Author name: Bhagya

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 7 Urban Administration Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Urban Administration

HBSE 6th Class Civics Urban Administration Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
List at least four different tasks that the Municipal does.
Answer:
1. It manages to collect garbage and disposes of in the proper place.
2. It takes care of the situation of the town.
3. It builds roads and repairs them whenever required.
4. It takes care of the water supply and keeps the streets and roads clean.

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below.
1. In a panchayat the elected members are called ———— .
2. The city is divided into several ———— .
3. In a municipal corporation the elected members are called ———— .
4. Group of councillors deal with issues that affect the ———— .
5. Elections are held once every ———— years for the panchayat as well as for the municipality.
6. While the councillors make decisions the administrative staff led by the Commissioner ———— these.
Answer:
(1) Panchs
(2) Wards
(3) Councillors
(4) entire city
(5) five
(6) implement

Question 3.
What was Gangabai protesting about?
Answer:
Gangabai was protesting about the filthy environment of her locality.

Question 4.
Why do you think Gangabai decided to approach the Ward Councillor?
Answer:
Gangabai decided to approach the Ward Councillor because it was Ward Councillor’s duty to look after the sanitation in his locality.

Question 5.
What did Gangabai say when the Commissioner told that there were not enough trucks in the city?
Answer:
When the Commissioner said that there were not enough trucks in the city, Gangabai said. But you seem to have enough trucks to, collect garbage from the rich localities.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
Why did the children go to Yasmin Khala’s house?
Answer:
The children had broken street lights while playing cricket. They had no knowledge how the light was to be replaced and to whom they should pay the compensation. They first went to Rehana’s mother who gave them knowledge that it was the duty of municipal corporation to replace the lights. She directed them to Yasmin Khala’s house as she had just retired from the Municipal Corporation. So, children went to Yasmin Khala’s house to get their problems solved.

Question 2.
List four ways in which the work of the Municipal Corporation affects the life of city dweller.
Answer:
The four ways in which the Municipal Corporation affects the life of a city dweller are:
(i) It takes care of street lights, garbage collection, water supply, keeping the streets and the market clean.
(ii) It ensures that diseases do not break out in the city.
(iii) It runs school, hospitals and dispensaries.
(iv) It makes garbage around the city and maintains them.

Question 3.
Who is a Municipal Councillor?
Answer:
Municipal Councillor is an elected representative of a ward. He is also known as the ward councilor.

Question 4.
What did Gangabai do and why?
Answer:
Gangabai and women in the locality were upset over the garbage lying in the streets and unhygienic condition of the society. Gangabai proposed that it was the Ward Councillor who they should go to. Gangabai was confident that they had the right to do so as they were ones who elected him.

Question 5.
How does the Municipal Corporation earn the money to do its work?
Answer:
The Municipal Corporation is responsible for all round development of the society. It provides many services which requires a lot of money. The Municipal Corporation earn the money by collecting taxes from the people. It levied taxes on property, water and other services. Taxes are levied on the measurement and consumption of services. Taxes are also levied on education and other amenities like owning a hotel, entertainment etc.

Question 6.
Discuss:


In the two photograph you see different ways of collecting disposing garbage.
1. Which way do you think safety to person disposing garbage?
2. What are the dangers of collecting in the manner shown in the first photograph?
3. Why do you think that the proper ways of disposing garbage are not available to those who work in municipalities?
Answer:
1. In photograph-2, safer means for disposal of garbage are being adopted.

2. Dangers of collecting garbage in the manner shown in the photograph-1 are:
(i) The animals roaring around garbage dump may cause injury/harm/ hurt to them personally.
(ii) Always a fear of being get seriously ill or fall in the grip of serious diseases.

3. Municipalities have less facilities and transportation available to dispose garbage as compared to the corporations. In other words corporations are meant for big cities or Metropolitian cities. Due to growing population and slums a number of steps were taken by corporations to over come these problems. So, ways of disposing garbage are less available to those who work in municipalities.

Question 7.
Several poor people in the work as domestic servants as well as work for the Corporation, keeping the city clean. Yet the slums in which they live are quite filthy. This is because these slums seldom have any water and sanitation facilities. The reason often given by the Municipal Corporation is that the land in which the poor have set up their homes does not belong to them and that slum-dwellers do not pay taxes. However, people living in middle class neighbourhood, pay very little in taxes compared to the amount of money the corporation spends on them in setting up parks, street lighting facilities, regular garbage collection etc. Also as you read in this chapter, the property taxes collected by the Municipality makes up only 25-30 per cent of its money. Why do you think it is important that the Corporation should spend more money on slum localities? Why is it important that the Municipal Corporation provide the poor in the city with the same facilities that the rich get?
Answer:
The Corporation should spend of money on slum localities because:
(i) The share of general public in corporations earning stand between 70-75 per cent in terms of collection of various axes excluding only property tax.
(ii) Sanitation and light fall in the category of basic needs mandatory to provide by corporation like authority in a city.
(iii) These effects part of corporation would in long terms, bring buoyancy to its earning through taxes when parks, schools, water and electricity etc. facilities are provided with the poor in slums. Again it would inspire them to prepare for better in future.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Urban Administration Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a Ward?
Answer:
Ward is a division of city for the purpose of municipal or corporation election.

Question 2.
What is a property tax?
Answer:
People who own homes pay proper tax. The larger the house the more the tax.

Question 3.
What is a Metropolitan city?
Answer:
A city in which people from different, religion, state and caste live together is called a metropolitan city.

Question 4.
Whose job is to replace the street light?
Answer:
It is the job of the Municipal Corpo-ration of the city to replace the street lights.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is sub-contracting? What did Yasmin Khala tell about this in case of garbage collection?
Answer:
Subcontracting means that the work that was earlier being done by government workers is how being done by a private company. Yasmin Khala told that in order to save money the Commissioners of several munici-palities across the country had hired private contractors to collect and process garbage.

Question 2.
What are hazards and dis-advantages associated with the job of collecting garbage?
Answer:
(i) The contract workers get paid less.
(ii) Their jobs are temporary.
(iii) It is quite a dangerous job.
(iv) The contract’ workers do not have any access to safety measures.
(v) They are not taken care of if they are injured while working.

Question 3.
How does the state government help the Municipalities?
Answer:
The sources of income of the Municipalities are very limited while the expenditures are more then the income. The state government helps the Municipalities by giving grants to them.

Question 4.
How are complicated decisions taken?
Answer:
Complicated decisions usually affect the entire city and therefore these decision are taken by groups of councillor who form committees to decide and debts issue. For example, if bus stands need to be improved or a crowded market place needs to have its garbage cleared more regularly.

Question 5.
What are major features and facilities available in a city?
Answer:
Major features and facilities available in a city are:
(a) Crowded markets
(b) Bigger in size then villages
(c) Many buses and cars
(d) Water facilities
(e) Electricity facilities
(f) Hospitals and schools

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the three main functions of the district administration?
Answer:
The three functions of the district administration are:
(i) To maintain law and order: To perform this task, all officers work under the supervision of the Collector.

(ii) To maintain land record and realise land revenue: For this purpose. Tehsildar, Naib Tehsildar, Kanungo and Lekhpal (Patwari) assist the Collector. He also provides relief when unforeseen situations as epidemics, famine are befallen.

(iii) To provide civic amenities: The district administration provide civic amenities as health facilities, education, means of transport, repair of roads etc.

Question 2.
What are the main functions performed by the Municipality or Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
The functions of the Municipality or a Municipal Corporation are generally similar. These are.
1. Functions for maintaining public health:
(i) They arrange for the disposal wastes causes numerous diseases.
(ii) They construct sewage, drain out dirty water from our cities and villages.
(iii) They protect the people from epidemics and other diseases like small-pox, cholera. They make suffice arrangements for vaccination and inoculation of the people.
(iv) They construct public latrines and urinals.
(v) They maintain dispensaries and hospitals to treat the sick.

2. Functions of Public Convenience:
(i) They arrange for water and electricity.
(ii) They maintain and repair roads, bridges and streets.
(iii) They plant trees along the roads for the convenience of travellers.
(iv) They make arrangements for the primary education of the children. For this, schools are maintained with proper basic facilities.
(v) They also manage libraries, museums and zoological parks etc.
(vi) It makes arrangements for playgrounds, parks and gardens.

3. Maintaining optional or miscellaneous departments:
(i) It maintains fire engines for extinguishing fire.
(ii) It checks food adulteration.
(iii) They remove obstacles from the public roads.
(iv) They maintain records of births and deaths.
(iv) It approves the plans of houses to be built in its areas.
(vi) They make arrangement for cremation and burial grounds.
(vii) Corporation issue permission to set-up petrol pumps, cinema houses etc.
(viii) Corporation also set-up homes for helpless women and children.

4. Tax Collection:
It impose and collect taxes like house tax, vehicles tax etc.

Urban Administration Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Municipal Corporation: Civic body in big cities is called Municipal Corporation.
• Municipal Council (Municipality): The civic body in small towns and cities is termed as municipal Council.
• Ward Councillor: Elected representative of a ward in a corporation is called Ward Councillor.
• Municipal Commissioner: The chief executive and administrator of the Municipal Corporation is called Municipal Commissioner.
• Public Defence: The maintenance of fire engines for extinguishing fire, checking food adulteration etc. .
• Mayor: Presiding officer or Chairman of a municipal corporation.
• Aldermen: Members of municipal bodies choosen for their experience and distinguished services.
• Democracy: A government of the people, for the people, and by the people.
• Collector: The highest officer of the district.
• Tehsildar: He is in charge of everything relating to land and land disputes in the district.
• The Sessions Judge: He conducts/administers the highest criminal court in the district

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Panchayati Raj

HBSE 6th Class Civics Panchayati Raj Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Gram Sabha?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha is a meeting with all adults who live in the area covered by a Panchayat.

Question 2.
In the meeting of the Gram Sabha so far, what are the problems that are being discussed? What sort of solutions is being discussed?
Answer:
Several problems are being discussed in the meeting of the Gram sabha:
(а) Problem of water shortages.
(b) Finalisation of the list of people below the poverty line (BPL) which had to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

Question 3.
Was there a problem with the BPL list that the Gram Sabha was finishing?
What was this problem?
Answer:
Yes, there was a problem with the BPL list that the Gram Sabha was finalising the name of one landless labourer Om Prakash was not on the list.

Question 4.
Why do you think Soorajmal kept quiet even though Saroj asked him to speak?
Answer:
Soorajmal kept quiet even though Saroj asked him to speak because Amirchand, a powerful and influential man was sitting in the Gram Sabha.

Question 5.
Have you seen any similar incidents when people are unable to speak for themselves. Why do you think that happened and what prevented the person from speaking?
Answer:
When people consider someone very powerful in the society; people are unable to speak for themselves. They are so used to that person in the society to speak. For themselves so that even if some have problem.

Question 6.
How can the Gram Sabha prevent the Panchayat gram doing what it like?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha prevent the Panchayat from doing wrong things like misusing money or favouring certain people.
(a) It keeps an eye on the elected representatives.
(b) It makes them responsible to the persons who elected them.

Question 7.
What decisions were taken by the Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The Gram Panchayat took the following decisions:
(a) The Gram Panchayat decided to deepen two handicaps and clean one well so that the villagers would not go without water.
(b) The Gram Panchayat members were also keen for at long term solutions of water shortages.
(c) The Gram Panchayat suggested for the watershed development programme.

Question 8.
Do you think it was necessary for them to take these decisions?Why?
Answer:
It was necessary for them to take these decisions because the problem of water shortages was becoming a cute.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
What problem did the villagers in Hardas village face?What did they do solve this problem:
Answer:
The villagers in Hardas village were facing the water problem. The problem when brought to and discussed in the Gram Sabha meeting a conclusion was arrived at and thus watershed development programme came into operation. Soon, it was completed and the villagers took a sigh of relief.

Question 2.
What in your opinion is the importance of the Gram Sabha?Do you think all members should attend Gram Sabha meeting?Why?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha is of great importance to all of as who are living in villages. In Gram Sabha, all important issues regarding the development of a village are discussed and Gram Panchayat works according to the agenda laid down in and passed by the Gram Sabha.
Yes, all the members should attend Gram-Sabha meeting because this practice will automatically educate the participants and they would learn the procedure of calling meeting and all other allied there too.

Question 3.
What is the link between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat works at village level. Gram Sabha is a place where all important plants for the works of Gram Panchayat are placed before the people. Gram Sabha also keeps monitoring on functioning of Gram Panchayat.

Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat are linked with each other because through the meeting of Gram Sabha, Gram Panchayat comes to know about the problems of the people and try to solve them.

Question 4.
Take an example of any one task done by a Panchayat in your area/nearby rural and find out the following:
(a) Why it was taken up
(b) Where the money comes from
(c) Whether or not work has been completed?
Answer:
Task: Laving out a link road/approach through way through out mohalla (settlement) to the main road.

Reasons:
Colony people were facing problems in transportation of goods (i.e. apples, pear, peach etc.) to Haldwani Mandi. Money for project came from Rural Development fund, cess on peddlers, fairs etc., grant in aid from Kapileshwar. Trust and subscription collected from every resident of the village was also added therewith. The Link- Road was completed a fortnight before the date completion agreed to by the contractor Jagmohan Singh viz with 60 days.

Question 5.
What is the difference between a Gram Sabha and a Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Gram Sabha
1. Every adult man and woman in village who has attained the age of 18 years or above; are the members of the Gram Sabha.
2. The number of members can be between 100 to 1000.
3. There is no concept of reservation.
4. It is a bigger body.

Gram Panchayat
1. The members of the Gram Sabha elect some representatives from themselves to form Gram Panchayat.
2. The number of members can be from 7 to 31.
3. Out of total, 1/3rd seats are reserved for women and some for scheduled castes and schedule tribes.
4. It is a smaller body then Gram Sabha

Question 6.
Read the following news item:
Nimone is a village on the Chauphula-Shinur Road. Like many others, this village has also been facing a severe water shortage for the last few months and villagers depend on tankers for all their needs. Bhagwan Mahadeo Lad (35) of this village was beaten with sticks, iron rods and axes by a group of seven men. The incident came to light when some villagers brought a badly injured Lad to hospital for treatment. In the FIR recorded by the police Lad said that he was attacked when he insisted that the water in the tanker must be emptied into the storage tanks he insisted as a part of the water supply scheme by Nimone Gram Panchayat so that there would be equal distribution of water. However, he alleged that the upper caste men were against this and told him that tanker water was not meant for the lower castes. (Adopted from Indian Express May 1, 2004)
(a) Why was Bhagwan beaten?
(b) Do you think the above is a case discrimination?Why?
Answer:
(a) Bhagwan Mahadeolal was beaten with sticks, iron and axes by seven men. He was beaten because he wanted the water tanker: should be emptied into storage tank built by the Nimone Gram Panchayat, so that there could be equal distribution of water. But the people of upper class did not tolerate it. So he was beaten by them.

(b) Yes, we think that this is a case of discrimination because from the above news, we come to know that the people of upper castes were against the equal distribution of water. They (upper caste men) think that the water in tanker was only for them, not for the lower caste.

Question 7.
Find out more about watershed development and how it benefits an areas.
Answer:
Watershed Development: The ways of conserving water and refilling it by cyclic and anticyclic process is situated in a village in Maharashtra state. This process is known as water-shed development and the State ! Government provide money for this work.

For water conserving and refilling, people planted trees, constructed check dam and tanks which increase the water table. (For more detail visited with your teacher in an area where water shed development are being ; planned.)

HBSE 6th Class Civics Panchayati Raj Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who can be a member of the Gram Sabha?
Answer:
Anyone who is 18 years old or more and who has the right to vote is a member of the Gram Sabha.

Question 2.
What is the term of the Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The Gram Panchayat is elected for five years.

Question 3.
Who are the members of the construction and development committees of Gram Sabha?
Answer:
The construction and development committees of the Gram Sabha include some members of the Gram Panchayat who work together to carry out specific tasks.

Question 4.
Why is the Nirmal Gram Puruskar awarded and to whom?
Answer:
The Nirmal Gram Puruskar is awarded to the village Panch/Panchs for the excellent work done by him/them in the Panchayat.

Question 5.
To whom are the Panchs and the Gram Panchayat answerable?
Answer:
The Panchs and the Gram Panchayat are answerable to Gram Sabha?

Question 6.
Who has to approve the work of the Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
The work of the Gram Panchayat has to be approved by the Gram Sabha.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by the Panchayati Raj system?
Answer:
Panchayati Raj system is a process through which people participate in their own government. The Panchayati Reg system is the first tier or level of democratic government.

Question 2.
Name the three levels or tiers of the Panchayati Raj system.
Answer:
The three tiers of the Panchayati Raj system are:
1. Village Panchayat in the villages.
2. Panchayat Samiti or Janpad Panchayat at the Block level.
3. Zila Parishad in the Districts.

Question 3.
What are the main functions of the Zila Parishad?
Answer:
(i) The main functions of the Zila Parishad is to co-ordinate all the activities of the Panchayati Raj.
(ii) It gives advice to the State Government on the work of Panchayats and Samitis.
(iii) It prepares a plan for its district development.
(iv) It implements all programmes coming under a five year plan.
(v) It divides the funds received from the State government among the Block Samitis and the Gram Panchayats.

Question 4.
What are the sources of income of Zila Parishad?
Answer:
Chief sources of the income of a Zila Parishad are as under:
(i) Taxes on fairs and circus etc.
(ii) Taxes on houses, shops, land, water and electricity.
(iii) Loans raised from the public if need arises.
(iv) Grant-in-aid from the state government.
(v) Rent of houses and shops owned by it.

Question 5.
In what ways is the local govern-ment important?
Answer:
(i) By the local government, the local people tries to solve their problems without depending on state level administration.
(ii) It develops the feeling of self-reliance among local people.
(iii) It develops initiative and the spirit of co¬operation.
(iv) It trains local people in running the central and the state administration.
(v) It finishes the local work with speed and with the least expenditure.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the composition of a Village Panchayat.
Answer:
A Village Panchayat is divided into wards. Each ward elects a representative who is known as the Ward member, also called Panch. All the members of the Gram Sabha also elect a Sarpanch who is called Panchayat President. The Ward Panchs and the Sarpanch form the Gram Panchayat. The tenure of the Gram Panchayat is five years.

The Gram Panchayat and the Gram Sabha have a common Secretary. He is a person whom the government appoints. Thus, he is not an elected person. The Secretary is responsible for calling the meeting of the Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat. He also keeps records of the proceedings of the meeting.

Question 2.
How is a Village Panchayat formed?
OR
Discuss the three organs of Village Panchayat.
Answer:
Village Panchayat has three important organs:
(i) The Gram Sabha: It consists of representatives directly elected by the villagers. It may consists of one village or a group of villages.
(ii) Gram Panchayat: The members of the Gram Sabha elect some representatives from among themselves to form Gram panchayat. It also have reserve seat for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and women.
(iii) Nyaya Panchayat: Each Village Panchayat elects some members to the Nyaya Panchayat which resolve minor disputes of the villagers.

Panchayati Raj Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Panchayati Raj: Panchayati Raj means grass root governance at village level by the villagers themselves and local self-government.
• Local Government: A government which is run by the elected representatives of the local people.
• Distt. Commissioner: An officer who looks after the district administration.
• Village Panchayat: A committee of five or more village elders is formed to improve the condition of the village.
• Gram Sabha: All men and women of a village whose age is 18 years or above constitute the GramSabha.
• Block Samiti: The committee that works at the block level is called the Block Samiti.
• Block: Some village panchayats join together to form a block.
• Zila Parishad: The Zila Parishad works at the district level. It prepares the plans for the development of a zila or district.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 Key Elements of a Democratic Government

HBSE 6th Class Civics Key Elements of a Democratic Government Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were Hector and his classmates protesting about?
Answer:
Hector and his classmates were protesting against learning the Afrikaans language in school. They did not want to learn this language as this was spoken by the whites and they had their own language which they wanted to learn.

Question 2.
List five ways in which the non-whites were discriminated against.
Answer:
The five ways in which the non-whites were discriminated against were as follows:
(a) There were separate trains and buses for non-whites.
(b) There were separate hospitals for them.
(c) An ambulance meant for white people would always be equipped while one meant for black was not.
(d) Non-whites had to live on the worst available land.

Question 3.
Do you think it is important for all persons to be treated equally? Why?
Answer:
Yes, it is important for all persons to be treated equally. This is so because all human being have same body system, heart, bones. Everybody has the right to lead a dignified life.

Question 4.
Why do you think elections are required after a fixed period?
Answer:
Elections are required after a fixed period because only in this way the power of the government gets limited. ‘

DISCUSS

Question 1.
In Maya’s story did the government support the idea that people are equal?
Answer:
In Maya’s story, the government did not support the idea that people are equal.

Question 2.
In Dr. Ambedkar’s story did the practice of untouchability support the idea that people are equal?
Answer:
In Dr. Ambedkar’s story, the practice of untouchability did not support the idea that people are equal. It supported the idea of discrimination and unjust or unequal situation.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
How would Maya’s life be different in South Africa today?
Answer:
Today South Africa is governed by democratic form of government but just before two decades, this country was governed by apartheid laws. In Modern South Africa, people enjoy democratic rights equally and all the citizens would enjoy equal public facilities. So Maya’s life would be quite comfortable today she would go to same school as whites receive equal treatment in schools and equal medical facilities.

Question 2.
What are the various ways in which people participate in the process of government?
Answer:
There are various ways in which people participate in the process of government:
1. People participate in the government by voting in the election and electing their leaders.
2. People protest against social disturbances in the form of dharnas, hold rallies, strikes, signature campaigns etc. and persuade government to set things right.
3. Members of the minority community can participate in the process of government by organising rallies for their rights.

Question 3.
Why do you think we need the government to find solutions to many disputes or conflicts?
Answer:
We need the government to find solutions to many disputes or conflicts because it is the government which makes laws, executes them and gives decisions. The government represents the country and also the head of the constitutional system. Government has to compensate people who are killed, wounded or whose properties are destroyed in violent accidents.

Question 4.
What action does the government take to ensure that all people are treated equally?
Answer:
The government takes the following actions to ensure that all people are tracked equally:
1. All citizen are equal before law.
2. Our constitution does not allow us to discriminate between people on the basis of caste, creed, religion or sex.
3. The government has reserved seats for scheduled castes and tribes in educational institutions and jobs.

Question 5.
Read through the chapter and discuss the pay ideas of democratic government. Make a list.
Answer:
1. All people are equal before law.
2. Democratic government for the people, Of the people and by the people.
3. All people above the age of 18 have a right to vote and choose their own representatives.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Key Elements of a Democratic Government Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write the name of one black township.
Answer:
One black township was south-western township or SOWETO.

Question 2.
What is meant by consensus?
Answer:
Everyone has the same view regarding an issue.

Question 3.
What does apartheid mean?
Answer:
Apartheid means separation on the basis of race.

Question 4.
Why is voting important in a democracy?
Answer:
Voting is important in a democracy because people elect leaders to represent them.

Question 5.
Posters on the walls have been banned. Why?
Answer:
The posters on the walls have been banned because
(i) it spoils the city’s look.
(ii) many a times the posters are pasted on important sign boards and even road maps.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of the police in a democratic country when processions are taken out?
Answer:
(i) Religious processions and celebrations may sometimes lead to a conflict, the government, specially the police plays an important role in getting representatives of concerned communities to meet and try to arrive at a solution.

(ii) Sometimes there is a fear that violence may erupt, with people throwing stones or trying to disrupt the procession. The police is responsible for ensuring that violence does not take place.

Question 2.
How did people react when in August 2005, a particular government increased the money people had to pay for electricity?
Answer:
When in August 2005, a particular government increased the money people had to pay to electricity.
(i) People expressed their disapproval sharply.
(ii) They took out rallies and also organised a signature campaign.

Question 3.
How can rivers become a source of conflict?
Answer:
Rivers can become a source of conflict because a river may begin in one state, flow through another and end in a third. The sharing of river water between different states that the river goes through beaming and issue of conflict.

Question 4.
What is the dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu regarding Krishna Sagar dam and Mellur dam.
Answer:
The downstream dam in Tamil Nadu can only be filled up water as released from the upstream one located in Karnataka. Therefore, both states cannot get as much water as they need for people in their states.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the functions of the government in a developing economy?
Answer:
In developing countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, the following functions should be performed by the govern-ments of the respective countries:
Functions of the Government in a Developing Country
1. Defence of the Country:
The first and foremost function of a developing country should be the defence of its country. To defend the country from-the external invasion, a powerful army, navy and air force should be maintained.

2. To maintain internal law and order:
It is a very important function of the government to maintain internal law and order. The government should make such laws which regulate the relations among the people. A country cannot make any progress if people are prey to internal disturbances.

3. Protection of life and property of the people:
The government must protect the life and property of the people. It is one of the primary duties of the government that it should make all possible arrangements for the safety and security of the life and property. Everybody should feel physically and economically secure in the state.

4. To maintain healthy relations with other countries:
In the modern age, no state can live in isolation. Each state depends on other states for the fulfillment of its various needs. The states are to maintain friendly relations among themselves

Question 2.
Briefly explain any six essential conditions for the successful working of a democracy.
Answer:
The following six conditions are considered to be essential for the successful working of a democracy:
1. A spirit of tolerance and co-operation:
As democracy is a government by discussion and criticism, it is essential that those in power should be respective to criticism. The minority group must extend full co-operation and support to the majority party.

2. Educated, alert and vigilant citizens can only understand the value of their vote and possess, the ability to understand national and international problems.

3. Economic equality before political equality: This is so because poor voters are not lured by monetary consideration to sell their votes.

4. The presence of local self-governing institutions: This leads to decentralization of power and flashes contemporary disposition of electorates i.e. citizens.

5. Existence of a healthy and well organised party system which resolute and benevolent opposition party play a positive and constructive role.

6. Presence of an independent press: This is important for getting accurate and unbiased information on national and international events.

Question 3.
Write about the conflict between the states of Karnataka and Tamilnadu over the issue of R. Cauvery?
Answer:
The rivers can become a source of conflict between states. A river may have its origin in one place and after flowing through many states they finally end its journey in the sea or ocean. The sharing of river water between different places that the river goes through is becoming an issue. There is a dispute between Karnataka and Tamilnadu over the sharing of the Cauvery water. The water stored in Krishnasagar dam in Karnataka is used for irrigation in several districts and for meeting the needs of various cities.

The water stored in Mettur dam of Tamilnadu is used for crops grown in the delta region of that state. A conflict arises because dams are on the same river. The downstream dam in Tamilnadu can only be filled up with water released from the upstream one located in Karnataka. So both the states cannot get as much water as they need for people in their states. This leads to conflict. The central government has to see that a fair distribution is worked out.

Key Elements of a Democratic Government Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Alien: A person who is not citizen of India.
• Government at the Centre: Government rules on whole country.
• Union List: The List on which only Parliament can make laws.
• Collective Responsibility: Responsibility of whole Cabinet.
• Democracy: Government made by the people, of the people and for the people.
• Bicameral Legislature: Two houses.
• Social Justice: It is a condition in which all citizens are treated as equal and no discrimination is made between them on the basis of caste or on the basis of being rich or poor.
• Economic Justice: It is a condition where all citizens are guaranteed decent standard of life.
• Ballot: A secret vote in which people seal out sign of the candidate they want to choose.
• Impeachment: The method of removal from the office of the President, Vice President, the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts practised by the Parliament under certain circumstances.
• Federalism: A federal government in which government has two distinct levels: (a) State Government, (b) Central Government.
• Socialist State: A state in which means of production (such as land, mineral resources, mills and factories) and the means of distribution are in the hands of the Government.
• Democratic State: A democratic country is one in which administration is run by the elected representatives of the people.
• Republic State: A state in which the head of the State is elected.
• Apartheid Laws: Laws in which people are separated on the basis of race (i.e., Black, White and Indian Race).

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 3 What is Government Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 What is Government

HBSE 6th Class Civics What is Government Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Look at the newspaper headlines above and list the different kinds of activities that the government is reported to be doing in these newspaper headlines.
1.
2.
3.
4.

• Isn’t this a wide range of activities?
• What do you think the government is? Discuss in class.

Answer:

• List of the different kind of activities that the government is reported to be doing in the newspaper headlines:

1. The government protects the rights of unorganised workers.
2. It fixes prices of essential commodities when they are in short supply.
3. It tackles food.
4. It revamps coal and power sectors.
5. It declares villages scarcity hit and . provides relief.
6. It appoints judges to high courts and Supreme Court.

• Yes, the government has a wide range of activities.

In my opinion, the government is an organisation which looks after the public maintenance systems like roads, postal and railway service. It is also responsible for maintaining peaceful relations within nation and amongst the different nations. It protects the border of the country.

Question 2.
Can you list three things that the government does which have not been mentioned?
Answer:
The things that the government does which has not been mentioned are:
(i) to provide sanitation and pure drinking water facility to all the citizens of the nation.
(ii) to provide free education to children of the nation.
(iii) to give employment to all people more than 18 years of age.

Question 3.
Look at the statements in the column on the left. Can you identify which level they belong to? Place tick mark against the level you consider most appropriate:

Answer:

Question 4.
Do you think it is important for people to be involved in decisions that affect them? Give two reasons for answer.
Answer:
Yes, it is important for people to be involved in decisions that affect them because:
(a) The people are affected by a rise in prices of essential commodities, so any extra-ordinary increase in prices should be consulted with the representatives of the people.

(b) If the government decides to convert a residential area to the commercial area, the representatives of the people should be consulted as it could effect the lives of the people.

Question 5.
Which type of government prefer to have in the place in which you live in? Why?
Answer:
I would like to have a democratic type of government in the places in which I live because it is a government of the people, for the people and by the people. A democratic government will be more considerate towards the needs of the people.

Question 6.
Which of the statements below is correct? Correct those sentences that you think need correction.
(a) In a monarchy the country’s citizens are allowed to elect whomever they want.
(b) In a democracy a king has an absolute powers to rule the country.
(c) In a monarchy, people can raise questions about the decisions the monarch takes.
Answer:
(a) In a monarchy, the king is chosen by the hereditary powers.
(b) In a democracy, the country is ruled by the representatives chosen by the people.
(c) In a monarchy, people can not raise questions about the decisions the monarch takes.

EXERCISE

Question 1.
What do you understand by the word ‘government’? List five ways in which you think the government affects your daily life.
Answer:
The Government is the name of an organisation through which, the will of the state is created, expressed and implemented.
The three main organs of the Government are:
(i) Legislative
(ii) Judiciary
(iii) Executive.

Govt, affects daily life in the following ways:
1. It takes decision to lay roads and build schools and health centers.
2. It takes action of social issues.
3. It protects the boundaries of state.
4. It makes law for the benefits of the people and implements them.
5. If there is dispute between two neighbouring states, the govt, does his best to end the cause of conflict.

Question 2.
Why do you think the Government make rules for everyone in the form of laws?
Answer:
Everyone who lives in a country must follow some rules and regulations. These laws are made by government and every citizen have to follow these laws. According to these laws, a government can function and make decision and vests with power to enforce these laws.

Govt, needs to make rules for everyone in the form of law because by doing so people can obey rule and thus the nation as a whole leads a secure life.

Question 3.
Name two essential features of a democratic government.
Answer:
Two features:
(i) Participation of people is necessity.
(ii) It acts according to the will of the people.

Question 4.
What was the suffrage movement? What did it accomplish?
Answer:

Suffrage Movement:
The word ‘suffrage’ means ‘right to vote’. This movement belongs to the women and poor people who have to fight for the participation in government. During the World War I, the struggle for the ‘right to vote’ got strengthened. The struggle comes to be known as ‘suffrage movement’.

Its accomplishments:
During the World War I, men were away from their house fighting in the battle field. At this time, women were called upon to do the work which were earlier done by men. Women did their best and try to manage and organise different kinds of works, People wonder to know that the women can do such work. Women began to be seen as being equally capable for doing hard work and making decision.

The people who were demanding the Right for Women and got their demand heard, they chained themselves to rallying in public places and meetings. In America, women were given right to vote in 1920 while in U.K. in 1928.

Question 5.
Gandhiji strongly believed that every adult in India should be given the right to vote. However, a few people don’t share his views. They feel that illiterate people, who are mainly poor, should not be given the right to vote. What do you think? Do you think this would be a form to discrimination? Give five points to support your view and share these with the class.
Answer:
All citizens are equal. The constitution aims at providing all equality to all its citizens.
• We have no right to discriminate any one on the basis of poverty.
• Even the illiterate people are the citizens of the nation. They should have the right to choose people who are going to be in their country.
• Our constitution provides equal voting right to all the citizens.
• We must honour dignity of every individual.

HBSE 6th Class Civics What is Government Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does every country need a government?
Answer:
Every country needs a government to make decisions and get things like building roads and schools done.

Question 2.
List the institutions which are a part of the government. Name three of them.
Answer:
The institutions which are a part of the government are:
(1) Supreme Court
(2) Indian Railways
(3) Bharat Petroleum

Question 3.
What is universal adult franchise?
Answer:
‘Universal adult franchise’ means that all adults in the country are allowed to vote.

Question 4.
Why is a mark put on the finger while vote?
Answer:
A mark is put on the finger to make sure that a person casts only one vote.

Question 5.
Under what circumstances a person may approach the court?
Answer:
If a person feels that a particular law is not being followed, he/she may approach the court.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the three different levels of the government?
Answer:
The three different levels of the government are:
(a) Local level: It means the government in our village, town or locality.
(b) State level: It would mean the government that covers an entire state like Haryana or Assam.
(c) National level: It refers to the government of the entire country.

Question 2.
What do you mean by representative democracies?
Answer:
In representative democracies, people do not choose their representatives through an election process. These representatives meet and make decisions for the entire population.

Question 3.
The earliest forms of government were not democratic.
Answer:
In the earliest form of government, men would owned property and were educated, had right to vote. This meant that women, the poor, the property less and the uneducated ones were not allowed to vote. The country was governed by the rules and regulations that these few men made.

So the earliest forms of government were not democratic as it was not ruled by all the citizens of the country.

Question 4.
What is a monarchy?
Answer:
It is a type of government in which the monarch or the king has the powers to make laws and decisions and run the government. The king does not have to explain his action or defend the decisions he takes. He may be helped by a small group of people who help the king to take decisions.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between democracy and monarchy.
Answer:

Question 2.
What is the difference between the Federal and Unitary Governments?
Answer:
(i) In the Unitary form of Government, there is only one Central Government for the whole country while in the Federal Form; there is one Central and separate government in the provinces.
(ii) In the Federal form of Government the whole country is divided into some political units but in the Unitary form, the whole country is a single unit.
(iii) In the Unitary form, all the powers are vested in one Central Government, while there is a division of powers between the Federal and the State governments in the Federal forms.
(iv) In the Federal form of Government, mostly the Constitution is written and rigid while it is not so in the case of a Unitary State.

What is Government Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Government: The system or machinery present in each country in order to make directions for the proper running of the country is called a government.
• Laws: The rules laid down by the government for the proper functioning of the country are called laws.
• Democracy: A system of government in which people (citizens) of the country choose their leaders to rule is called democracy.
• Monarchy: Monarchy is the form of the government in which the King Queen or the Monarch takes decisions and makes laws for the entire country. His/Her position is hereditary too.
• Elections: The process in which a democratic country casts its votes to choose its leaders is called elections.
• Election Petition: If any voter or a candidate feels that the election in his constituency has not been conducted fairly, he can file an election petition against that election.
• Representative Democracy: A form of democracy in which people do not elect the government directly but only choose their representatives, who collectively form a government is called Representative Democracy.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 2 Diversity and Discrimination

HBSE 6th Class Civics Diversity and Discrimination Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Match the following statements in a way that challenges stereotypes:

Answer:

Question 2.
How can the stereotype that girls are a burden on their parents affect the life of a daughter? Imagine this situation and list at least five different effect that this stereotype can have on the way daughters get treated in the houses.
Answer:
The stereotype girls are a burden on their parents affect the life of a daughter in the following ways:

• They are not given nutritious food.
• They are not allowed to attend or join schools.
• They are not properly cared for.
• They have to do household work in their childhood.
• Sometimes, they are married at an early age which is not good for their physical and mental health.

Question 3.
What does the Constitution say with regard to equality? Why do you think it is important for all people to be equal?
Answer:
The first page of the Constitution says: “Equality of status and of opportunities and to promote among them all”.
It is important for all people to be equal because this equality is a key value that unites us all. If the people are not equal; it would be detrimental for the development of our nation. Equality is important to ensure justice to one and all. If all live together and equal opportunities are given to all people, that will be the true essence of our democracy.

Question 4.
Sometimes people make prejudiced comments in our presence. We are often in a position to do anything about this because it is difficult to say something right then and there. Divide the class into groups and each group discuss what they could do in one of the following situations:

1. A friend begins to tease a classmate because he is poor.
2. You are watching TV with your family and – one of them makes a prejudicial comment about a particular religious community.
3. Children in your class refuse to share their food with a particular person because they think she is dirty.
4. Someone tells you a joke that makes fun of a community because of their accent.
5. Some boys make remarks about girls not being able to play games as well as them.

Discuss in class what the different groups have suggested for the above situations, and also talk about the problems that can come up when raising the issue.
Answer:

1. The classmate would be convinced that being rich or poor is not something to be laughed at.
2. He/she would be prevented from doing this since all religions are equal before law.
3. I would advise my classmates to be friendly with one and all.
4. I would not get involved in the joke and later on tell him/her not to crack such jokes which cause embarrassment to a particulars community.
5. I would explain to them through examples of Sania Mirza, Kalpana Chawla that girls are equally good in all fields.

Question 5.
Below are some statements on people living in rural and urban areas. Tick mark those that you agree with:
On Rural People
(1) More than 50% of all Indians live in villages.
(2) Villagers do not care about their health. They are full of superstitions.
(3) People in villages are backward and lazy. They do not like to work.
(4) In peak harvesting and plantation season, families spend 12 to 14 hours working in the fields.
(5) Villagers are dirty and not hygienic.

On Urban People
(1) Life in the city is easy. People here are spoilt and lazy.
(2) In cities families spend very little time with each other.
(3) People in towns only care about money, not about people.
(4) Living in a city is expensive. A large part of people’s earnings is spent on rent and transport.
(5) City people cannot be trusted, they are cunning and corrupt
Answer:

Question 6.
Can you list some of the prejudices that you have noticed around you. How do they affect the ways in which people treat each other?
Answer:
Some of the prejudices that I have noticed around are:
(a) Prejudice against caste
(b) Prejudice against colour, eating habits.
(c) Prejudice against sex.

The affect in the following ways in which people treat each other.
(a) They tease other people.
(b) They laugh at them.
(c) They use dirty language.
(d) They cast remarks upon others.
(e) They begin to abouse each other.

Question 7.
The children you see in the illustrations here were seen as ‘disabled’. This term has been changed and now the term used is ‘children with special needs’. Common stereotypes about them are given in large letters. Their own feeling and thoughts too are given.

• Do you think children with special needs should be a part of regular schools or study in a separate school? Give reasons for you answer.

Answer:
Picture I: The boy is tense and sad because the people make fun of him because he is limpatic. He tries to make people understand how they would feel if they were in his place. That means such a thing could happen to anyone.
Picture II: The person feels shy because the people find him different. He wants to hide himself from the persons who stare at him.
Picture III: The child wonders why people consider her mentally weak also when she is physically weak.

I think that children with special needs should be a part of regular school and should in a separate school because we should not let them develop any complexes. They should not feel themselves disregarded.

Question 8.
What is the difference between discrimination and stereotypes?
Answer:
‘Discrimination’ is a state in which one person is discriminated from others due to some financial nardshapes or caste differences. For example: In our society; untouchables and dalits are discriminated against.
‘Stereotypes’ refers to fixing people into one image. For example: Some people are considered stingy, lazy and dirty.

Question 9.
Despite the children offering money, the cartmen refused them. Why?
Answer:
The cartmen refused the children because:
(a) They were not prepared to suffer being polluted.
(b) They were not prepared to carry passengers of the untouchable class.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Diversity and Discrimination Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are prejudices?
Answer:
Prejudices are fixed negative opinions which we make about certain people.
For example:
Village people are poor, dirty and ignorant
Or
City people are cunning and corrupt.

Question 2.
What is a Constitution?
Answer:
A Constitution is a document that lay down the rules by which the nation would function.

Question 3.
What is Mahar?
Answer:
Mahar is one of the communities which were treated as untouchables in the Bombay Presidency.

Question 4.
What is Preamble of the constitution?
Answer:
The first page of the Constitution that clearly states all Indians are entitled to equality of status and opportunity.

Question 5.
Why did Dr. Ambedkar convert to Buddhism?
Answer:
Dr. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism in his search for a religion that treated all members equally.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the things about which we are prejudiced? What happens because of prejudices?
Answer:
The things about which we are prejudiced are:
(a) people’s religious beliefs
(b) the colour of their skin
(c) the region they come from
(d) the accent they speak in
(e) the clothes they wear.
Because of our prejudices, we don’t want to form friendship with those who are prejudiced against. Often, we hurt such people also.

Question 2.
Name the different terms which are used to address the low caste people.
Answer:
The different terms used to address the low caste people are:
(i) Dalit is the term used for the people who belong to the so called lower castes to address themselves. They prefer this word to untouchables. Dalit means those who have been broken. The word according to them shows how social prejudices and discrimination have broken the Dalit people.

(ii) This government refers to this group of people as Schedule Caste.

Question 3.
Give examples from everyday life when discrimination happens.
Answer:
In everyday life, discrimination happens when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes. Some examples are:
1. If you stop people from taking part in certain social activities.
2. If we stop them from living in certain neighbourhoods.
3. If we prevent them from taking water from the same well or hand pump
4. If we do not allow certain people to drink tea in the same cups or glasses as others.

Question 4.
What hardships did Mahar suffer?
Answer:
1. Mahars were poor and owned no land.
2. Children born to them also had to do the work their parents did.
3. Mahars lived in spaces outside the villages.
4. Mahars were not allowed into the village.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are ill-effects of stereo-types?
Answer:
The following are ill-effects:
(i) Stereotypes stop us hum looking at each person as a unique individual with his or her own special qualities and skills that are different from others.
(ii) Stereotypes fit large numbers of people into only one pattern or type.
(iii) Stereotypes affects all of us they prevent us from doing certain things that we might otherwise be good at.

Question 2.
What can be the possible reasons for discrimination in a society?
Answer:
Discrimination happens when people act on their prejudices or stereotypes.
Discrimination can take place because of several reasons some of which are:
(i) The diversity that people belong to different religions can be a source of discrimination.

(ii) Groups of people who may speak a certain language, follow a particular religion, live in specific regions etc; may be discriminated against as their customs or practices may be seen as inferior.

(iii) People may be discriminated against because of their poor economic backgrounds. They don’t carry high braved goods like other people do and they are discriminated against in schools, hospitals and offices.

(iv) Sometimes people experience discrimination because of both reasons, (a) They are poor, (b) They belong to groups whose culture is not valued.

(v) People are sometimes discriminated against the kind of work. They do. This is so because certain kinds of work are more valued than others. For example: people who do the tasks of cleaning, washing cutting hair and picking garbage are the tasks which are valued less than the others.

Question 3.
How did Dalits, women and peasants fight against inequalities?
Answer:
(i) Many Dalits organised themselves to gain entry into temples.
(ii) Women demanded that they should have as much a right to education as men did.
(iii) Peasants fought to release themselves from the grasp of the money lender and the high interest they were charged.

Question 4.
What steps have been provided in the constitution of India against inequality and discrimination?
Answer:
Learning from the past experiences of inequality in Indian society, the framers of the Constitution had strong arguments against the prevalent system. They undertook the following safeguards against inequality and discrimination.

• Everyone has equal rights and opportunities.
• Untouchability is seen as a crime. It has been legally abolished.
• People are free to choose any kind of work.
• Govt, jobs are open to all people.
• Specific steps to realise this right to equality for poor and other marginal communities.
• Respect to diversity ensures equality.
  • Freedom to follow any religion
  • Freedom to speak their own language
  • Freedom to celebrate their festivals
  • Freedom to express oneself

Diversity and Discrimination Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Collective Suffering: By the damage of public property, not one person but the whole community suffers collectively.
• Stereotype: When we fix the people into one definite image but which is not often true in reality.
• Constitution: Fundamental law and principle according to which a country is governed.
• Constituent Assembly: An assembly of persons that frames a constitution for its country.
• Sovereign State: A state which is free to manage its internal affairs without any influence of external authorities.
• Begar: Bonded labour.
• Writs: Order issued by the court.
• Welfare State: A system in which the Government provides free social services like health and education, and helps the old, the unemployed, and the sick.
• Fundamental Rights: Rights considered basically essential for well-being granted by the constitution of India.
• Directive Principles of State Policy: The ideal principles which every Govt, should follow to realize the goal of a democratic society.
• Civil Code: A set of laws concerned with the private affairs of citizens like marriage, inheritance, etc. rather than with crime.
• Fundamental duties: These are duties essential for every citizen for their own progress, for the progress of his society, and for the well-being of the nation.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Civics Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 1 Understanding Diversity

HBSE 6th Class Civics Understanding Diversity Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Draw up a list of different festivals celebrated in your locality. Which of these celebrations are shared by members of different regional and religious communities?
Answer:
Festivals celebrated in our locality are:

1. Id
2. Gurupurab
3. Ram Navami
4. Christmas
5. Holi
6. Dussehra
7. Diwali
8. Buddha Purnima
9. Makar Sakranti
10. Ramzan
11. Lohri
12. Baishakhi
13. Teej
14. Rakshabandhan
15. Mahavir Jayanti.

We are all the children of one god. All the religions (Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity) teach us tolerance, equality and humanity. So the above mentioned festivals are shared by number of people in our community (locality). The festivals including national holidays are celebrated equally by people of different regional and religious communities.

Question 2.
What do you think living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds to your life?
Answer:
The people of India belong to different races and castes, and em brace different religions. The inhabitants of the India are greatly different from one another in dress, eating habits and customs. Foreign scholars have termed India as a museum of diverse religions, races, communities and cultures.

This is the only country where unity in diversity and vice-versa breathes comfortably. So we think that living in India with its rich heritage of diversity adds great experience in our life.

Question 3.
Do you think the term ‘Unity in Diversity’ is an appropriate term to describe India? What do you think Nehru is trying to say about Indian unity in the sentence quoted above from his book ‘The Discovery of India’?
Answer:
Yes, this is an appropriate term to describe India. There is diversity in religion, languages, food, clothing, etc. in India. Everybody in India feels proud to call himself. Therself an Indian. They celebrate many festivals together and people of different religions visit each other’s places of worship. They live in the same community and share each other’s joys and sorrows.

They together fought to free India from British rule. Jawaharlal Nehru, the former Prime Minister and the writer of the ‘Discovery of India’ says that the Unity of India is deeper within its fold. The Indians are known for their tolerance, acknowledgment and encouragement for diverse religions and customs.

Question 4.
Underline the line in the poem sung after Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre, which according to you reflects India’s essential Unity.
Don’t forget the days of blood, O friend In the midst of your happiness remember to shed tear for us
The hunter has torn away every single flower Do plant a flower in the desert garden dear friend
Having fallen to bullets we slept in Jallianwala Bagh
Do light a lamp on this lonely grave O friend The blood of Hindus and Muslims flows together today
Do soak your robe in this river of blood dear friend
Some rot in jails while others lie in their graves
Do shed a few tears for them O friend.
Answer:
It is “The blood of Hindus and Muslims flows together today”.

Question 5.
Choose another region in India and do a similar study of the historical and geographical factors that influences the diversity found there. Are these historical and geographical factors connected to each other? How?
Answer:
We choose ‘Punjab’ region in India and do a similar study of the historical and geopgraphical factors there. Punjab is one of the most fertile plain in India. It is drained five rivers. The climate of Punjab veries from time to time. Like the whole part of the country, it undergoes four climatic changes in a year. In cold season, temperature goes down while in hot season, the temperature becomes very high. This plain is covered on north side by Himalayan ranges.

People of different religions live here. Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism are the religions mostly found here. Punjab produces a huge amount of wheat, rice and sugarcane. From industrial point of view, Punjab is also very rich. Like above mentioned geographical factors, history also influence this region.

From the beginning Punjab has been a number of attack from the foreign invaders, that makes the punjabi people very hard worker and brave. From the earliest time, it remained the very important part of India. All invaders who conquered Punjab were able to conquered India and those who were defeated at frontier state could never see India Punjab is known as the gateway of India. So, we can conclude that both geographical and historical factors are connected with each other. One has deep impact on other and vice-versa.

HBSE 6th Class Civics Understanding Diversity Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are communal riots?
Answer:
When arson, looting, fire and killing break out between two communities due to different reasons it is called communal riots.

Question 2.
Name the European sailor who came in search of a sea route to India.
Answer:
The Portuguese discovered the sea route to India, from Europe, when Vasco da Gama landed with his ships here.

Question 3.
Why was Ladakh considered a good trade route?
Answer:
Ladakh was considered a good trade route as it has many passes through which caravans travelled to what is today called Tibet.

Question 4.
By what name is national epic of Tibet known as?
Answer:
Kesar Saga.

Question 5.
How did the caste system create inequality?
Answer:
In the caste system a person could not change his profession, it was not considered necessary for him to know anything more than what was needed in the profession. This created a situation of inequality.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is inequality ? Give one example of inequality.
Answer:
Inequality comes about when a person does not have the resources and opportunities that are available to other persons. Samir did not have the opportunity to go to school, because his parents are poor and do not have enough to eat and wear.

Question 2.
Why is only very little agriculture possible in Ladakh?
Answer:
Very little agriculture is possible in Ladakh because:
(i) the region does not receive any rain.
(ii) it is covered in snow for large part of the year-1

Question 3.
Who was Ibn Batuta ? What did he write about Kerala?
Answer:
Ibn Batuta was an Arab trader who travelled to Kerala a little less than seven hundred years ago. In a travelogue, he described the lives of Muslims. He wrote that they were a highly respected community.

Question 4.
How did people of India prove that though they had diverse culture, they were united?
Answer:
Indians fought unitedly for the freedom of the country though they were from different backgrounds. They went to jail together. They found different ways to oppose the British.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How do the different cultures affect our lives?
Answer:
We are influenced by the different cultures because:
(a) We move from place to place for work and with each move our lives which are affected by different cultures that exist around us.
(b) In our own neighburhoods we live close to people from several communities.
(c) We hear stories about each other’s lives, customs and traditions and that too has an impact upon our lives.

Question 2.
Describe the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. How does it reflect unity in diversity?
Answer:
(i) Men and women, Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims, rich and poor had gathered to peaceful protest against the British at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919.
(ii) A British General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire on a large group of these unarmed, peaceful people.
(iii) Thousands of people were killed. This shows how Indians proved that though they were different in race, culture, religion, languages and tradition; they were all united , they would do anything for India.

Question 3.
How can we explain diverity?
Answer:
Diversity can be explained in many ways, e.g.,
(i) Two hundred years before people travelled from one part of the world to another, in ships, on horses or camels or on foot. But after the advent of aeroplanes and trains, buses and cars people want to travel by them as journey is comfortable and takes less time.

(ii) Often people went in search of new lands or for trade. Because it took long to reach the destination, people stayed there for a long time. Sometimes people left their homes because of natural calamities, some went in search of work.

(iii) People come from villages to cities to find work. In cities it is often easy to forget how then- lives revolved around the surroundings. In villages they grow their own vegetables and grain. In the cities they depend on the market to buy things.

(iv) Sometimes when people make their homes in new places, they begin to change. Their languages, food, music and religion become a mix of old and new.

(v) Similarly people have to adapt themselves to geographical surroundings, e.g., living near the sea is very different rather living in a mountainous region.

Question 4.
Write how historical and geographical factors have influenced the life of the people in Kerala.
Answer:
Kerala is a state in south-western part of India, near the Arabian sea. It has sea on one side and hills on the other. A number of spices are grown on the hills. Spice trade was a flourishing trade. Pepper, cloves and cardamons were grown. It attracted lots of traders. Jewish and Arab traders were the first to come.

The Apostle of Christ, St. Thomas introduced Christianity to India. The Portuguese discovered the sea route to India. These historical influences led people in Kerala to practise Judaism, Islam and Christianity together with Hinduism. The fertile land and climate are suitable for growing rice and the majority of the people eat rice, fish and vegetables.

The fishing nets are called cheena-vala and utensils used for frying are called cheen-chatti and it is believed that word cheen must have come from China.

Understanding Diversity Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Diversity: The variety of differences in the traits, looks, behaviour, culture, religion, language, abilities, resources, and opportunities related to different people.
• Habitat: The geographical area in which people live and adapt their lives.
• Resources: Anything that can be of use to the people.
• Unity in Diversity: Oneness among people despite the diversity in traits and emotions.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic

HBSE 6th Class History Kingdoms, Kings and An Early Republic Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
State whether true or false:

1. Rajas who let the Ashvamedha horse pass through their lands were invited to the sacrifice.
2. The charioteer sprinkled sacred water on the king.
3. Archaeologists have found palaces in the settlements of the janapadas.
4. Pots to store grain were made out of Painted Grey Ware.
5. Many cities in Mahajanapadas were fortified.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. True

Question 2.
Fill in the chart given below with the terms:
hunter-gatherers, farmers, traders, crafts persons,herders
Those who paid the Taxes

Answer:

Question 3.
Who were the groups who could not participate in the assemblies of the ganas?
Answer:
(i) Women
(ii) Dasas and
(iii) Kammakaras (or so called shudras) were three groups who could not participate in the assembly of the ganas or the sangas.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 4.
Why did the rajas of mahajanapadas build forts?
Answer:
The rajas of mahajanapads built forts because:
(a) People were afraid of attacks from other kings and needed protection.
(b) Some rulers wanted to show how rich and powerful they were.
(c) The land around the people living inside the fortified area could be controlled more easily by the king.

Question 5.
In what ways are present day elections different from the ways in which rulers were chosen in Janapadas?
Answer:
Rulers in Janapadas:
(a) Some of the rajas were chosen by jana, the people.
(b) Around 3000 years ago, some men became recognised as rajas by performing very big sacrifices.
(c) The rulers were only of Kshatriya class.
Present Day Elections:
(а) Presently leaders are elected democratically.
(b) Their position is not hereditary and can belong to any caste or tribe.
(c) Today, each adult citizen has the right to vote and the government is decided by elections in which each citizen casts his vote.

LET’S DO

Question 6.
Find the state in which you live in the political map of India. Were there any Janapadas in your state? If yes, name them. If not, name the Janapadas that would have been the closest to your state and mention whether they were to the east, west, north or south.

Answer:
Mark the state and then find out the janapadas in your state. For example:
The janapadas’ in the present’day Uttar Pradesh – Panchala, Kosala.

Question 7.
Find out whether any of the groups mentioned in answer 2 pay taxes today.
Answer:
The groups mentioned in answer 2 who pay taxes today are traders.

Question 8.
Find out whether the groups mentioned in answer 3 have voting rights at present.
Answer:
Today, voting rights are not decided by gender or profession. Women, kammkaras and dasas – all are entitled to vote today.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the ashvamedha sacrifice?
Answer:
It was a horse sacrifice, performed a ruler after the other rajas had accepted his supremacy and authority.

Question 2.
What was the role of the charioteer of king in the horse sacrifice?
Answer:
The charioteer of the king who was champion of the king in battle field, chanted tales of his glory in the sacrifice.

Question 3.
What is painted grey ware?
Answer:
Painted grey ware was a special kind of pottery, which had painted designs, usually simple lines and geometric pattern. Plates and bowls were the most common vessels made. They are extremely fine to touch, with a smooth surface. They were used on special occasions to serve food.

Question 4.
Who were ‘untouchable’?
Answer:
The ‘untouchable’ were crafts persons, hunters and gatherers as well as people who helped perform burials and cremations.

Question 5.
What is the literal meaning of the word ‘janapadas’?
Answer:
The literal meaning of the word janapada is – where the jana set its foot and settled

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How were the varnas determined? Write about them.
Answer:
Varnas were determined on the basis of birth e.g., if one’s father and mother were Brahmins one could automatically become a Brahmin and so on. Later they classified some people as untouchables. They included crafts persons, hunters and gatherers. The priests said that the contact with these groups was polluting.

Question 2.
How were the armies maintained by the rajas?
Answer:
(i) Soldiers were paid regular salaries and maintained by the king throughout the year.
(ii) Some payments were made to the soldiers using punch marked coins.

Question 3.
Why did rajas of Mahajanapadas start collecting regular taxes?
Answer:
Rajas of Mahajanapadas started collecting taxes because the resources were needed for:
(a) building huge forts
(b) maintaining big armies.

Question 4.
How was ‘ashvamedha’ ritual conducted?
Answer:
The ‘ashvamedha’ (horse sacrifice) was the ritual used to recognise men as ‘rajas’. A horse was left to wander freely. If it wandered into another kingdom and the king of that kingdom stopped it, they had to fight. The ‘raja’ who succeeded in the challenge was recognised as stronger. He would then perform the sacrifice in which other kings would also come.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain the system of Varnas of the later Vedic period.
Answer:
The Four Varnas: The priests divided people of the ancient India (or Later Vedic Age) into four groups, called Varnas. According to them, each Varna had a different set of functions to perform.
1. The Brahmins:
The first varna was that of the brahmin. Brahmins were expected to study (and teach) the Vedas, perform sacrifice and receive gifts.

2. The Kshatriyas:
In the second place were the rulers, also known as Kshatriyas. They were expected to fight battles and protect people.

3. The Vishs or Vaishyas:
Third were the Vishs or the Vaishyas. They were excepted to be farmers, herders, and traders. Both the Kshatriyas and the Vaishyas could perform sacrifices.

4. The Shudras:
Last were the shudras, who had to serve the other three groups and could not perform any rituals. Generally, women were also grouped with the shudras. Both women and shudras were not allowed to study the Vedas.

Question 2.
What changes took place in agriculture around this time?
Answer:
There were two significant changes in agriculture around this time:
(i) Growing use of iron plough-shares helped in yielding a better grain produce. Heavy, clayey soil could be turn better with an iron plough-share than with a wooden plough-share.
(ii) People began transplanting paddy. This meant that instead of scattering seed on the ground, from which plants would sprout, saplings were grown and then planted in the fields. Production developed due to this since many plants survived.

Question 3.
How did magadha become the most important Mahajanapada?
Answer:
Magadha became the most important Mahajanapada due to various reasons. They are:
(i) Many rivers such as the Ganga and son flowed through the Mahajanapada. This was important for transport, water supply and made the land fertile.
(ii) Elephants which lived in the forest, could be captured and trained for the army. Forests also provided wood for building houses, carts and chariots.
(iii) Iron ore mines in the region could be tapped to make strong tools and weapons.

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Kingdom: A form of government in which a country is ruled by a king or a queen.
• Republic: A form of government in which power is held by the people or a group of elected persons or an elected chief.
• Oligarchy: An oligarchy is a government by the chosen few.
• Ambassador: An official representing the Government of his country in a foreign country.
• Amatyas: Ministers.
• Barter system: Exchange of goods.
• Janapads: Small states mainly ruled by tribals.
• Mahajanpadas: Large kingdoms comprising many kingdoms.
• Senapati: Chief of the army.
• Gramika: Headman of the village.
• Monarchy: State (kingdom) ruled by hereditary king.
• Shreni: A group of merchants and craftsmen following the same trade.
• Taxes: Taxes were the source of Income for any government. To perform various functions government collects money in the form of taxes i.e., Road tax, and property tax. etc.
• Varnas: Classification of people into four groups (Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and the Shudras) on the basis of occupation were called Varnas.
• Ashvamedha: It means unquestioned control over an area in which the royal horse moves uninterruptedly. In the Vedic period, the king’s strength was influenced by these rituals.
• Matrimonial alliance: A relationship based on marriage.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 What Books and Burials Tell Us

HBSE 6th Class History What Books and Burials Tell Us Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.

Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the sentences

1. Slaves were used for ………………. .
2. Megaliths are found in ……………… .
3. Stone circles or boulders on the surface were used to ………… .
4. Port-holes were used for ……………. .
5. People at Inaingaon ate ………………. .

Answer:

1. various kind of work
2. Deccan in the north, east and Kashmir
3. cover to burial places
4. entering the burial places
5. fruits, cereals and meat

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 3.
In what ways are the books we read tuday different from Rig Veda?
Answer:
Rig Veda Books:
Itistheearliest Vedas composed by Aryans and has 1028 hymns (songs in praise of god), Rigveda is the main source of information about vedic culture, which gives us the information about social, religious, and economic life of the people. These vedas were composed orally and passed orally too.

Modern Books:
Today books contain doses of scientific and technical knowledge along with religious and ethical values. Knowledge is passed through various methods-visually, orally. It is written, read and dictated.

Question 4.
What kind of evidence from burials do archaeologists use to find out whether there were social differences amongst those who were buried.
Answer:
The objects found in graves were usually different and vaned. They found different types of skeleton. In Brahinagiri, one skeleton was found with numerous jewels. On the other hand, some skeletons were found only with a few pots. This shows that economic and social difference existed even in those time. While some were poor, others enjoyed luxurious life.

Question 5.
In what ways do you think that the life of a raja was different from that of a dasa/dasi?
Answer:

LET’S DO

Question 6.
Find out whether your school library has a collection of books on religion, and list names of five books from this collection.
Answer:
The five books on religion are :
(1) Sikhs – Guru Granth Sahib
(2) Zorastrianism – Zend-ei-Avesta
(3) Islam – Quran
(4) Christians – Bible
(5) Judaism – Old Testament

Question 7.
Write down a short poem or song that you have memorised. Did you hear or read the poem or song ? How did you learn it by heart?
Answer:
आओ बच्चों तुम्हें दिखाएँ,
झाँकी हिंदुस्तान की।
इस मिट्टी से तिलक करो,
यह धरती है बलिदान की।
We heard the poem and learnt it by heart with the help of a teacher.

Question 8.
In the Rigveda, people were described in terms of the work they did and the languages they spoke. In the table below fill the names of six people you know, choosing three men and three women. For each of them mention the work they do and the languages they speak. Would you like to add else to the description?

Answer:

HBSE 6th Class History What Books and Burials Tell Us Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where is the Great Bath located?
Answer:
Mohenjadaro.

Question 2.
Name the four Vedas?
Answer:
(i) Rigveda
(ii) Samaveda
(iii) Yajurveda
(iv) Atharvaveda.

Question 3.
Name the oldest Veda when was it composed.
Answer:
The oldest Veda is the Rigveda composed about 3500 years ago.

Question 4.
Which two epics lead to later Vedic age being called as Epic age?
Answer:
(i) Ramayana
(ii) Mahabharata.

Question 5.
Name the four vamas into which Aryan society is divided?
Answer:

Question 6.
Where was the Rigveda being composed?
Answer:
Rigveda was being composed in the north-west part of subcontinent.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who composed and taught the hymns of the Rigveda? In what language is it written?
Answer:
The hymns were composed by the sages (rishis). Priest taught students to recite and memorise with great care. Most of the hymns were composed, taught and learnt by men. Few were composed by women. The Rigveda is written in vedic Sanskrit.

Question 2.
Name the two type ofburials. Write about them.
Answer:
The two type of burials are:
(i) Some megaliths can be seen on the surface, they are either surrounded by circle of stones or a single big megalith.
(ii) The other type of burial is in the cist, which are burials under ground. There were portholes to which were used as an entrance.

Question 3.
What was the wealth from the battles spent on?
Answer:
(a) Some of the wealth that was obtained was kept by leaders, some was given to the priests and the rest was distributed amongst the people.
(b) Some wealth was used for the performance of yajnas or sacrifices in which offerings were made into the fire. These were meant for gods and goddesses. Offerings could include ghee, grain, and in some cases animals.

Question 4.
Why people participated in wars?
Answer:
Most men took part in these wars. There was no regular army, but there were assemblies where people met and discussed matters of war and peace. They also choose leaders, who were often brave and skilful warriors.

Question 5.
What is a cist and porthole?
Answer:
When the burial places are underground, they are called ‘cist’. At some places many skeletal remains have been found in one megaliths. They were brought through the portholes, which was used as an entrance.

Question 6.
What evidence have archaeologists found that can lead us to the occupations performed by people at the Inamgaon?
Answer:
Archaeologists have found seeds of wheat, barley, rice, pulses, millets, peas and sesame. Bones of a number of animals, many bearing cut marks that show they may have been used as food, have also been found. These include cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog, horse, ass, pig, sambhar, spotted deer, blackbuck, antelope, hare and mongoose, besides birds, crocodile, turtle, crab and fish. There is evidence that fruits such as ber, amla, jamun, dates and a variety of berries were collected.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How was community been depicted in the Rigveda as a whole?
Answer:
Some of the words used to describe people in the Rigveda.
(a) There are two groups who are described in terms of their work-the priests, sometimes called brahmins, who performed various rituals and the rajas.

(b) Two words were used to describe the people or the community as a whole. One was the word jana, which we still use in Hindi and other languages. The other was vish. The word vaishya come from vish.

(c) Sometimes, the people who composed the hymns described themselves as Ary as and called their opponents Dasas or Dasyus.

Question 2.
How do the archaeologists find out that the skeletal remain is of a men, women or a child?
Answer:
The archaeologists can find out that:
(i) It is easy to make out the skeleton of a child from its small size. However there are no major differences in the bones of a girl and a boy.

(ii) Sometimes, people decide on the basis of what is found with the skeleton e.g. if the skeleton is found with jewellery, it is sometimes thought to be that of a woman. However there are problems. Often men also wore ornaments.

(iii) A better way of finding out the sex of a skeleton is to look at the bone structure the hipour the pertic area of the women is generally larger to enable child bearing.

Question 3.
What are oracles? Why did the rulers in China consult the fortunetellers? Write about the way of living of the rulers.
Answer:
Around 3500 years ago, people in China knew about writing. They wrote on animal bones. These writings were called oracle bones, because they were used to predict the future. Kings got scribes write questions on the bones – would they win battle? Would they have a good harvest? The bones were then put into the fire and they cracked because of the heat. Then fortune-tellers studied the cracks and tried to’predict the future.

The kings lived in palaces in cities. They amassed vast quantities of wealth, including large elaborately decorated bronze vessels. However, they did not know about the iron.

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Veda : The oldest books that represent the culture and ethics of Indian land.
• Hymns : Songs sung in the praise of a god or goddess.
• Chariot : The transport used by kings and queens or royal persons to travel from one place to another driven by horses or elephants.
• Sacrifice : To let off something that may be of need to you.
• Raja : (Here), the upper-class society who possessed rich luxuries.
• Slave : (Here), men and women captured in war.
• Burial : A site where a person is buried after his/her death.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 In the Earliest Cities

HBSE 6th Class History In the Earliest Cities Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How do archaeologists know that cloth was used in the Harappan civilization?
Answer:
Archaeologists know that the people in the Harappan civilization use cloth because they have found pieces of cloth attached to the lid of a silver vase. They have also found spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience. They were used to spin thread.

Question 2.

Answer:

Question 3.
Why were metals, writing, the wh.ee! and the plough important for the Harappans?
Answer:
(i) Metals: Metals were important for the Harappans, because metals were used for making ornaments and seals.
(ii) Writing: They know the art of writing and their script was pictographic. They used this sign (pictographic script) to convey their idea (message).
(iii) Wheel: Wheel was used for making carts (bullock-carts, ox-carts). It was also used for disigning pottery.
(iv) Plough: Plough was used for digging the earth for turning the soil and planting seed s. Early plough were made of wood.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 4.
Make a list of all the Terracotta toys shown in. the lesson. What do you think children would have enjoyed playing with the most?
Answer:
The Terracotta toys shown in the lesson are other Terracotta toys used were dolls, puppets, marbles, whistles, jewellery articles etc. We think children would have preferred toy carts instead of toy ploughs. Girls would have enjoyed dolls and puppets the most.

(a) Toys of dog.

(b) A toy plough.

(c) Toy cart.

Question 5.
Make a list of what the Harappans ate, and put a tick mark against the things you eat today.
Answer:
Harappans ate the following things:
(a) wheat
(b) barley
(c) pulses
(d) peas
(e) rice
(f) sesame
(g) linseed
(h) mustard
(i) fruits like her
We eat almost all the things mentioned in the list today.

Question 6.
Do you think that life of farmers and herders who supplied food to the Harappan cities was different from that of the farmers and herders you read about in chapter 3? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Some points of difference between the lives of farmers and herders who supplied food, to the Harappan cities, and those of the previous chapter:
(i) Tools:
Harappan farmers and herders used a wooden tool called plough which was used for turning the soil and planting seeds. The earlier farmers and herders used mortars and pestle for grinding grain. Their tools were also made of bone.

(ii) Irrigation: Harappan farmers and herders used irrigation for better produce while the earlier ones did not.

(iii) Storage: The Harappan farmers stored food in well-built granaries and not in clay pots, baskets, etc.

(iv) Residence:
Harappan farmers lived on the outskirts of cities, whereas there were no settled cities in the time of the farmers and herders in Chapter 3.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
Describe three important buildings in your city or village. Are they located in a special part of the settlement (e.g. the centre)? What are the activities that take place in these buildings?
Answer:
The three important building in my city, Delhi, are:
(i) Rashtrapati Bhavan: It is the official residence of the President of India.
(ii) Parliament House: Here the elected representatives of the people meet and discuss all important issues regarding the country.
(iii) Supreme Court: It is the highest court of the country where all the cases are decided. The building is called the supreme court building.

Question 8.
Are there any old building in your locality? Find out how old they are and who looks after them.
Answer:
There are many old buildings near my locality. They are
(i) Red Fort
(ii) Jama Masjid
(iii) Ferozeshah Kotla.
Red Fort was constructed in the 17th century.
Jama Masjid was also constructed in the 17th century.
Ferozeshah Kotla was built in the 15th century.
The Archaeological survey of India looks after the ancient buildings

HBSE 6th Class History In the Earliest Cities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is a citadel?
Answer:
Citadel is the higher part of the city. Usually, the part to the west was smaller but higher.

Question 2.
Name some the important site of this culture.
Answer:
The important sites of this culture were Harappa and Mohenjodaro (now in Pakistan) Kalibangan and Lothal (in Rajasthan and Gujarat) respectively.

Question 3.
What was lower town?
Answer:
Lower town was part to the east of Harappan city which was larger but lower.

Question 4.
Where was cotton grown?
Answer:
It was grown at Mehrgarh about 7000 years ago.

Question 5.
What was done at fire altars?
Answer:
Sacrifices were performed at fire altars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What do you know about the economic life of the people of Harappa Culture?
Answer:
The main occupation of the people of Indus Valley Civilization was agriculture. They grew wheat, barley and rice. Other occupations were animal rearing, the spinning and weaving of cotton and wool. Their most important industry was pottery. Jewellers made wonderful jewellery of gold, silver and stones. There were traders who carried on trade with foreign countries like Egypt and Sumer. Foodgrains were exported to foreign countries and gold, copper and tin were imported from abroad.

Question 2.
Write about the drainage system in the Harappan cities.
Answer:
Many of the cities had covered drains. They were carefully laid down in straight lines. Each drain had a gentle slope so that the water could flow through it. Very often drains in the houses were connected to those in the streets and smaller drains led into bigger ones. As the drains were covered, inspection holes were provided at intervals to clean them.

Question 3.
Write how were the fields cultivated by the farmers?
Answer:
Farming:
(i) A new tool, the plough was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and planting seeds. The plough was made of wood.
(ii) As this region does not receive heavy rainfall, some form of irrigation may have been used. This means water was stored arid supplied
to the fields when plants were growing.

Question 4.
List at least two differences between the houses of the Harappa and the earlier houses.
Answer:
In Harappa, the house were either one or two storeys high, with rooms built around a courtyard. Most house had a separate bathing area and some had wells to supply water.

Earlier house:
The archaeologists have found the remains houses Mehrgarh, a site in the fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass. Here the houses were either square or rectangular in pattern. Each house had four or more compartments, some of them may have been used for storage.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the people living in the Harappan cities.
Answer:
There were mainly the following kinds of people living in Harappan Cities:
Rulers : They were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. They sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones, and other things that they wanted.
Scribes: Scribes were people who knew how to write. They prepared seals and also wrote on the other things that have not survived.
Crafts-persons: They were people who made all kinds of things. Besides, there were other people who were farmers or herders.

Question 2.
What factors indicated that Harappan culture was declining around 3900 years ago?
Answer:
The following factors indicated that Harappan culture was declining:
(а) People stopped living in many of the cities.
(b) Writing, seals and weights were no longer used.
(c) Raw materials brought from long distances became rare.
(d) The garbage was found piled up in the streets of Mohenjodaro.
(e) The drainage system broke down.
(f) The new, less impressive houses were built, even over the streets

Question 3.
What were the factors responsible for the decline of the Harappan City?
Answer:
(i) Floods: Some historians say that regular floods destroyed the Indus Valley Civilization.
(ii) Epidemic: Some historians think that an epidemic might have killed that people.
(iii) Change in Climate: Some other historians say that rapidly the climate began to change and the region became dry like a desert.
(iv) Attacked by the Aryans or some other people: Historians believed that Aryans or some other people attacked the Harappan cities and destroyed them.
(v) Loss of Control: Rulers might have lost control. Consequently, people abandoned sites in Sind and Punjab and moved to newer, smaller settlements to the east and the south.

Question 4.
How was Harappa discovered?
Answer:
Nearly a hundred and fifty years ago when railway lines were laid down for the first time in Punjab, engineers found the site of Harappa in present Pakistan. They thought, it was a big mound, which was a source of ready made, high quality bricks. So they carried off thousands of bricks from the walls of old buildings of the city to build railway lines.

Then about eighty years ago, archaeologists found the site and realised that it was one of the ancient cities in the subcontinent. As this was the first city to be discovered, all other si ties from where similar buildings were found were described as Harappan. The cities developed about 4700 years ago.

In the Earliest Cities Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Civilization: That stage of man’s development when he used to live in cities and looks for more than just the satisfaction of material needs.
• Culture: Develpoment of the body, mind and spirit by training and experience. It also includes the development of arts, science etc., in human society.
• Citadel: Fortress for protecting a town place of refuge or safety.
• The Harappan Culture: The culture which existed in Sindh, Punjab, Northern Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is also known as Indus Valley Civilization, after the principal river of the region.
• Pictographs: Pictures like signs to represents letters or words.
• Seal: A stamping tool made of clay with a design on one side.
• Four Valley Civilizations: Indus Valley Civilization, the Egyptian Civilization. The Chinese Civilization and the Sumerian Civilization.
• Lothal: The port from where the Harappan traders shipped their merchants.
• The Great Public Bath: The best-known building in the Harappan citadel.
• Granaries: Grain was stored in granaries.
• Pillared Hall: Hall whose roof stands on pillars.
• Dockyard: An area where ships are loaded and unloaded and place also used for repairing ships.
• Grid System: Intersection of roads at right angles to each other.
• Outskirts: A part of the city that is further away from its centre.
• Decipher: It means to make out of meaning.
• Armlets: Ornament worn in the arm known as armlets.
• Idol: An image used for worshipping and worship is called idol worship.
• Terracotta: Hard and reddish-brown baked clay is called Terracotta.
• Faience: Artificially produced gum used to shape sand or powdered quartz into an object.

Haryana State Board HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 From Gathering to Growing Food

HBSE 6th Class History From Gathering to Growing Food Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Why do people who grow crops have to stay in the same place for a long time?
Answer:
People who grow crops have to stay at one place for a long time because the fields had to be looked after, the plants had to be watered and plants had to be protected from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds would ripen.

Question 2.
Look at the table given below. If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, which are the places she should have visited.

Answer:
If Neinuo wanted to eat rice, she should have visited Koldihwa and Mahagara (both in present day are the part of Uttar Pradesh).

Question 3.
Why do archaeologists think that many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters to start with and that herding became more important later?
Answer:
Archaeologists think many people who lived in Mehrgarh were hunters because they have found bones of many kinds of animals from earliest levels. These included bones of wild animals such as deer and pig. In later levels they found more bones of sheep and goat and in still later levels, cattle bones are more common.

Question 4.
State whether true or false:

1. Millets have been found at Hallur.
2. People in Burzahom lived in rectangular houses.
3. Chirand is a site in Kashmir.
4. Jadeite, found in Daojali Hading may have been brought from China.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 5.
List three ways which the lives of farmers and herders would have been different from that of hunter-gatherers.
Answer:

Question 6.
Make the list of all animals mentioned in the table (Question No.2). For each one describe what they may have been used for.
Answer:
List of animals:

1. sheep
2. goat
3. cattle
4. dog
5. buffalo
6. ox
7. pig.

1. sheep: meat and wool.
2. goat: milk and meat.
3. cattle: for diary and milk products.
4. dog: to look after the fields.
5. buffalo: milk giving animal.
6. ox: for ploughing the field and pulling the carts..
7. pig: for meat.

LET’S DO

Question 7.
List the cereals that you eat.
Answer:
Some cereals eaten by us are listed below:

1. Bajra
2. Wheat
3. Barley
4. Rice
5. Millet
6. Maize
7. Lentil
8. Jowar.

Question 8.
Do you grow the cereals you have listed in answer no. 7? If yes, draw a chart to show the stages in growing them. If not, draw a chart to show how these cereals reach you from the farmers who grow them.
Answer:
The farmers grow the cereals. The various steps involve are :
(1) Ploughing the field and putting manure.
(2) Sowing the seeds.
(3) Looking after the tender plants and saving them from pests.
(4) Watering the fields when necessary.
(5) Harvesting the crop.
(6) Storing them in the sheds.
The cereals reach to the people from the farmers. The chart given below show it.

The crops are purchased by the middle man from the farmers. They bring it to the cities.
↓

They sell them to the wholesale merchant or a retailer.

↓

We buy it form the shops, either from the wholesale merchant or retailer.

HBSE 6th Class History From Gathering to Growing Food Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the different conditions needed for survival of plants and animals.
Answer:
Animals and plants need different conditions grow and survive e.g.
(i) Rice requires more water than wheat and barley.
(ii) Sheep and goat can survive more easily than cattle in dry mountains environment.

Question 2.
Give one difference between domesticated animals and wild animals.
Answer:
The teeth and horns of wild animals are usually much larger than those of domesticated animals.

Question 3.
Name the first animal that was tamed.
Answer:
Dog was the first animal to be tamed.

Question 4.
How are animals useful as a ‘store’ of food?
Answer:
Domesticated animals like cow, goat, hen if looked after carefully; provide milk, meat and eggs. Hence, animals that are reared can be used as a ‘store’ of food.

Question 5.
Define domestication.
Answer:
Domestication is the name given to the process in which people grow plants and look after animals.

Question 6.
How are tribes different from other form of societies?
Answer:
In the tribal set-up land, forests, grasslands and water are regarded as the wealth of the entire tribe and everybody shares and uses these together. There are no sharp differences between the rich and the poor.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did domestication take place? Name the earliest plants and animals to be domesticated.
Answer:
Domestication was a gradual process that took place in many parts of the world. It began about 12000 years ago. Some of the earliest plants to be domesticated were wheat and barley. The earliest domesticated animals include sheep and goat.

Question 2.
How did people become farmers?
Answer:
Men, women and children observed many things like:

• the places where edible plants were found.
• how seeds broke off stalks, fell on the ground and new plants sprouted from them.

They began looking after plants protecting them from birds and animals so that they could grow and the seeds could ripen. In this way, people became farmers.

Question 3.
What are burials? Write about the burial in Mehrgarh.
Answer:
When people die their relatives and friends generally pay respect to them, people look after them in the belief that there is form of life after death. Burial is one such arrangement. In one kind of burial, found at Mehrgarh, the dead person was buried with goats, which was probably meant to serve as food in the next world.

Question 4.
Describe the features of pit houses found in Burzahom.
Answer:
(a) Pit-houses were dug into the ground, with steps leading into them.
(b) These houses may have provided shelter in cold weather.
(c) There were cooking houses both inside and outside the huts so that depending on weather people could cook food inside or outside the houses.

Question 5.
What types of tools were used by farmers and herders ?
Answer:
Stone tools have been found from many sites. They are often different from the Palaeolithic tools and are called ‘Neolithic’. There were tools that were polished so as to give a fine cutting edge, and mortars and pestles were used for grinding grain and other plant produce. However, Palaeolithic tools were still used for some purposes. Some tools were also made of bone.

Question 6.
Where is, Daojali Hading ? Write about the life of the people.
Answer:
Daojali Hading is a site on the hills near the Brahamputra valley, close to the routes leading to China and Myanmar. Here stone tools, including mortars and pestles have been found.

It indicated that people were probably growing grain and preparing food. They also used tools made of fossil wood (ancient wood that has hardened into stone) and pottery. Other finds include jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the lives of people in a tribe ?
Answer:
The lives of people in a tribe can be described as follows:
(a) Members of a tribe follow occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and. fishing.
(b) Usually, women do most of the agricultural work, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain.
(c) Children often look after plants, driving away animals and birds that might eat them.
(d) Men usually lead large herds of animals in search of pasture.
(e) The cleaning of animals and milking is done by both men and women.
(f) The members of the tribe make pots, baskets, tools and huts.
(g) They also take part in singing, dancing and decorating their huts.

Question 2.
Describe the life in site of Mehrgarh.
Answer:
Mehrgarh is a site located in a fertile plain, near the Bolaun Pass, one of the most important routes into Iran. It was one of the first places where people grew barley and wheat, and reared sheep, and goat. In fact, it is one of the earliest known villages.

Archaeologists have found evidence of animal bones here on excavation. They have found remains of houses here. Most houses were square or rectangular. They usually had four or more compartments, some of which may have been used for storage. Several burial sites have also been found in Mehrgarh.

Question 3.
Describe the tools and pots and other crafts of the Neolithic times.
Answer:
Many of the stone tools are different from the earlier times, which belonged to the Palaeolithic period. The new tools are called Neolithic. They include tools that were polished to give a fine cutting edge and mortars and pestles used for grinding grains. Many kinds of earthen pots have also been found. They were sometimes decorated and used for storing things. People began using pots for cooking food like rice, wheat, lentils. They also began to weave cloth using cotton that was now grown.

Question 4.
Make a list of all the activities performed by men and women in tribal societies.
Answer:
The activities which were performed by men and women in tribal societies were
(i) Occupation:
People followed different occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and fishing. Most of the agricultural work was done by women, including preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain. Men usually took the animals for grazing. Women also thresh, husk and grind grain. The cleaning and milking was done both by men and women. Both men and women made pots, baskets, tools and huts. They also took part in singing and dancing.

(ii) Leaders of the society: Some men who were old and experienced or young brave warriors or priests were leaders.

(iii) Cultural traditions: The tribes had rich and unique cultural traditions including language, music, stories and painting. They also had their own gods and goddesses.

From Gathering to Growing Food Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Farmer: One who cultivates a land.
• Herder: One who tends herds of cattle or a keeper of herds of animals.
• Neolithic age: The last stage of the Stone Age.
• Tribes: Usually two or three generations live together in small settlements or villages most families are related to one another and groups of such families form a tribe.