JUTE
11. RICE
12. PRIMARY

HBSE 8th Class Geography Agriculture Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two essentials for agricultural activity?
Answer:
Favourable topography of soil, climate.

Question 2.
Name three secondary activities.
Answer:
Manufacturing of steel, baking of bread, weaving of cloth.

Question 3.
What is arable land?
Answer:
The land on which the crops are grown is known as arable land.

Question 4.
What is organic farming?
Answer:
In this type of farming, organic manure and natural pesticides are used instead of chemicals.

Question 5.
What types of farming are included in commercial farming?
Answer:
Commercial farming includes commercial grain farming, mixed farming and plantation agriculture.

Question 6.
What is done in mixed farming?
Answer:
In mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing livestock.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What climatic conditions are required for the cultivation of cotton?
Answer:

• high temperature.
• light rainfall
• two hundred and ten frost-free days.
• bright sunshine.

Question 2.
What are different types of fibre crops?
Answer:
Fibre Crops : Fibre is a material produced from vegetables, animals, minerals and chemicals. Vegetables fibres are procured from seeds, stems, leaves and fruit cases. Animal fibres are produced from insects like silkworms, from animals like sheep, goats, yaks, llamas, rabbits, reindeers and camels. Minerals fibres, like glass, are made from silica sand. Synthetic fibres are obtained from chemical treatment of natural cellulose, made of wood pulp. Two important sources of vegetable fibre are cotton and jute.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the regions where commercial grain farming is practised.
Answer:
(a) Commercial grain farming is practised in the temperate grasslands of North America, Europe and Asia.
(b) These regions are sparsely populated with large farms sprading over hundreds of hectares.
(c) Due to severe winters only a single crop can be grown.

Question 2.
Write a short note on millets.
Answer:

• Millets are also known as coarse grains and can be grown on less fertile and sandy soils.
• It is a hardy crop that needs low rainfall and high to moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
• Millets are grown in India, Nigeria, China and Niger.

Question 3.
Write the geographical conditions required for the cultivation of tea.
Answer:

• Tea requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
• It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes.
• Large number of labour is required to pick the leaves.

Agriculture Class 8 HBSE Notes

• Agriculture : The science and art of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock.
• Sericulture : Commerical rearing of silk worms.
• Pisciculture : Breeding of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds.
• Viticulture : Cultivation of grapes.
• Horticulture : Growing vegetables, flowers and fruits for commerical use.
• Subsistence Farming: This is the type of farming carried out by a farmer to satisfy the needs of his family alone.
• Nomadic Farming: Nomadic farming refers to the practice of farming in which herdsmen move from one place to another, with their families and their livestocks.
• Commercial Farming: The crops are grown and animals are reared to sell in the market.
• Mixed Farming: In mixed farming, livestocks are reared along with the farming of food and fodder crops.
• Agricultural Development: Agricultural development refers to the increase in farm production in order to meet the demands of a growing population.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Struggles for Equality Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 10 Struggles for Equality

HBSE 7th Class Civics Struggles for Equality Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What do you think is meant by the expression ‘power over the ballot box? Discuss.
Answer:
The expression ‘power over the ballot box means the power to vote. Every adult (a person of 18 years or above) in India has the equal right to vote during elections. This right has been used by people to elect or replace their representatives.

Question 2.
What issue is the Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) fighting for?
Answer:
The Tawa Matsya Sangh (TMS) is fighting for the rights of displaced forest dwellers of the Satpura forest in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 3.
Why did the villagers set up this organisation?
Answer:
The villagers set up this organisation to fight for the right, to fish catch in the ‘Tawa Reservoir’.

Question 4.
Do you think that the large- scale participation of villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS? Write two lines on why you think so.
Answer:
Yes, the large-scale participation of the villagers has contributed to the success of the TMS. It shows that when people are united, they can successfully fight for their rights. It is the power of the voice of the people in a democracy which ultimately wins. The committee of government, recommended their right to catch fish in the Tawa Reservoir.

Question 5.
What role does the Constitution play in people’s struggle for inequality?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution plays a great role in People’s struggle for inequality.

• The Indian Constitution is a living document which recognises the equality to all persons.
• Movements and struggle for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice for all.
• The Constitution highlights the challenges to equality in democracy like (a) privatisation of health services in the country, the increasing control that business houses exert on media, the low value given to women and their work.
• Whenever any Fundamental Right is violated, we can go to the court.

Question 6.
Read the poem on page 120 NCERT. Why grains rots in godowns while I don’t even get a fistful of rice. What does the poet mean when he says, “My hunger has the right to know?”
Answer:
It means we have plenty of grains stored in godown but of hoarders and merchants put the poor people are still not getting a single bit of rice. They are still facing hunger.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Struggles for Equality Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you mean by equality during elections?
Answer:
Equality during elections means that all adults in India have the equal right to vote.

Question 2.
Why are people displaced?
Answer:
When dams are built or forest areas are declared sanctuaries for animals, a large number of people are displaced.

Question 3.
When did the government give the rights for fishing to private contractors?
Answer:
In 1994, the government gave the rights for fishing in the Tawa reservoir to private contractors.

Question 4.
Why are people discriminated in India?
Answer:
People are discriminated on the basis of a person’s religion, caste and sex.

Question 5.
Why is a dam built?
Answer:
A dam is built across a river at sites where one can collect a lot of water.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What factors are considered significant in treating people unequality in India?
Answer:
(i) Discrimination on the basis of a person’s religion, caste and sex are the significant factors for- why people are treated unequally in India.
(ii) For example, Omprakash Valmiki was forced to sweep the school yard because he was a Dalit, Ansaris were not given apartment on lease because they wepe Muslims.

Question 2.
What were the effects of displacement of poor people in urban area?
Answer:

• In urban area basis (localities) in which poor people live are often uprooted. As a result, some of these poor people are relocated to areas outside the city.
• Its consequences are that Poor people’s work as well as their children’s schooling is severely disrupted.
• It is because of the distance from the outskirt of the city to these locations.

Question 3.
What does the Indian Constitution say about the equality?
Answer:
(i) The Indian Constitution recognises all Indians as equal before the law.
(ii) It also states that no person can be discriminated on the basis of their religion, sex, caste or income and wealth.

Question 4.
People’s lives in India are highly unequal. Discuss.
Answer:

• The man who sells juice does not have the resources to compete with all of the major companies who sell branded drinks through expensive advertising.
• Thus, poverty and the lack of resources are considered a basic reason in making so many people’s lives in India unequal.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the Indian Constitution called a living document?
Answer:
The Indian Constitution is called a living document because :

• Indian Constitution recognizes the equality of all persons.
• Indian Constitution has a real meaning in our lives.
• The foundation of all movements for justice and the inspiration and for all the poetry and songs is the recognition of equality among people. The Indian Constitution recognises of equality among people.
• Movements and struggles for equality in India continuously refer to the Indian Constitution to make their point about equality and justice to all.

Question 2.
How does the Right to Equality establish the Social Equality in India? Do you think it is practically achieved in our country?
Answer:
Article 15 provides that the state shall not discriminate against citizens on grounds of religion, sex, caste, colour. The same article provides that all the citizen shall have access to the public restaurants, hotels and places of public entertainment etc.

However, the right to equality given under Constitution is not practised in reality. The increasing privatisation of health services and the neglect of government hospitals have made it difficult for most poor people to get good quality healthcare do not have the resources to afford expensive private health services.

Struggles for Equality Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Equality : A state when everyone should be given equal opportunities for their all round development.
• Scheduled Caste : Certain castes which are linked with the Govt, of India due to their backwardness.
• Social Justice: A condition in which there should be equality of opportunity of progress for every citizen of the country without any discrimination.
• Constitution: Fundamental law and principles according to which a country is governed.
• Economic Justice: It is a condition where all the citizens are guaranteed a decent standard of living without any economic disparity.
• Welfare State: A system in which the government provides free social services like health and education to help the old, the unemployed, and the sick.
• Basti: Area around the urban areas, where poor people live in Jhuggi-Jhopfi.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 10 Life in the Deserts

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Deserts Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly :
(a) What are the two types of deserts found in the world?
(b) In which continent is the Sahara desert located?
(c) What are the climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert?
(d) What mainly attracts tourists to Ladakh?
(e) What type of clothes the people of the Sahara desert wear?
(f) Name the trees that grow in Ladakh.
Answer:
(a) (i) Hot Deserts
(ii) Cold deserts.

(b) Africa

(c) The climatic conditions of the Ladakh desert are cold and dry.

(d) (i) Gompas
(ii) Meadows and glaciers
(iii) Ceremonies and festivities of local people.

(e) People of the Sahara desert wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.

(f) Willows, poplars, apples, apricots and walnuts.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Sahara is located in which part of Africa?
(a) eastern
(b) northern
(c) western
Answer:
(b) northern

(ii) Sahara is what type of desert?
(a) cold
(b) hot
(c) mild
Answer:
(b) hot

(iii) The Ladakh desert is mainly inhabited by __________.
(a) Christians and Muslims
(b) Buddhists and Muslims
(c) Christians and Buddhists.
Answer:
(b) Buddhists and Muslims

(iv) Deserts are characterised by __________.
(a) scanty vegetation
(b) heavy precipitation
(c) low evaporation
Answer:
(a) scanty vegetation

(v) Hemis in Ladakh is a famous __________.
(a) temple
(b) church
(c) monastery.
Answer:
(c) monastery.

(vi) Egypt is famous for growing.
(a) Wheat
(b) Maize
(c) Cotton.
Answer:
(c) Cotton.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give the reasons:
(i) There is scanty vegetation in the desert.
Answer:
There is scanty vegetation in desert due to extreme harsh temperature.

(ii) People of Sahara desert wear heavy robes.
Answer:
People of Sahara desert wear heavy robes for their protection against dust storms and hot winds.

Question 5.
Map skills :
(i) On the outline map of Africa, mark the Sahara Desert.
Answer:

(ii) On the outline map of India, mark the Karakoram Range, Zanskar Range, Ladakh and Zoji La pass.
Answer:

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Deserts Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
In which continent does the Sahara Desert lie?
Answer:
North Africa.

Question 2.
Define Desert?
Answer:
It is an arid region characterized by extremely high or low temperature and has scarce vegetation.

Question 3.
Name the eleven states of Africa that touch the Sahara Desert?
Answer:
Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, Tunisia and Western Sahara.

Question 4.
What is the area of the world’s largest desert?
(Hint : World’s largest Desert is the Sahara Desert.)
Answer:
8.54 million sQuestion km.

Question 5.
Name two nomadic tribes in the Sahara Desert.
Answer:
Bedouins Tuarega.

Question 6.
What is the etymology of Ladakh?
Answer:
La – Meaning a maintain pass
Dak – meaning country.

Question 7.
Which is one of the coldest inhabited place on earth.
Answer:
Brass.

Question 8.
Why is Ladakh known as Khapa – Chan?
Answer:
Ladakh is known as Khapa – Chan as the word – means snow land.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Illustrate the climate of the Sahara Desert.
Answer:
The climate of the Sahara Desert is searching hot1 and parch dry. It has a short rainy season. The sky is cloudless and clear. Days are unbelievable hot upto 50°C. The nights are freezing cold nearing zero degree.

Question 2.
Describe the location of Ladakh.
Answer:
Ladakh lies in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram range in the north and the Zaskar mountain in the south bound it.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the people living in the Sahara Desert?
Answer:

• The people of the Sahara Desert are Bedouins a Tuaregs which are nomadic tribes rearing livestock.
• They are provided with milk, hides from which they make leather for mat, carpets, clothes and blanket.
• They wear heavy robes as protection against dust storms and hot winds.

Question 4.
What are changes undergoing in the cultural landscape of the Sahara?
Answer:
(a) Gleaming glass cased office buildings tower over mosques and super highways criss-cross the ancient camel paths.
(b) Trucks are replacing camels in the salt trade.
(c) Tuaregs are seen acting as guides to the foreign tourists. More and more nomadic herdsmen are taking to city life finding jobs in gas and oil operation.

Question 5.
Determine the location of Ladakh with the help of physical features.
Answer:
Ladakh is a cold desert lying in the Great Himalayas (mountains) on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir. The Karakoram range in the north and the Zanskr range in the south enclose it. Several rivers especially Indus flow through it.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the climate of Ladakh region.
Answer:

• The climate of Ladakh is extremely cold and dry.
• The day temperatures in summar are just above 0°C and the night temperatures are below 30°C.
• Winters are freezing cold. The temperature remains below 40°C for most of the time.
• This region receives a little rainfall, as low as 10 centimetres annually.

Question 2.
Contrast the desert of Ladakh and Sahara.
Answer:

Life in the Deserts Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Cramps : Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh.
• Wadi : It is a stream in hot deserts.
• Rainshadow : An area with small average rainfall occurring on the leeward side of mountains.
• Oasis : An area in the desert where some groundwater comes up like spring.
• Wasteland : Applied to the land which was previously used but is now abandoned.
• Homestead : Farmhouse and their adjoining areas.
• Nomads : People who travel in search of food and fodder are called nomads.
• Sand-dunes : Hill of loose sand.
• Spring : Small opening in the ground through which underground water comes to the surfaces.
• Homo sapiens : Species of human beings that exist today.
• Desert: An arid region often empty and receiving less than 25 cm of rainfall annually.
• Extreme Climate : A climate that is too hot or too cold.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 9 Life in the Temperate Grasslands

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Temperate Grasslands Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the Temperate Grasslands of North America called?
(b) What are the cattle farms in the North American Grasslands known as?
(c) Name the rivers that drain the velds.
(d) When is the rainy season in the Velds?
(e) What is the major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands?
Answer:
(a) The temperate grasslands of North America are called Prairies.
(b) The cattle farms in the North American Grasslands are called ranches.
(c) The tributaries of rivers Orange and Limpopo.
(d) The velds enjoy rainy season mainly in the summer months from November to February.
(e) The major occupation of the people of the South African grasslands is sheep rearing.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) River Mississippi drains
(i) Canada
(ii) Africa
(iii) USA
Answer:
(iii) USA

(b) Drakensberg Mountains bound the _________.
(i) Prairies
(ii) Velds
(iii) Pampas
Answer:
(ii) Velds

(c) Merino is a species of _________.
(i) Fish
(ii) Elephant
(iii) Sheep
Answer:
(iii) Sheep

(d) Kimberley is famous for _________.
(i) diamonds
(ii) silver
(iii) platinum
Answer:
(i) diamonds

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’.
(ii) Rise of wool industry in the Velds.
Answer:
(i) The Prairies are known as the ‘Granaries of the world’ due to the huge surplus of wheat production.

(ii) Sheep rearing is the most important occupation in the Velds. Merino sheep is a popular species and their wool is very warm. Sheep is bred and reared mainly for wool. This has given rise to wool industry there.

Question 5.
On an outline map of North- America, mark the Rocky Mountains, the Great Lakes, river Mississippi, river Saskatchewan, the cities-Chicago and Winnipeg.
Answer:

Question 6.
For Fun :
Make a grass whistle
You will require a blade of grass about 5 cm in length. Be sure to choose the grass blade longer than your thumb. The thickness of the grass should be about 0.5 to 0.7 cm. Choose the grass that is broad and wide. Narrow blade is difficult to hold. Put your thumb together as your nails are facing you. Stretch the blade of grass lengthwise between the thumbs and the base of the hand.

Your hands should be cupped to create a hollow or a narrow opening between your palms. You should just be able to see the edge of the grass only through the narrow opening. Place your lips over the opening and blow gently into the palm. You may even feel the grass blade vibrating as you blow. As you gradually blow you will hear sound of whistle created by grass.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Life in the Temperate Grasslands Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the Prairies bound by?
Answer:
The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the west and the Great Lakes in the East.

Question 2.
What type of wind blows in the prairies?
Answer:
A local wind “Chinook” blows in the prairies due to the absence of the north-south barrier.

Question 3.
What kind of trees grow in Prairies where water is available?
Answer:
Where water is available, trees such as willows, alders and poplars grow in prairies.

Question 4.
Who looks after ranches?
Answer:
Sturdy men called cowboys look after ranches.

Question 5.
What factors have made North America a surplus food producer?
Answer:
Scientific methods of cultivation and use of tractors, harvesters and combines has made North America a surplus food producer.

Question 6.
Why are the Prairies known as the “Granaries of the world?”
Answer:
The Prairies are known, as the “Granaries of the world” due to the huge surplus of wheat production.

Question 7.
What is the extent of the dairy belt in the Prairies?
Answer:
The dairy belt -in the Prairies extends from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast in the east.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the terrain and vegetation of the prairies.
Answer:

• The prairies is a region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land.
• Whereas, prairies are treeless, but, near the low lying plains, flanking river valleys, woodlands can be found.
• Tall, grass, upto two metres high dominates the landscape.
• The prairies is actually a sea of grass.

Question 2.
Describe the location and surroundings of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds lie in the temperate grasslands.
• The velds is bound by the Drakensburg mountains on the east.
• Kalahari desert lies to the west of the velds.
• The “high velds” are located on the north-eastern part.

Question 3.
Write four climatic features of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean.
• Winters are cold and dry. Temperature vary between 5°C and 10°C and July is the coldest month.
• Summers are short and warm. The temperature of Johannesburg is about 20°C in summers.
• The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November to February.

Question 4.
What are the three broad divisions of the veld?
Answer:
The three broad divisions of the Veld are:

• High Veld – Highest ranging from 1120 m to 1670 m.
• The Middle Veld – It is a plateau ranging from 610 m to 1120 m.
• Low Veld – below 610 m.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the two main occupations sheep rearing and dairy farming practised in the velds.
Answer:
Sheep rearing :

• Sheep is bred mainly for wool.
• It has given rise to the woollen industry in the velds.
• Merino sheep is a popular species and their wool is very warm.

Dairy farming :

• Cattles are reared in the warmer and wetter regions.
• Dairy products like butter and cheese are produced for both domestic supply and also for expert.

Question 2.
Write the climatic conditions of the velds.
Answer:

• The velds have a mild climate due to the influence of the Indian Ocean.
• Winters are cold and dry.
• Temperature vary between 5°C and 10°C.
• Summers are short and warm.
• The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November and February.

Life in the Temperate Grasslands Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Grassland : A region where the grasses form the dominant type of plant life.
• Mixed Farming: Cultivation of crops and animal rearing is done on the same farm.
• Trans-continent: Across the continent from east to west.
• Temperate Region : Region which lies in the interior of the continents and received low rainfall.
• Combine Harvester : A grain machine that reaps threshes and sacks the wheat in one operation.
• Contour Ploughing: Cutting farm beds across the hill slopes, following the contours rather than ploughing up and down the slopes.
• Strip Cropping : Growing of crops in continuous strips along the contours of a hill slide.
• Prairies : Mid-latitude grasslands in North America.
• Cowboy : A man on the back of a horse who guides the one who has cattle in the Prairies
• Velds : Temperate grasslands of South Africa
• Chinook : Hot wind that blows in the winter
• Fauna : Species of animals
• Flora : Plants species of a particular region
• Ranches : Cattle’s shed in Prairies
• Red Indians : The Native Americans

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) Name the continent in which the Amazon Basin is located.
(b) What are the crops grown by the people of the Amazon Basin?
(c) Name the birds that you are likely to find in the rain forests of the Amazon.
(d) What are the major cities located on the river Ganga?
(e) Where is the one-horned rhinoceros found?
Answer:
(а) South America.
(b) The people of the Amazon Basin grow tapioca, pineapple, and sweet potato. Cash crops such as coffee, maize, and cocoa are also grown.
(c) Toucans, hummingbirds, birds of paradise with their brilliantly coloured plumage.
(d) The major cities located on the river Ganga are Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna, and Kolkata.
(e) The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plain.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(a) Toucans are a type of:
(i) birds
(ii) animals
(iii) crops
Answer:
(i) birds

(b) Manioc is the staple food of:
(i) Ganga Basin
(ii) Africa
(iii) Amazon
Answer:
(iii) Amazon

(c) Kolkata is located on the river:
(i) Orange
(ii) Hooghly
(iii) Bhagirathi
Answer:
(ii) Hooghly

(d) Deodars and firs are a type of:
(i) Coniferous trees
(ii) Deciduous trees
(iii) Shrubs
Answer:
(i) Coniferous trees

(e) Bengal tiger is found in:
(i) Mountains
(ii) Delta area
(iii) Amazon.
Answer:
(ii) Delta area

Question 3.
Match the following:

Answer:
(i) (f)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (g)
(iv) (c)
(v) (a)

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(i) The rainforests are depleting.
Answer:
The rainforests are depleting because:

• Big developmental activities that result in cutting of trees.
• Setting up of large scale-industries after clearance of forest patches.
• Floods can submerge them or wash away the top soil.

(ii) Paddy is grown in Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.
Answer:
As paddy needs a sufficient amount of water and it rdins heavily in plains. Paddy is grown in the-Ganga-Brahmaputra plains.

Question 5.
Map Skills:
(i) On an outline map of Indian subcontinent, draw the rivers of Ganga and Brahmaputra from the source to the month. Also show the important tributaries of both the rivers.
Answer:

(ii) On the political map of the South Africa, draw the equator. Mark the countries located on equator.
Answer:

Countries : Ecuador, Columbia Peru and Brazil.

Question 6.
For Fun :
Make a collage to show places of attractions in India. You can divide the class in different groups to show attractions based on mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance.
Answer:
Students do yourself.

Question 7.
Activity:
Collect under mentioned material and observe how destruction of trees effect the soil cover.
Material:
(i) Three small flowerpots or food cans (example – cold drinks tin cans)
(ii) One big can with holes punched in the bottom (this will act as a sprinkling can),
(iii) Twelve coins or bottle caps
(iv) Soil.

Process:
Take three small cans or pots. Fill them with soil till the top. Press the soil to make it ‘ level with the top of the can. Now put four coins or bottle caps on the soil of each can. Take the big can that has been punched with ’ holes and fill it with water. You can also take the sprinkling can from your garden. Now, sprinkle water on the three cans. On the first can sprinkle water very slowly so that no soil s splashes out. Let moderate amount of water be sprinkled on the second can. On the third v. can, sprinkle the water heavily. You will observe that unprotected soil splashes out. Where the ‘rain’ is heavy the amount of soil that splashes out is the maximum and least in case of the first can. The coins or caps represent the tree covers. It is clear that if the land is cleared completely of the vegetation, the soil cover will quickly disappear.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a river’s mouth?
Answer:
The place where a river flows into another body of water is called river’s mouth.

Question 2.
What are Bromeliads?
Answer:
Bromeliads are special plants that store water in their lives.

Question 3.
What is population density?
Answer:
It means the number of people that live in 1 sq km. of area.

Question 4.
Which forests cover the Ganga-Brahmaputra deltaic regions?
Answer:
Mangrove forests.

Question 5.
Define Terrace farming.
Answer:
Terraces are built on steep slopes to create flat surface on which crop are grown.

Question 6.
Name the animals found in Amazon forest.
Answer:
Monkey, sloth and ant-eating tapirs:

Question 7.
How are people housed in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plain?
Answer:
Some families live in thatched houses shaped like beehives. There are other large apartment like houses called “Maloca” with a steep slanting roof.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How have developmental activities adversely affected the rain¬forests?
Answer:

• Development activities have led to gradual destruction of the biologically diverse rainforests.
• A large area of rainforests have disappeared in the Amazon basin.
• The top soil washes away as the rain falls and the lush forest converts into a barren landscrape.

Question 2.
What is slash and burn agriculture?
Answer:
Slash and burn is a way of cultivating land where farmers clear a piece of land by slashing or cutting down trees and bushes. After two or three crops, the soil loses fertility. So farmers abandon that patch and clear another plot of land to cultivate.

Question 3.
Write the climatic conditions of the Amazon basin.
Answer:

• Amazon basin is characterised by hot and wet climate throughout the year.
• Both days and nights are almost equally hot and humid.
• It rains almost everyday.

Question 4.
How have the rainforests of the Amazon basin been made accessible?
Answer:

• The Trans-Amazon highway have made all parts of the rainforests accessible.
• Aircrafts and helicopters are also used to reach various places of the rainforests.

Question 5.
How has the environment played a significant role in the distribution of the population?
Answer:
The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore, less number of people live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. The plain area provides the most suitable land for human habitation. The soil is fertile. The density of the population of the people is also very high.

Question 6.
How is River Ganga polluted?
Answer:
River Ganga is polluted because the waste water from big towns and cities and industries is discharged into river. This leads to its pollutions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why was tourism flourished in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin?
Answer:
The places which are worth visiting in the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin :

• Taj Mahal on the banks of river Yamuna in Agra.
• Allahabad on the confluence of the River Ganga and Yamuna.
• Buddhist stupas in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• Imambara in Lucknow.
• Kaziranga and Manas wildlife sanctuaries in Assam.

Question 2.
Describe the variety of wildlife found in the Ganga- Brahmaputra basin.
Answer:

• Elephants, tigers, deer and monkeys are common.
• The one-horned rhinoceros is found in the Brahmaputra plains.
• In the delta area, Bengal tigers, crocodiles and alligators are found.
• Aquatic life abounds in the fresh river waters, the lakes and the Bay of Bengal. The popular varieties of the fishes are the – Rohu, Catla and Hilsa.

Map Time

Question I.
Mark the Amazon Basin and its neighbouring areas of it on a physical map of south America.
Solution:

Question II.
Mark the location of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin on the Indian River Map long with the rivers.
Solution:

Human Environment Interactions: The Tropical and the Subtropical Regions Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Tropical Region : Region which lies around the equator between 10°N and 10°S latitudes.
• Temperate Regions : Interior regions of continents receive less rainfall.
• River Basin : A single river system which drains a certain area.
• Seringuerious : Method of collecting rubber in Amazon Basin.
• Shifting Agriculture : A system of constantly moving over a new field as old ones wear out.
• Head Stream: The stream constituting the major sources of river to develop in later phase.
• Tributaries : These are the small rivers that join the main river.
• Rain Forests : A vegetation zone characterised by high rainfall (above 200 cm.) well distributed throughout the year and tropical evergreen trees.
• Indigenous : Original occupants of the region.
• Tsangpo : Name given to river Brahmaputra in Tibet.
• Sasu : Blind dolphin.
• Manioc : This is the staple food of the people of the Amazon basin.
• Maloca : Large apartment houses with steeply slanting roofs.
• Piranha : It is a type of fish that eats.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(а) What are the four means of transport?
Answer:
The four means of transport are :

• Roadways
• Railways
• Waterways
• Airways

(b) What do you understand by the term ‘settlement’?
Answer:
Settlements are places where people build their homes.

(c) Which are the activities practised by human people?
Answer:
The activities practised by the rural people are farming, fishing, forestry, trading and craftswork.

(d) Mention two merits of railways.
Answer:
Two merits of railways are:

• The railways carry heavy goods and people over long distances quickly.
• The railway fare is less compared to waterways and airways.

(e) What is mass media?
Answer:
Mass media is the medium of communicating to large number of people like print media, radio and television.

Question 2.
Tick (√) of the correct answer:
(i) Which is not a mean of communication?
(a) Telephone
(b) Books
(c) Table
Answer:
(c) Table

(ii) Which type of road is constructed under the ground?
(а) Flyover
(b) Express ways
(c) Subways
Answer:
(c) Subways

(iii) Which mode of transport is most suitable to reach an island?
(a) ship
(b) train
(c) car
Answer:
(a) ship

(iv) Which vehicle does not pollute the environment?
(a) cycle
(b) bus
(c) aeroplane
Answer:
(a) cycle

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (c)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (b).

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(a) Today’s world is a shrinking.
Answer:
World is shrinking today because of the various modes of communication which are provided by worldwide information and interaction.

Question 5.
For Fun :
Mention which mode of communi-cation you will prefer most in the following situations.
(a) Your grandfather has suddenly fallen ill. How will you inform the doctor?
(b) Your mother wants to sell the old house. How will she spread this news?
(c) You are going to attend the marriage of your cousin for which you will be absent from the schools for the next days. How will you inform the teacher?
(d) Your friend has moved out with his/her family to New York. How will you keep in touch on a daily base?
Answer:
(a) Telephone
(b) Newspaper
(c) Letter/Application
(d) Telephone/Internet.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is wet point settlement?
Answer:
The settlement growing around water is known as wet point settlement.

Question 2.
Name the cheapest means of transport.
Answer:
The cheapest means of transport is waterways.

Question 3.
What is temporary settle-ment?
Answer:
Settlement which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlement.

Question 4.
Which means of transport is free from physical barrier?
Answer:
Air transport is free from physical barrier.

Question 5.
Which transport system is suitable for light and perishable articles?
Answer:
Road transport system is suitable for light and perishable articles.

Question 6.
Which are the types of human settlement?
Answer:
Rural and urban settlements are two kinds of human settlement.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are temporary settlements? Who dwell in these settlements and what are their main occupations?
Answer:

• Settlements which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlements.
• The people living in deep forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains often dwell in such temporary settlements.
• Their main occupations are hunting, gathering, shiftsing cultivation and transhumance.

Question 2.
Name the various animals used for transport in different parts of the world. .
Answer:

• In India, donkeys, mules, bullocks and camesl are used.
• In the Andes mountains of South America, Llamas are used.
• In Tibet, yaks are used.

Question 3.
Write four important features of airways.
Answer:

• Airways is the fastest means of transport.
• It is the most expensive due to high cost of fuel.
• It can reach even the most remote and distant areas, especially where there are no roads and railways.
• Helicopters are extremely useful in most inaccessible areas and in times of calamities for rescuing people and for distributing food, water, clothes and medicines.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between transport and communication.
Answer:

Question 2.
Distinguish between National Highways and State Highways.
Answer:

Human Environment: Settlement, Transport and Communication Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Site : The place where a building or a settlement develops.
• Settlements : Places where people build their homes.
• Transport: The means by which people and goods move is called transport.
• Subways : Roads built underground.
• Communication : The process of conveying messages to others.
• Mass Media : The means through which we can communicate with a large number of people.
• Metalled Roads : Pucca roads that can be used in all the weather.
• Unmetalled Roads : Kuchcha roads are out of work during extreme weather.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Air Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Air

HBSE 7th Class Geography Air Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is the atmosphere?
Answer:
A huge blanket of air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.

(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Two gases that make the bulk of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen.

(iii) Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas.creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.

(iv) What is weather?
Answer:
Weather is the sum total of atmospheric conditions of si specific place, at a specific time regarding temperature, humidity, air pressure, clouds, winds etc.

(v) Name three types of rainfall.
Answer:
Three types of rainfall are:
(a) Convectional rainfall
(b) Orographic rainfall
(c) Cyclonic or Frontal rainfall.

(vi) What is air pressure?
Answer:
Air has weight and exerts pressure. Hence, air pressure is an impact which occurs due to air weight.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Ozone
Answer:
(c) Ozone

(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is :
(a) troposphere
(b) thermosphere
(c) mesosphere
Answer:
(a) troposphere

(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer:
(b) Stratosphere

(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure ________.
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains the same
Answer:
(b) decreases

(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called ________.
(a) cloud
(b) rain
(c) snow
Answer:
(b) rain

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.
Answer:
On a humid day, evaporation from wet clothes takes place slowly in the atmosphere due to low temperature. Hence wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.

(ii) Amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.
Answer:
Insolation comes through vertical rays on equator. As we go iip from equator towards poles, the sun rays become slanting. The slanting rays take up more space, the degree of hotness is felt less. Hence the amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Air Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is atomosphere?
Answer:
The huge blanket of air by which our earth is surrounded is called atmosphere.

Question 2.
Which two gases are found in the atmosphere in abundance?
Answer:

• Nitrogen
• Oxygen.

Question 3.
Name the gases which are found in the atmosphere in lesser quantities?
Answer:

• Carbon dioxide
• Helium
• Ozone
• Argona
• Hydrogen.

Question 4.
Write the percentages of different gases found in the atmosphere.
Answer:

• Nitrogen : 71%
• Oxygen : 21%
• Carbon dioxide : 0.3%
• Argon : 0.93%
• All others : 0.04%.

Question 5.
Why is stratosphere the most ideal for flying aeroplanes?
Answer:
Stratosphere is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes.

Question 6.
What is weather?
Answer:
Hour-to-hour, day-to-day condition of the atomosphere is called weather.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is atmosphere essential for human beings?
Answer:

• It provides us the air we breathe.
• It protects as from the harmful rays of the sun.
• It makes the temperature of the earth liveable.

Question 2.
Why is carbon dioxide called a greenhouse gas?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide traps the heat radiated from the earth arid creates a greenhouse effect. Therefore, it is called a greenhouse gas.

Question 3.
What is global warming?
Answer:
The quantity of carbon dioxide increases due to factory smoke or car funies and the heat retained increase the temperature of the earth. This called as global warming.

Question 4.
How is ozone gas important to us?
Answer:
Ozone gas forms a protective layer around the earth it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.

Question 5.
Draw diagrams to show (i) Cyclonic rainfall
(ii) Relief rainfall
(iii) Convectional rainfall.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw a diagram showing the layers of atmosphere.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain about different layers of atmosphere.
Answer:
There are five different layers of atmosphere :

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

Answer:
(i) Troposphere:
Height : Its average height is about 13 km.
Activities : This is the most important layer of the atmosphere. The air we breathe exists here. All weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.
Upper limit: Tropopause.
Temperature : Not beyond 45°C.

(ii) Stratosphere:
Height: It extends upto a height of 50 km.
Activities: This layer is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon making conditions more ideal for flying aeroplanes. It has the ozone layer which protects us from the harmful affect of rays.
Upper limit: Stratopause.
Temperature : The temperature here keeps on rising.

(iii) Mesosphere:
Height : This is the third layer of the atmosphere. It lies above the height of 80 km.
Activities : Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering the space.
Upper limit: Mesopause.

(iv) Thermosphere : Height: 80-400 km.
Its upper limit satropause
Temperature: The temperature is rising.

Question 2.
Name the various gases in the atmosphere and their functions or uses.
Answer:
Nitrogen and oxygen are two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities. Apart from these gases, tiny dust particles are also present in the air.

Their functions and uses are as follows:

• Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air. When we inhale, we take some amount of nitrogen into our lungs and exhale it. But plants need nitrogen for their survival.
• Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the air. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air as they breathe.
• Carbon dioxide is another important gas. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release energy.

Question 3.
Which is the greenhouse gas and what affect does it have?
Answer:
(i) Carbon dixoide-released in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect by trapping the heat radiated from the earth. It is therefore called a green house gas and without it the earth would have been too cold to live in. However, when the level in the atmosphere increases due to factory smoke or car fumes, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth. This is called global warming.

(ii) This rise in temperature causes the snow in the coldest parts of the world to melt.

(iii) As a result, the sea level rises, causing floods in the coastal areas.

(iv) There may be drastic changes in the climate of a place leading to extinction of some plants and animals.

Air Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Atmosphere : Thick blanket of air around the earth.
• Ozone : This thin layer of atmosphere which acts as a filter and absorbs ultra violet radiation.
• Smog: Combination of smoke and fog.
• Stratosphere : Above troposphere it is a cold but clean layer of air.
• Periodic Winds : Winds changing their direction periodically with change in the season.
• Loo : Hot and dry wind that blows over the plains.
• Evaporation : Change of liquid state of water into water vapour.
• Wind : Horizontally moving air near the surface of the earth is called a wind.
• Lapse Rate : The rate at which temperature decreases with altitude is called lapse rate.
• Radiation : Reflection of solar energy by clouds and particles are called radiation.
• Molecule : Smallest particles of a substance in free state.
• Humidity : The amount of water vapour present in the air.
• Insolation : The amount of solar radiations coming down to the earth.
• Terrestrial. Radiation : The heat given off by the earth.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Water Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Water

HBSE 7th Class Geography Water Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is precipitation?
Answer:
When the water vapour cools, it condenses and forms clouds. From there it may fall On the land or sea or rain, snow sleet. This is called precipitation.

(ii) What is the water cycle?
Answer:
The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

(iii) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
Answer:
The factors affecting the height of the waves are:

• Winds
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruption and landslides on the bottom of the ocean.

(iv) Which factors effect the movement of waves?
Answer:
The factors which effect the movement of waves are :

• Temperature
• Winds
• Gravitational pull of the sun
• The earth
• The moon
• The warm and cold currents.

(v) What are tides and how are they caused?
Answer:
Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water that occurs twice in a day. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.

(vi) What are ocean currents?
Answer:
Ocean currents are streams of water that flow constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions are called ocean currents.

Question 2.
Give reasons:
(i) Ocean water is salty.
Answer:
The water of the ocean is salty or saline as it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt.

(ii) The quality of water is deterior-ating.
Answer:
The quality of water is deteriorating day by day because of pollution of the rivers and also due to global warming, the fresh water stored in the ice caps is melting because of rising temperature. The water cycle is therefore disturbed and fresh water available for drinking is decreasing day by day.

Question 3.
Tick (√) the correct answer :
(i) The process by which water continually changes in its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land.
(a) Water cycle
(b) Tides
(с) Ocean currents
Answer:
(a) Water cycle

(ii) Generally the warm ocean currents originate near ________.
(a) Poles
(b) Equator
(c) None of these
Answer:
(b) Equator

(iii) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called ________.
(a) Tide
(b) Ocean current
(c) Wave
Answer:
(a) Tide

Question 4.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (a)

Question 5.
For Fun :
Be a Detective
(i) The name of one river is hidden in each of the sentences below. Spot it.
Example : Mandra, Vijayalakshmi and Surinder are my best friends.
Answer:
Ravi.
(a) The snake charmer’s bustee, stables where horses are housed, and the piles of wood, all caught fire accidentally. (Hint: Another name for River Brahmaputra) Answer:
Teesta.

(b) The conference manager put pad, material for reading and a pencil for each participant. (Hint: A distributary on the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta)
Answer:
Padma.

(c) Either jealousy or anger cause a person’s fall (Hint: Name of a juicy fruit!)
Answer:
Orange.

(d) Bhavani germinated the seeds in a pot (Hint: Look for her in West Africa)

(e) “I am a zonal champion now” declared the excited atheletic. (Hint: The river that has he biggest basin in the world)
Answer:
Amazon.

(f) The tiffin box rolled down and all the food fell in dusty potholes. (Hint: Rises in India and journeys through Pakistan)
Answer:
Indus.

(g) Malini leaned against the pole when she felt that she was going to faint. (Hint: Her delta in Egypt is famous)
Answer:
Nile.

(h) Samantha mesmerised everybody with her magic tricks. (Hint: London is situated on her estuary)
Answer:
Thames.

(i) “In this neighbourhood, please don’t yell! Owners of these houses like to have peace”. Warned my father when we moved into our new flat”. (Hint: colour!)
Answer:
Yellow.

(j) ‘Write the following words, Marc!’ “On”, “go”, “in” said the teacher to the little boy in KG Class. (Hint: Rhymes with ‘bongo’)
Answer:
Congo.

Now make some morer on your own and ask your classmates to spot the hidden name. You can do this with any name: that of a lake, mountains, trees, fruits, school items etc.
Carry on Detective

(ii) With the help of an atlas, draw each river which you discoverd in For fun (t), on an outline map of the world.
Answer:
(a) Teesta
(b) Padma
(c) Orange
(d) Niger
(e) Amazon
(f) Indus
(g) Nile
(h) Thames
(i) Yellow
(j) Congo

HBSE 7th Class Geography Water Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What causes evaporation of water?
Answer:
The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour.

Question 2.
Name the major sources of fresh water.
Answer:
Rivers, ponds, springs, glaciers.

Question 3.
Which salt is mainly found in the ocean water?
Answer:
Much of the salt found in the sea-water is sodium chloride or the common tablesalt.

Question 4.
Give reason : Swimmers can float in Dead Sea.
Answer:
Swimmers can float in Dead sea because it increases salt content and makes it dense.

Question 5.
What are the different ways in which movements of ocean water can be classified.
Answer:
The movements in the ocean water can be classified as : (a) waves, (b) tides, (c) currents.

Question 6.
What is the importance of World Water Day?
Answer:
The need to conserve water is reinforced in different ways on World Water Day.

Question 7.
What are waves?
Answer:
When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternatively, they are called waves.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the spring tides? When do they occur?
Answer:
High magnitude tides are called spring tides. These tides occur on the full moon and new moon nights when the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line.

Question 2.
What are neap tides? When do they occur?
Answer:
Low magnitude tides are called neap tides. These tides occur when the moon is in its first and last quarter, and the ocean water get drawn in mutually perpendicular directions by the gravitational pull of the sun and the earth resulting in low tides.

Question 3.
Where do the warm and cold ocean currents originate?
Answer:

• The warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles.
• The cold currents originate near polar or higher latitudes and move towards tropical or lower latitudes.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Wave and Tide.
Answer:

Question 2.
Is all the water on earth available to us?
Answer:
No, all the water on earth is not available to us. Only 2.8% water is fresh, which we can utilize to fulfill our needs. Rest 97.2% water is saline.

Question 3.
If there is more water than land on this earth, why do so many countries face water scarcity?
Answer:

• About 97.2% water is saline.
• Only 2.8% water is fresh which can be utilised by the human beings.
• Uneven distribution of water also leads to water scarcity.
• Careless use and wastage of water by human beings is the main cause of water scarcity.

Question 4.
Write the effects of ocean currents.
Answer:

• The ocean current influences the temperature conditions of the area. Warm currents bring about warm temperatures over the land surface.
• The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds in the world.
• The areas where warm and cold currents meet also experience foggy weather making it difficult to navigate.

Water Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Terraium : It is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.
• Hydrosphere : Part of the earth’s surface covered with water.
• Tide : The regular rise and fall in seawater is called tide.
• High Tide : The regular rise of seawater is called high tide.
• Low Tide : The fall of seawater is called low tide.
• Ground Water : When the rainwater is soaked by the ground is called groundwater.
• Hydrological Cycle : The continuous circulation of water among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere is called the hydrological cycle. Actually the cycle is of a very complex nature with a number of sub-cycles.
• Glacier : The moving mass of ice is known as glaciers.
• Salinity : Amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of seawater.
• Water Cycle : The movement of water from the sea to air and back to the sea.
• Water Conservation : The protection, preservation, and careful use of the water.
• Winds : The undulation on the surface of the water caused by wind blowing oversea.
• Evaporation : The process by which the water changes into water vapour and enters into the atmosphere.
• Condensation : The change of water vapour into droplets of water or snow is called condensation.
• Precipitation : The condensation of water vapour in the form of water droplets or ice crystals and falling on the earth’s surface.

Haryana State Board HBSE 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

HBSE 7th Class Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Which are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends?
Answer:
The growth of vegetation mostly depends on the following two factors:

• Temperature
• Moisture

(ii) Which are the three broad categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
Three broad categories of natural vegetation are as follow:

• Forests
• Grasslands
• Thorny shrubs.

(iii) Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
The two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests are:

• Rosewood
• Ebony
• Mahogany (Any two)

(iv) In which part of the world, tropical deciduous forest is found?
Answer:
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in Central America. Teak, sal, neem and shisham are the main trees of these forests.

(v) In which cliiftatic condition, citrus fruits are cultivated?
Answer:
Hot dry summer and rainy mild winter season is good for the cultivation of citrus fruits.

(vi) Mention the uses of coniferous forests.
Answer:

• The wood of trees found in these forests is very soft which is used to make match box and packing boxes.
• The wood is very useful for making pulp.
• The wood is used for making news print.
• Tree helps to control soil erosion.
• Trees provide shelter to our wildlife.

(vii) In which part of the world seasonal grassland is found?
Answer:
The world seasonal grassland is found in is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior parts of the continents.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
(i) Mosses and Lichens are found in :
(a) Desertic vegetation
(b) Tropical evergreen forest
(c) Tundra vegetation
Answer:
(c) Tundra vegetation

(ii) Thorny bushes are found in :
(a) Hot and humid tropical climate
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate
(c) Cold polar climate
Answer:
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate

(iii) In tropical evergreen forest, one of the common animals is :
(a) Monkey
(b) Giraffe
(c) Camel
Answer:
(a) Monkey

(iv) One important variety of coniferous forest is :
(a) Rosewood
(b) Pine
(c) Teak
Answer:
(b) Pine

(v) Steppe grassland is found in :
(a) S. Africa
(b) Australia
(c) Central
Answer:
(c) Central

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season.
(iii) The type and thinkness of vegetation changes from place to place.
Answer:
(i) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin to protect themselves from the cold climatic conditions.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
(iii) The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place because of the variation in temperature and moisture.

Question 5.
Activity:
(i) Collect pictures and photographs of forests and grasslands of different parts of world. Write one sentence below each picture.
(ii) Make a college of rainforest grassland and coniferous forests.
Answer:
(i) (A)

Tropical evergreen forests occur in the regions near the equator and close to the Tropics.

(B)

Tropical deciduous forests are the monsoon forests which experience seasonal changes.

(C)

Temperate evergreen forests comprise both hard and soft wood trees like oak, pine, eucalyptus etc.

(D)

The trees of temperate deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry seasons.

(E)

Mediterranean vegetation is mostly found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Coniferous (Taiga) forests are found in the higher latitudes (50°-70°) of Northern hemisphere. Tropical grassland grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall.

Question 6.
For Fun

Answer:
Horizontally : Bamboo, Bear, Whale, Flora, Lichen, Hen, Pine, Seal, Fowl, Chir, Masses, Grass, Taiga, Praire, Fir, Ebony, Goat, Deciduous, Tundra, Zebra, Horse, Lianos, Pampas.

Vertically : Shrub, Ox, Pig, Cactus, Fauna, Lion, Downs, Tiger, Neem, Oak, Camel, Peepal, Oak, Deer, Savanaa, Yak.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do the trees in tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves altogether?
Answer:
The trees in tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves’ altogether because there is no particular dry season.

Question 2.
Where are tropical deciduous forests found?
Answer:
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia, and in Central America.

Question 3.
What type of trees are found at higher latitudes?
Answer:
Temperate deciduous forests are found at higher latitudes.

Question 4.
What is the use of wood of coniferous trees?
Answer:
The wood of coniferous trees is used for manufacturing pulp which is used for manufacturing paper and newsprint.

Question 5.
What is the extent of tropical grasslands?
Answer:
The tropical grasslands occur on either side of the equator and extend till the Tropics.

Question 6.
What kind of grass is found in temperate grasslands?
Answer:
Short and nutritious grass is found in temperate grasslands.

Question 7.
Why is vegetation cover scarce in thorny bushes?
Answer:
Vegetation cover is scarce in thorny bushes because of scanty rain and scorching heat.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the factors on which growth of vegetation depends?
Answer:
Following are the factors on which growth of vegetation depends :

• The change in height affects the character of vegetations. With the change in height, the climate changes and that changes natural vegetation.
• The growth of vegetation also depends on temperature and moisture.
• The growth of vegetation also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil.

Question 2.
What are three categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
The three categories of natural vegetations are :

• Forests : Forests grow where temperature and rainfall are plentiful to support a tree cover. The forests can be (i) dense forests, (ii) open forests.
• Grasslands : Grasslands include tropical and temperate grasslands. They grow in the region of moderate rain.
• Shrubs : Thorny shrubs and scrubs grow in the dry region.

Question 3.
Write a short note on temperate grasslands.
Answer:
Tropical grasslands occur oft either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate’ to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer and leopards.

Question 4.
Write three major features of tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
Major features of tropical evergreen forests are:
These forests are so dense that thick canopies are developed which do not allow the sunlight to penetrate inside the forest. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. This keeps the forest evergreen. Hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany are found here.

Question 5.
Where is Tundra type of vegetation found? Why?
Answer:
Tundra type of vegetation includes mosses, lichens and very small shrubs. The main polar areas of Tundra type of vegetation are Europe, Asia and North America. This is found in polar regions. They grow during the very short summer. This is so because polar regions are extremely cold and the growth of natural vegetation is very limited here.

Question 6.
What are the main features of Highlands vegetation?
Answer:
The temperature falls with the rise in the height as in the mountainous area. The factors behind the variety in the types of vegetation in highlands are the climatic changes occurring in the higher altitude.

A succession of the vegetation from the tropical to alpine types in mountains can be notice. Generally, at the foothills, there is belt of deciduous trees. The pine forests are well grown at the height between 1500 metres to 2000 metres.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on the various’ types of grasslands.
Answer:
The various types of grasslands are:

• Tropical grasslands
• Temperate grasslands
• Thorny bushes

1. Tropical grasslands : This type of vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass here can grow very tall, about to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards etc.

2. Temperate grasslands : This type of vegetation is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents. Grass here is usually short and nutritious. Common animals found in this region are wild buffaloes, bisons, antilopes etc.

3. Thorny bushes : These are found in the dry desert like regions. Tropical deserts are located on the western margins of the continents, which are characterised by such vegetation. Vegetation in the polar regions is also limited. Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here. It grows during the very short summer. This is called Tundra type of vegetation. Polar animals have thick fur and thick skin which protect them from the cold climate conditions, for example, seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, etc.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Evergreen Vegetation : Forest with trees retaining the leaf cover across the year.
• Natural Vegetation : Original land cover of forest vegetation.
• Coniferous Trees : The forest in which trees have conical leaves and they don’t shed their leaves all at a time.
• Wildlife Sanctuary : An area, set aside for preserving its natural vegetation, natural beauty, wildlife etc.
• Biodiversity : Different species on the earth.
• Biome : A vast ecosystem with its group of plants and animals is recognised as biome.
• Eco-system : A system which comprises the physical environment and the’organisms with live therein.
• Food Chain : Food chain is the transfer of energy from one organism to another in ecological system.
• Food Web : It is complicated network of several food chains.
• Herbivores : Animals of those categories which lives on grass and plants.
• Carnivores : The animals which kill small animals for their food.
• Habitat: The physical environment in which the animals normally live.
• Forests : Extensive area covered with trees.
• Vegetation : The assemblage of plant species living in association with each other in a given environmental framework is known as vegetation.
• Fauna : Species of animals.
• Flora : Plants of a particular region.
• Conservation : Protection, preservation, and efficient utilization of resources gifted by nature.