Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 3 The Delhi Sultans

HBSE 7th Class History The Delhi Sultans Years Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?
Answer:
Tomara Rajputs established his capital at Delhi.

Question 2.
What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?
Answer:
The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

Question 3.
In whose reign did the sultanate reach its farthest extent?
Answer:
Under the reign of Ala-ud-din-Khilji, the sultanate reached its farthest extent.

Question 4.
From which country did Ibn Batuta travel to India?
Answer:
Ibn Batuta travelled to India from Morocco (Africa).

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
According to the ‘Circle of Justice’ why was it important for military commander to keep the interest of peasantry in mind?
Answer:
According to the Circle of Justice it was important for military commander to keep the interest of peasantry in mind, because each commander got the salary from the Iqta he got. They could not collect more revenue than the fixed by the govt. Accountant were appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by them (rhuqtis).

Question 6.
What is meant by the ‘Internal’ and external frontier of the Sultanate?
Answer:
Internal Frontier of the Sultanate: By this term we mean that the Sultanate aimed at consolidating the hinterland of the garrison town.
External Frontier of the Sultanate: It aims at the military expeditions of the Sultanate in Southern India started during the reign of Ala-ud-din Khilji and culminated with Muhammad Tughlaq.

Question 7.
What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders to sultans?
Answer:
Following steps were taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties:
1. They were not awarded Iqta for throughout their life.
2. They were appointed for a very short tenure.
3. They were transferred from one Iqta to another Iqta.

They wanted to defy the order, because there were number of restrictions on them. At any time they could be transfer. Moreover accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount collected by him. Care was also taken that muqtis collected only the taxes prescribed by the state.

Question 8.
What was the impact of Mongols invasion on Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The Mongols under the Genghis Khan invaded Transwiana in north-east Iran in 1219 and then on Delhi. Mongols attacks increased on Delhi during the reign of Ala- ud-din Khilji.
Impact:
1. Jt paved the way for the disintegration of Delhi Sultanate.
2. It forced the two rulers (Ala-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq) to mobilise a large standing army in Delhi which passed a huge administrative challenge.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
Do you think the authors of tawarikh would provide information about the lives of ordinary men and women? I do not think.
Answer:
The authors of tawarikh provided information about the lives of ordinary men and women. They often wrote their histories for Sultans in the hope of rich awards. He mainly lived in Delhi and hardly ever visited a village.

Question 10.
Raziyya Sultan was unique in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. Do you think women leaders are accepted more readily today?
Answer:
Yes, today women leaders are accepted more readily today. For example, Indira Gandhi became a successful and lover Prime Minister of India.

Question 11.
Why were the Delhi Sultans interested in cutting down forests? Does deforestation occur for the same reason?
Answer:
The Sultans of Delhi wanted to extend cultivation so that they could collect more land revenue. Hence, they ordered the cutting of forests. Today, forests are cut for the extension of agriculture and establishment of industrial units.

LET’S DO

Question 12.
Find out whether there are any buildings built by the Delhi Sultans in your area. Are there any other buildings in your area that were built between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries? Describe some of these buildings and draw sketches of them.
Answer:
Try yourself with the help of your class-teacher.

Question 13.
Do you think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects?
Answer:
Yes, I think the circle of justice is an appropriate term to describe the relationship between the king and his subjects.

Question 14.
Express Minhaj’s ideas in your own words. Do you think Raziyya shared these ideas? Why do you think it was so difficult for a woman to be a ruler?
Answer:
1. According to Minhaj, God has created a social order in which woman is subordinate to man. Therefore, a woman like Raziyya does not have right to rule. It is totally against the ideal social order created by God.
2. I think Raziyya did not share these ideas.
3. It was very difficult for a woman to be a ruler because of her belonging to a subordinate gender, according to the social set up at that time.

Question 15.
But how complete and effective was its control over such a vast territory?
Answer:
Thp Sultanate did not have complete and much effective control over such a vast territory, except under the rule of Alauddin Khalji.

Question 16.
(i) Compare figures 2, 3, 4 and 5. What similarities and differences do you notice amongst the mosques?
Answer:
Similarities:
(a) Every mosque has a big entrance door
(b) Every mosque’s entrance door is extended to both sides in the corridors
(c) Domes are made over the entrance and corridor.

Differences:
(a) The designs around the entrance door become complex and intricate from fig. 2 to fig. 5.
(b) The small window over the entrance door can be seen only in three mosques in figs. 3, 4, 5. But fig. 3 show three such windows. Whereas figs. 4 and 5 shows only single window over the entrance
(c) There is a boundary around the dome over the entrance door in fig. 5. This is not seen in any other figure.

Question 17.
(i) Can you think of any reason why a slave would be better than a son?
Answer:
A well brought up slave always serves better than the son in the old days of master.

(ii) Why do you think Barani criticised the Sultan?
Answer:
The Sultan Muhammad Tughluq appointed lower-caste or base-born people to the higher administrative post by ignoring the nobles. That is why, Barani criticised Sultan.

Question 18.
Describe the ways in which the chieftains arranged for their, defence.
Answer:
(a) The chieftains fortified themselves in mountains, in rocky, uneven and rugged places as well as in bamboo groves.
(b) The bamboo grove forest served as ramparts, inside which people lived with their cattle and their crops
(c) Also rain water was collected to fulfil water needs
(d) The bamboo remained unaffected by fire and was very hard to cut. This made it a suitable and most defensive place to live in.

IMAGINE

Question 19.
You are a peasant in Alauddin Khalji’s or Muhammad Tughluq’s reign and you cannot pay the taxes demanded by the Sultan. What will you do?
Answer:
(a) If I were a peasant in Alauddin Khalji’s reign. I would try to save my life because I might have captured by Sultan’s men and would be severely punished.
(b) If I were a peasant in Muhammad Tughluq’s reign I would join the rebel against the sultan.

HBSE 7th Class History The Delhi Sultans Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who lived in Delhi before Delhi Sulans occupied it?
Answer:
Many rich Jaina merchants lived in the city of Delhi before Delhi Sultans occupied it.

Question 2.
Name the coin that was in circulation in Delhi.
Answer:
Dehliwal was the name of coin that was in the circulation in Delhi.

Question 3.
Name the cities built by Delhi Sultans in Delhi.
Answer:
Delhi-i-Kuhna, Siri and Jahanpanah were the names of various cities built by Delhi Sultans in Delhi.

Question 4.
What is the main source of information about Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The main source of information about Delhi Sultanate in “histories” tarikh (singular) or tawarikh (plural) written in Persian.

Question 5.
Who wrote tawarikh?
Answer:
The authors of tawarikh were learned men: Secretaries, administrators, poets and courtiers.

Question 6.
Why did Iltutmish favour bandagan?
Answer:
Bandagan were special slaves purchased for military service. Hence, Iltutmish favoured them.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by the following terms: namaz, imam, khutba, qibla?
Answer:
namaz: prayers; imam: leader of muslims at the time of prayer; khutba: sermon delivered by imam during the Friday prayer; qibla: facing towards Mecca while praying.

Question 2.
What was iqta?
Answer:
Iqta was the land governed by military commanders, as it was granted to them by Sultans in the place of cash salary for their services.

Question 3.
Which regional states came up at about. 1526 AD in Indian subcontinent?
Answer:
At about 1526 AD, Delhi Sultanate had declined. The regional states that rose to the power in thq subcontinent were Jaunpur, Bengal, Malwa, Gujarat’ Rajasthan, etc.

Question 4.
Why did the early Delhi Sultans favoured their special slaves purchased for military service?
Answer:
The early Delhi Sultans favoured their special slaves purchased for military service because:
1. They were carefully trained to man some of the most important political offices in the kingdom.
2. They were totally dependent upon their master, the Sultan could trust and rely upon them.

Question 5.
How was the control over muqtis maintained during the reigns of Alauddin Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq?
Answer:
The control over muqtis was maintained because:
(a) Their office was not inheritable.
(b) They were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.

Question 6.
What were the three types of taxes collected under Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
The three types of taxes collected
under Delhi Sultanate were as follows:
(а) On cultivation called Kharaj and amounting to about 50 percent of the peasant’s produce.
(b) On cattle
(c) On houses.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Ala-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad Tughluq deal differently with administrative challenges posed by Mangol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:

Question 2.
Ala-ud-din wanted to became second Alexander and conquer the world. What steps did he take to achieve his aim? How far did he succeed?
Answer:
Khiljis established their empire in 1290 A.D. on the ruins of the kingdom of the Slave Sultans. Jalal-ud-din-Khilji was the first king of this dynasty He was succeeded by Ala-ud-din-Khilji in 1296 A.D. He was very ambitious. He wanted to become a second Alexander and like him to conquer the world.

Steps taken to achieve the aims:
1. Ala-ud-din tried to win loyalty of his nobles and curb their power.
2. He tried to conquer the Deccan and Rajasthan.
3. He tried to force the Mongols to withdraw.

In order to achieve his aim he needed a large army which meant, vast sum of money so, he had to think ways and means of getting more revenue for which he took the following steps:
(1) He raised the lamp taxes on the wealthier people of the tioab.
(2) He kept a strict watch on the revenue which the nobles got from their land and did not allow them to keep anything which was not their due.
(3) He controlled the prices of goods also so that no one could make large profits and everyone could afford to pay the price demanded.
(4) He made it clear that he would deal severely with anyone who showed signs of disloyalty.
(5) He ordered a new assessment of the cultivated land and the revenue. By doing so he was able to record the amount of revenue collected by various persons and thus kept a control on it.

Question 4.
What were the causes of the downfall of Delhi Sultanate?
Answer:
Causes of the downfall of Delhi Sultanate:
1. They were despotic by nature.
2. The Sultans Delhi Sultanate ruled India by sword.
3. The Hindus were not happy during their rule. They were even made to pay Jazia.
4. Most of the Sultans were pleasure-loving and weak rulers.
5. The army was not well-organisd and was ill-disciplined.
6. There was no definite law of succession.

MAP WORK

Question 1.
On an outline map of India show Alauddin Khalji’s campaign into South India.
Answer:

The Delhi Sultans Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Birthright: Privileges claimed on account of birth.
• Gender distinctions: Social and biological differences between women and men.
• Hinterland: The lands adjacent to a city or port that supply it with goods and services.
• Garrison Town: A fortified settlement with soldiers.
• Client: Someone who is under the protection of another, a dependent or hanger on.
• Siydati: A form of salutation in which the person converned had to kneel down and touch the ground with his forehead.
• Ulemas: Scholars of Islamic learning who were generally orthodox in their outlook.
• Iqtas: The grant of revenue from a village or a piece of land.
• Patwari: The officer who kept the land revenue record.
• Paibos: It was a Persian custom of kissing the feet of the Sultan (king).
• Sikandar-i-Sahi: The title adopted by Alla-ud-din Khilji.
• Jagir: A piece of land given to officials of the kingdom.
• Kharaj: The tax on cultivation was known as Kharaj.
• Bandagn: The early Delhi Sultans especially Iltutmish favoured their slaves purchased for military service. These slaves were known as bandagm in Persian.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities

HBSE 7th Class History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Textbook Questions and Answers

IMAGINE

Question 1.
You are a member of a nomadic community that shifts residence every three months. How would this change your life?
Answer:
Shifting residence every three months would change our style of living frequently.

• We would have to shift our belongings every now and then and we would not hatfe any settled life.
• We would not be able to practise any settled occupation.

LETS RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The new castes emerging with in varnas were called ………….. .
(b) ……….. were historical works written by the Ahom.
(c) The ……….. mentions that Garha Katanga had 70,000 villages.
(d) As tribal states became bigger and stronger, they gave land grants to ………… and ………….. .
Answer:
(a) jatis
(b) Buranjis
(c) Akbamama
(d) temples, Brahmanas.

Question 3.
State whether true or false:
(а) Tribal societies had rich oral traditions.
(b) There were no tribal communities in the north-western part of the subcontinent.
(c) The Chaurasi in Gond states contained several cities.
(d) The Bhils lived in the north-eastern part of sub continent.
Answer:
(a) True
(b) Flase
(c) Flase
(d) Flase.

LETS UNDERSTAND

Question 4.
What kinds of exchanges took place between nomadic pastoralists and settled agriculturists?
Answer:
The nojnadic pastoralists exchanged wool, ghee, etc. with settled agriculturists for grain, cloth, utensils and other products.

Question 5.
How was the administration of Ahom state organised?
Answer:
The following were the ways in which the administration of Ahom state was organised.
(a) The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state were called paiks.
(b) A census of the population was taken. Each village had to send a number of paiks by rotation.
(c) People from heavily populated areas . were shifted to less populated areas.
(d) Ahom clans were thus broken up.
(e) By the first-half of the seventeenth century, the administration became quite centralised.
(f) Almost all adult males severed in the army during war.
(g) Ahom society was divided into clans or Khels.

Question 6.
What changes took place in Varna-based society?
Answer:
The following changes took place in uama-based society:
(i) Smaller castes or Jatis emerged within varnas.
(ii) Many tribes and social groups were taken into caste-based society and given status of jatis.
(iii) Specialised artisans. such as smiths, carpenters and masons were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.
(iv) Jatis rather than varna became the basis for organising society.
(v) Among the Kshatriyas, new Rajput clans became powerful by the eleventh and twelth centuries.

Question 7.
How did tribal societies change after being organised into a state?
Answer:
The emergence of large states changed the nature of tribal society.
(A) The Gond Society:
(i) The basically equal society of Gond gradually got divided into unequal social classes.
(ii) Brahmanas received land grants from the Gond rajas and became more influential.
(iii) The Gond chiefs now wished to be recognised as Rajputs.

(B) The Ahom Society:
(i) Ahom society became very sophisticated.
(ii) Poets and scholars were given land grants.
(iii) Theatre was Encouraged.
(iv) Important works of Sanskrit were translated into local language.
(v) Historical works, known as banjaras were also written first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 8.
Were the banjaras important for the economy?
Answer:
The banjaras were the important for the economy. They were the most important trader-nomads.
(i) Sultan Alauddin Khilji used the banjaras to transport grain to the city markets.
(ii) Banjaras carried grain on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
(iii) Banjaras transported food grain for the Mughal towns. They transported food grain for the Mughal army during military campaigns.

Question 9.
In what ways was the history of the Gonds different from that of the Ahoms? Were there any similarities?
Answer:
History of Gonds was different from Ahom in the following ways:

LET’S DO

Question 10.
Plot the location of the tribes mentioned in this chapter on a map. For any two, discuss whether their mode of livelihood was suited to the geography and environment of the area where they lived.
Answer:

(A) Tribe of Bhils: The large tribe of Bhils was spread across western and central India. Many of them because settled agriculturists and some even zamindars. They remained hunter gatherers.
(B) Kolis, Beards lived in Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka.

Question 11.
Find out about present day government policies towards tribal populations and organise a discussion about thdse.
Answer:
(i) Government has reserved some seats in State Assemblies and in Lok Sabha.
(ii) Some seats have been reserved in state and central government jobs.
(iii) Some economic and educational facilities are provided to tribal population.
(iv) Economic, agricultural and industrial development is being provided them for quick growth and development.
(v) Their culture, religion, customs are not being disturbed. In short very good and progressive policies are being followed towards tribal population.

Question 12.
Find out more about present day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. What animals do they keep? Which are the areas frequented by the groups?
Answer:
(i) There are several present day nomadic pastoral groups in the subcontinent. They keep sheep, goat, cows, camels, horses, etc. Many tribals obtained their livelihood from forests, agriculture, hunting and gathering also.

(ii) Most often they combined their economic activities to make full use of the natural resources of the area in which they lived.

(iii) Some tribes are still nomadic and move from one place to another.

(iv) A tribal nomadic group controlled land and pastures jointly and divide these amongst households according to its own rules.

(v) Usually they are living in different forests, hills, deserts and places difficult to reach the sub-continent.

(vi) The Nagas are living in Nagalands. The Ahoms are still living in Assam. The Cheros are living in Jharkhand. The Mundas and Samtals are living in Orissa, Bengal, Bihar and Jharkhand. Kolis are living in Maharashtra highlands and Karnataka. The Banjaras are living in Rajasthan. The Gonds are living in a vast forest region still called Gondwana.

HBSE 7th Class History Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name a Himalayan tribe.
Answer:
The Himalayan shepherd tribe is Gaddi.

Question 2.
Tribes of which areas adopted Islam as their religion.
Ans.
Many tribes of Punjab, Sind and the North-West Frontier adopted Islam as their religion.

Question 3.
What was the name of the son of Rani Durgawati?
Answer:
The name of the son of Rani Durgawati was Bir Narain.

Question 4.
Which Mughal general attacked Garh Katanga?
Answer:
Asaf Khan attacked Garba Katanga.

Question 5.
Which Mughal general attacked Ahoms?
Answer:
Mir Jumla attacked Ahoms.

Question 6.
Which Gond king assumed title of Sangram Shah?
Answer:
Aman Das, the Gond raja of Garha Katanga assumed the title of Sangram Shah.

Question 7.
How was Ahom society divided?
Answer:
Ahom society was divided into clans or khels.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How is shifting cultivation practiced?
Answer:
Trees and bushes in a forest area are first cut and burnt. The crop is sown in the ashes. When this land loses its fertility an other plot of land is cleared and planted in the same way.

Question 2.
How can you say that Garh Katanga is a rich estate?
Answer:
Garha Katanga was rich estate. It earned much wealth by trapping and exporting wild elephants to other kingdoms. When the Mughals defeated the Gonds, they captured a huge booty of precious coins and elephants. They annexed part of the kingdom and granted the rest of Chandra Shah.

Question 3.
Who were paiks? To which region did they belong to?
Answer:
The Ahom state depended upon forced labour. Those forced to work for the state are called paiks.

Question 4.
Ahom State was very sophisticated. Explain.
Answer:
Ahom society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. Important works of Sanskrit were translated into local language.

Question 5.
How was the rule, under Durgawati Rani?
Answer:
Dalpat died early. Rani Durgawati was very capable and started ruling on behalf of her five year old son, Bir Narain. Under her, the kingdom becaihe even more extensive. In 1565, the Mughal forces under Asaf Khan attacked Garha Katanga. A strong resistance was put up by Durgawati. She was defeated and preferred to die rather than surrender.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give an account of the life style of tribal people.
Answer:
(a) Members of tribal groups were united by friendship or kingship bonds.
(b) Many tribes obtained their livelihood from agriculture. Others were hunter gatherers or herderers.
(c) Most often they combined these activities to make full use of the natural resources in the area they lived.
(d) A tribal group controlled land and pastures jointly and divided these amongst household according to its own rules.

Question 2.
Illustrate the tribal rule of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand.
Answer:
In many areas of present-day Bihar and Jharkhand, Chero chiefdoms had emerged by the 12th century. Raja Man
Singh, Akbar’s famous general attacked and defeated the Cheros in 1591.
The Hundas and Santals were among the other important tribes that lived in this region and also in Orissa and Bengal.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Banjaras.
Answer:
(a) The Banjaras were the most important trade nomads.
(b) They moved through caravans called tandas.
(c) They were used by Sultan Alauddin Khilji to transport grains to the city market.
(d) Banjaras carried grains on their bullocks from different areas and sold it in towns.
(e) They transported it for the Mughal Army during Military campaign.

Tribes, Nomads and Settled Communities Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Pastoralism: The system which is related with the care and domestication of grazing animals.
• Polygamous: Practising system of having many wives.
• Nomads: Wanderer members of those group of people are called nomads who move from place to place in search of food items.
• Assimilation: To become adjusted.
• Aristocracy: Government run by nobles are known as aristocracy.
• Itinerant groups: Wandering tribes are known as itinerant groups.
• Swayamvara: Women were allowed to choose their husbands df their own choice.
• Jauhar: Practice of mass sacrifice by women to save their honour and chastity.
• Adivasi: The primitive people living in a particular area are called Adivasis.
• The Gonds are the largest tribe in Central India.
• Gondwana: The region of-central India is known as Gondavana due to the concentration of the Gonds in that area.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 6 Towns, Traders and Craftpersons

HBSE 7th Class History Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Textbook Questions and Answers

LET S RECALL

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The Rajarajeshvara temple was built in
2. Ajmer iff associated with the Sufi saint
3. Hampi was the capital of the Empire.
4. The Dutch established a settlement at in Andhra Pradesh.

Answer:

1. Thanjavur (Tamil Nadu)
2. Muinuddin Chishti
3. Vijayanagara
4. Masulipatnam

Question 2.
State whether true or false:

1. We know the name of the architect of the Rajarajeshvara temple from an inscription.
2. Merchants preferred to travel individually rather than in caravans.
3. Kabul was a major centre for trade in elephants.
4. Surat was an important trading port on the Bay of Bengal.

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. False

Question 3.
How was water supplied to the city of Thanjavur?
Answer:
Water was supplied from wells and tanks to the city of Thanjavur.

Question 4.
Who lived in the “Black Town” in cities such as Madras?
Answer:
Merchants and artisans (such as weavers) or craftspersons along with the white rulers (European traders) lived in the cities like Madras during the British rule.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
Why do you think towns grew around temples?
Answer:
(i) Temple towns represented a very important pattern of urbanisation, the process by which cities develop.
(ii) Temples were often central to the economy and society.
(iii) Rulers built temples to demonstrate their devotion to various dieties. They also endowed temples with grants of land and money to carry out elaborate rituals, feed pilgrims and priest and celebrate festivals.
(iv) Pilgrims who flocked to the temples also made donations.
(v) Temple authorities used their wealth to finance trade and banking.
(vi) Generally, a large number of priests, workers, artisans, traders etc. settled near the temple to cater to the needs and those of the pilgrims.
For example: Billasvamin and Somnath in Gujarat.

Question 6.
How important were craftspersons for the building and maintenance of temples?
Answer:
(i) Craftspersons were very important for building and maintenance of temples.
(ii) For instance the Panchalas or Vishwakarama community, consisting of goldsmith, bronzesmith, blacksmiths, masons are carpenters were essential to the building of temples.
(iii) The craftsmen also played an important role in the construction of big buildings for pilgrims, used to visit temples as visitors or tourists and also in construction of tanks and reservoirs, attacked to temples.
(iv) The craftspersons of Bidar were so fapied for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri.
(v) Weavers such as the Saliyar or Kaikkolars emerged as prosperous communities, making donations to temples.

Question 7.
Why did people from distant lands visit Surat?
Answer:
1. Surat was the most important medieval port on the west coast of Indian subcontinent.
2. It was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period.
3. Surat was the gateway for trade with west Asia via the Gulf of Ormuz.
4. Surat has also been called the gate of Mecca, because many pilgrim ships get sail from here.
5. There were also several retail and wholesale shops selling cotton textiles.
6. Surat was famous for the textiles with gold lace borders (zari).
Due to all such reasons many people from distant lands visited Surat.

Question 8.
In what ways craft production in cities like Calcutta different from that in cities like Thanjavur?
Answer:

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
Compare any one of the cities described in the chapter with a town or a village with which you are familiar. Do you notice any similarities or differences?

Question 10.
What were the problems encountered by merchants? Do you think some of these problems persist today?
Answer:
Some of the problems faced by the merchants were as under:

• They had to travel through forests and there was always the fear of robbers. Therefore, pierchants travelled in caravans.
• Merchants such as Mulla Abdul Ghafur and Indian Virji Vora, who owned a large number of ships were subdued by the East India Company ships. Then, they have to work as agents of the company instead of running their own business.
• Yes, such problems do exist today.

HBSE 7th Class History Towns, Traders and Craftpersons Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give the capital of Cholas.
Answer:
Thanjavur.

Question 2.
Who built Rajarajeshwara temple?
Answer:
King Rajaraja Chola.

Question 3.
What type of a town is Thanjavur?
Answer:
Temple town.

Question 4.
Name an alloy of copper and tin.
Answer:
Bronze.

Question 5.
What is the capital of the Chauhan kings in the 12th century?
Answer:
Ajmer.

Question 6.
Give two groups of weavers that emerged as prosperous communities.
Answer:
Saliyar, Kaikkolars.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the trading groups in Masulipatnam.
Answer:
The Golconda nobles, Persian merchants, Telugu Komati Chettis and European traders were the trading groups in Masulipatnam.

Question 2.
What was the ‘system of advances’?.
Answer:
The system of advances was a system under which craftspersons like weavers were given advance payments so that they had to weave cloths for European agents only.

Question 3.
What were the main features of medieval towns?
Answer:
The main features of medieval towns were as under:
(a) The towns probably emerged from large villages.
(b) Towns had mandapika (or mandi of later times) to which nearby villages brought their produce to sell.
(c) Towns also had market streets calle hatta lined with shops.
(d) There were streets for different kinds of artisans such as potters, oil pressers, sugar makers, toddy makers, smiths, stone masons, etc.

Question 4.
How was the architecture of Hampi distinctive?
Answer:
Due to following reasons, the architecture of Hampi was distinctive:
(a) The building in the royal complex had splendid arches, domes and pillared halls with niches for holding sculptures.
(b) There were well planned orchards and pleasure gardens with sculptural motifs such as lotus and corbels.
(c) The Wall of Hampi fort was constructed without using mortar or cement. The technique of wedging bricks together by interlocking was used.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why did Masulipatnam port decline?
Answer:
(a) The Dutch and English companies had settled in Masulipatnam.
(b) But the Qutab Shahi rulers of Golconda exerted their influence on the trade and settlement in the port city of Masulipatnam.
(c) After Mughal occupation of Golconda, Mughal Governor Mir Jurnla who was also a merchant, began to play off the Dutch and English against each other.
(d) Due to this the European Companies looked for alternative and hence, they developed the port city of Madras.
(e) Thus, Masulipatnam lost both its merchants and prosperity and declined.

Question 2.
How was the Indian textile business affected when the European Companies entered in it?
Answer:
The Indian textile business was affected when the European Companies entered it in the following ways:
(i) The demand of Indian textiles increased manifolds.
(ii) This led to a great expansion of the crafts of spinning, weaving, bleaching, dyeing, etc.
(iii) The employment opportunities also increased.
(iv) Indian textile designs became increasingly refined.
(v) But due to the system of advances, the independent craftspersons declined.
(vi) Indian traders, weavers and merchants had to live in “Black Towns” whereas “White” people lived in superior residencies of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.

Question 3.
What were the causes of decline of Surat as a commercial town?
Answer:
(i) From 17th century onwards the 1 town of Surat began to decline in the commercial activities.
(ii) The main cause was loss of markets and productivity because of the decline of the Mughal Empire.
(iii) Sea routes were controlled by Portuguese.
(iv) The newly built Bombay port gve tough English competition to the port of Surat.
(v) East India Company shifted its headquarters to Bombay in 1668.

Question 4.
Describe the rise of Bombay, Calcutta and Madras as trading towns.
Answer:
(i) Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras rose as nodal cities.
(ii) Crafts and commerce underwent major changes as merchants and artisans (such as weavers) were moved into the Black Towns established by the European Companies within these new cities.
(iii) The blacks or native traders and craftspersons were confined here.
(iv) The ‘White’ rulers occupied the superior residencies of Fort St. George in Madras or Fort St. William in Calcutta.

Towns, Traders and Craftspersons Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Hinterland: A piece of land beyond the coast is known as a hinterland.
• Administrative Town: It is a town from where the administrative functions are carried on.
• Temple Town: It is a town with prominent temples or temples.
• Commercial Town: It is a town where the sale and purchase of commodities take place.
• Pilgrimage Towns: Places, where people go for pilgrimage, are called pilgrimage towns.
• Chintz: A type of cotton cloth with a printed design on it is called Chintz.
• Black Town: That part of town where artisans and merchants of Indian origin used to live was called Black Town.
• Emporium: A place where goods from diverse production centers are bought and sold is called an emporium.
• Hundi: It is a note recording a deposit made by a person. The amount deposited can be claimed in another place by presenting the record of the deposit.
• Factor: An official merchant of the East India Company is called a factor.
• Sthapatis: Sculptors who made bronze idols and tall ornamental bell metal lamps are called Sthapatis.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 5 Rulers and Buildings

HBSE 7th Class History Rulers and Buildings Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
How is the ‘Trabeate’ principle of architecture, different from the ‘arcuate’?
Answer:
‘Trabeate’ principle of architecture is different from the ‘arcuate’ principle in the following way:
(a) In ‘trabeate’ principle, a horizontal beam is placed across two vertical columns and roofs, doors and windows were made.

(b) In ‘acruate’ style of architecture, the weight of the superstructure above the door and window was carried by arch.

Question 2.
What is Shikhara?
Answer:
Shikhara is the pyramid structure on the central shrine of the temple.

Question 3.
What is Pietra Dura?
Answer:
Pietra Dura is the inlays that depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute. They are coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful ornate pattern.

Question 4.
What was the element of a Mughal Chahar Bagh garden?
Answer:
The elements of a Mughal Chahar Bagh (garden).

• They were placed with in rectangular walled enclosures.
• They were divided into quarter by artificial channels.
• Divided into four equal quarters.
• Symmetry in the four divisions.

LET’S UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
How did a temple communicate the importance of a king?
Answer:
Temples were also meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and devotion and parton by the ruler.
(a) The names of the ruler and the god were similar, for example:
Rajarajeshvara temple was built by the king Rajarajadeva for the worship of his god, Rajarajeshvaram.
(b) Temple was the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.
(c) The other lesser dieties in the temple were gods and goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.

Question 6.
An inscription in Shahjahan’s diwan-i-khas in Delhi stated: “If there is Paradise on Earth; it is here, it is here, it is here.” How was this image created?
Answer:
Diwan-i-khas was designed in such a way that different elements of Mughal architecture were fused together in a grand harmonious synthesis. It was carefully planned. This image was created as a result of his marvellous architectural skill. It was created by provided all the possible facilities to the subjects (people) by the king.

Question 7.
How did the Mughal Court suggest that everyone-the rich and the poor, the powerful and the weak received justice equally from the emperor.
Answer:
(a) Behind emperor’s throne were a series of pietra dura inlays that depicted the legendary Greek God Orpheus playing the lute.
(b) It was believed the Orpheus’s music could calm ferocious beasts until they co¬existed together peaceably.
(c) This image communicated that the king’s justice would treat high and the low as equal which create a world where all could live together in harmony.

Question 8.
What role did the Yamuna play in the layout of the Mughal city at Shahjahanabad?
Answer:
The river Yamuna played a crucial role in the layout of the Mughal city at Shahjahanabad in the following ways:
(a) The imperial place commanded the river front. Only specially favoured noble were given access to the river.
(b) Ordinary people had to construct their home in the city away from the river.
(c) Taj Mahal was also constructed on the left edge of this river.
(d) In Agra at Taj Mahal, white marble mausoleum was place on terrace by the edge of the river as the garden was to its south.

LET’S DISCUSS

Question 9.
The rich and the powerful construct large houses today. In what ways were constructions of kings and their courtriers different in the past.
Answer:
The constructions of the kings and their courtiers in the past were different from the construction of large houses by the rich and the powerful.
The constructions of the kings and their courtiers had the safety and security as their major consideration. The houses of the kings and their coutriers had big courtyards, thick walls and huge walls. This constructions were generally surrounded by water bodies.
Today, the constructions of the rich and the powerful are quite different. They have less open areas and meet mainly individual requirements.

Question 10.
Look at picture. How could that building be constructed faster today?
Answer:

The building could be constructed faster today with the help of latest tools and advanced skills.

LET’S DO

Question 11.
Find out whether there is a statue of or a memorial to a great person in your village or town. Why was it placed there? What purpose does it serve?
Answer:
Try to find out any memorial surrounding you and write a note on it:
Why it was established?
Where it was situated?
Who was the founder?
What is its significance?

Question 12.
Visit and describe any park or garden in your neighbourhood. In what ways is it similar to or different from the gardens of the Mughals?
Answer:
Discuss it with your class teacher in the class room. (Hint: Throw light on Chahar Bhagh and its significance)

HBSE 7th Class History Rulers and Buildings Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are ‘tombs’ referred to?
Answer:
Tombs are safe, protected and grandiose places of rest in this world and the next.

Question 2.
Which style of construction was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs attacked to large- stepped wells, between the seventh and tenth century?
Answer:
‘Trabeate’ style of construction was used in the construction of temples, mosque, tombs between seventh and tenth century.

Question 3.
What were the temples and mosques meant to demonstrate?
Answer:
The temples and mosques were meant to demonstrate the power, wealth and prayer.

Question 4.
Why did the king Rajarajesh- wara take the god’s name?
Answer:
The king took the god’s name because it was auspicious and he wanted to appear like a god.

Question 5.
What was qibla?
Answer:
The pedestal on which Shahjhan’s throne was placed was frequently described as the qibla.

Question 6.
What was special about the city of Agra?
Answer:
Agra city was special because nobility had constructed their homes in the city on the banks of the river Yamuna.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did Shahjahan adapt the river front garden while laying out the Taj Mahal?
Answer:
While laying out the Taj Mahal, Shahjahan adapted the river-front garden. The white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and the garden was to its south. Shahjahan developed this architectural form as a means to control the access that nobles had jto’the river.

Question 2.
Who were given access to the river-front by Shahjahan?
Answer:
In the city of Shahjahanabad, the imperial palace constructed the river front. Only specially favoured nobles like his eldest son Dara Shukoh were given access to the river. All others had to construct their homes in the city away from river Yamuna.

Question 3.
What were the special features of Humayun’s tomb?
Answer:
The special features of Humayun’s tomb were:
(a) The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as pishtaq became important aspects of Mughal architecture. This tomb structure was first visible in Humayun’s tomb.
(b) The tomb was placed in the centre of a huge Chahar Bagh and built in the tradition known as ‘eight paradises’ a central hall surrounded by eight rooms
(c) The building was constructed with red sandstone, edge with white marble.

Question 4.
How did the Pandaya king Shrimara Shrivallabh loot the temples when he invaded Sri Lanka and defeated the king?
Answer:
Shrimara Shrivallabh removed all the valuables from the temple like the status of the Buddha made entirely of gold in the jewel places and the golden images in the various monastries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What was the significance of temples, mosques and tanks?
Answer:
Temples and mosques were the places of worship. They were beautifully constructed.

• They demonstrated the power, wealth and devotion of the patron.
• The name of the ruler and the god were very similar. For example: Rajarajeshvara temple was built by Jong Rajarajadeva for the worship of his God, Rajarajeshvaram. Through the rituals of worship in temple one God, Rajarajeshvaram.
• The kings constructed the largest of the temples.
• The temple was a miniature model of the world.
• They worshipped their dieties together in the royal temples as if they brought the just rule of the Gods on earth.

Question 2.
Explain the beginning of the reign of Shahjahan at Agra.
Answer:
In the beginning of his reign, Shahjahan’s capital was at Agra. It is a city where the nobility had constructed their homes on the banks of the river Yamuna. They were set in the midst of formal gardens constructed in the Chahar Bagh format. The Chahar Bagh garden was also desribd the river front garden. In this the dwelling was not located in the middle of the Chahar Bagh at its edge, close to the bank of the river.

Shahjahan took the river front garden in the layout of the Taj Mahal. It was the grandest architectural accomplishment of his reign. Here the white marble mausoleum was placed on a terrace by the edge of the river and garden was to its south.

Question 3.
Who all were involved in the construction of Qutab Minar? Describe the main architectural styles adopted.
Answer:
The Qutab Minar is five storeys high. The first floor was constructed by Qutabuddin Aybak and the ret by Iltutmish around 1229. Over the years it was damaged by lighting and earthquakes and repaired by Alauddin. Khilji, Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq and Ibrahim Lodhi. Architectural Styles of Qutab Minar

• Qutab Minar has a pattern under the balcony by the small arches and geometrical designs.
• It has two banks of inscriptions under the balcony.
• The surface of the minar is curved and angular. Placing an inscription on such a surface required great precision. Only the most skilled craftsperson could perform this task.

Rulers and Buildings Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Superstructure: The part of a building above the ground floor.
• Pietra Dura: Coloured, hard stones placed in depressions carved into marble or sandstone creating beautiful, ornate patterns.
• Gopuram: The gateway of the temple.
• Shikhara: A spire-like structure over the central shrine of a temple.
• Mandapa: A structure set up or constructed in front of the main shrine.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 4 The Mughal Empire

HBSE 7th Class History The Mughal Empire Textbook Questions and Answers

LET’S RECALL

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks:
(a) The capital of Mirza Hakim, Akbar’s half-brother, was …………………. .
(b) The five Deccan Sultanate were Berar, Khandesh, Ahmednagar ……………. and ……….. .
(c) If zat determined a mansabdar’s rank and salary, sewar indicated his ………….. .
(d) Abul Fazal, Akbar’s friend and counseller, helped him frame the idea of ……………. so that he could govern a society composed for many religions, çultures and castes.
Answer:
(a) Kabul
(b) Bijapur, Golconda
(c) Number of horses maintained
(d) Administration.

Question 3.
What were the central provinces under the control of Mughals?
Answer:
Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh were the central provinces under the control of Mughals.

Question 4.
What was the relationship between the mansabdar and the Jagir?
Answer:
• Mansabdars were the persons who joined the Mughal service.
• Jagirs were the salaries received by the mansabdar as revenue assignments.
• Mansabdars depended on jagirs for their livelihood.
• Mansabdar died not actually reside in or administer their jagir. They had only right to the revenue of their assignments which were collected by the servants while they serve in other part of the country.

LETS UNDERSTAND

Question 5.
What was the role of Zamindars in Mughal administration?
Answer:

• Zamindars were all intermediaries whether they were local headmen of villages or a powerful chieftains.
• They collected taxes from peasants and deposited them with the treasury.
• Sometimes, they revolted against Mughal authority. Their revolts changed the stability of the Mughal empire from the end of the 17th century.

Question 6.
How were the debates with the religious scholars iiiiportant in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on government?
Answer:
The debates with the religious scholars were important in the formation of Akbar’s ideas on government:

• Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst the subjects.
• Akbar followed the idea of Sulh-i-Kul (Universal peace and tranquility).
• This idea did not discriminate between people of various castes and focused on a system of ethics such as peace, justice and honesty.
• Abul Fazal helped him in forming a vision governance around the idea of Sulh-i-Kul.

Question 7.
Why did the Mughal underline their Timurid and not their Mughal descent?
Answer:
Mughal underlined their Timurid and not their Mughal descent because:
(а) They were proud of their Timurid ancestry who had captured Delhi in 1398.
(b) They celebrated their genealogy pictorially each ruler getting a picture mode of Timur and himself.
(c) Genghis knows memory was associated with the massacre of innumerable people. So Mughals did not like to be called Mughal.

LETS DISCUSS

Question 8.
How important was the income from land revenue to the stability of the Mughal Empire?
Answer:
The income from land revenue was important to the stability of the Mughal Empire because:
(a) The land revenue system before Akbar was lawful.
(b) The land revenue was important because with this the king could pay the salary of his soldiers, do welfare work.
(c) The land revenue was important to meet the administrative expenses.

Question 9.
Why was it important for Mughal to reAjmit Mansabdars from diverse bac/kgf^und and not just Turains and Iranis?
Answer:
It -was important for Mughal to recruit Mansabdars from diverse background and not just ,Turanis and Iranis because:
(i) Mughal empire expanded to encompass different regions. It was- important for the Mughals to recruit diverse bodies of people in order to make people comfortable with them.
(ii) They included Indian, Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Marathas and other groups.

Question 10.
Like the Mughal Empire, India today is also made up of many social and cultural units. Does this pose a challenge to national integration?
Answer:
No the cultural and social diversity of India today does not pose a challenge to national integration because today we have a democratic, republic government appointed by the common people of the land through elections.

Question 11.
Peasants were vital for the economy of the Mughal Empire. Do you think that they are as important today? Has the gap in the income between the rich and the poor in India changed a great deal from the period of the Mughals?
Answer:
Yes, they are also important for today’s economy.
Yes, the gap in the income between the rich and poor in India changed a great deal from the period of great Mughals.

LET’S DO

Question 12.
The Mughal Empire left its impact on the different regions of the subcontinent in a variety of ways. Find out if it had any impact in the city/ village region in which you live.
Answer:
The impact of the message ‘Sulh- i-kul’ (universal peace), we can still find in the cities/village/region arounds.

Question 13.
Do you think this painting suggests that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright?
Answer:
As this painting portraits the hierarchy of the Mughal emperors right from Timur to Aurangzeb, it depicts that the Mughals claimed kingship as a birthright.

Question 14.
(i) How was Humanyun’s relationship with Safavid Iran different from Akbar’s?
Answer:
(a) Humayun took refuge in the court of Safavid Iran when he was dogged out of the subcontinent by Sher Shah Suri. Therefore, he had friendly relations with Iran.
(b) On the other hand, Akbar seized Qandahar from Safavid Iranian rulers. Therfore, he was at war with them.

(ii) Did the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur in Aurangzeb’s reign end hostilities in the Deccan?
Answer:
No, in the spite of the annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, Aurangzeb faced unending disturbance in Deccan as Marathas started guerrilla warfare against him. Ultimately, he had to personally manage campaigns in Deccan from 1698 onwards.

Question 15.
Which do you think is a fairer division of inheritance: primogeniture or coparcenary?
Answer:
According to me, coparcenary is the fairer division of inheritance as it is based on the principle of equality.

Question 16.
(i) What was the consequence of this insult (of Shivaji by Aurangzeb)?
Answer:
When Aurangzeb insulted Shivaji, when later came to accept Mughal authority, Shivaji escaped from prison and began great guerrilla warfare in Deccan against Mughals.

(ii) Would this have meant more expenditure for the state?
Answer:
Yes, the increase in number of mansabdar with higher zat rankings would have led to more expenditure for the State.

Question 17.
Can you identify the Jesuit priests in this picture?
Answer:
Two persons sitting on the upper left side in the picture wearing black robes are the Jesuit priests.

HBSE 7th Class History The Mughal Empire Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were Mughals?
Answer:
Mughals were the inhabitants of Central Asia and descendants of Mongols of Mongolia.

Question 2.
Why did Akbar choose Fatehpur Sikri to be his capital?
Answer:
Akbar chose Fatehpur Sikri to be his capital because this was where the Sufi Saint Salim Chishti lived and he had great respect for him.

Question 3.
Who offered to help Babur against the Lodhis?
Answer:
Rajput Prince Rana Sanga of Mewar offered to help Babur against Lodhis.

Question 4.
When and where Babar – defeated Lodhis army?
Answer:
Babar defeated the Lodhis army in 1526 on the historic battle of Panipat.

Question 5.
What were the two early problems faced by Humayun?
Answer:
(i) His own brother were hostile to him.
(ii) He faced the rebellions in Malwa and; Gujarat in the very beginning.

Question 6.
Why Shahjahan’s period is known as Golden Age?
Answer:
Shahjahan’s period is often known, as Golden Age because of the buildings and the architectural activities.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give two instances of the Mughal marriages with the Rajputs.
Answer:
(a) The mother of Jahangir was a Kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler, of Amber (Modern day Jaipur).
(b) The mother of Shahjahan was a Rathore princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur).

Question 2.
How could Mughals extend their influence over many kings and chieftains? Was this possible all the time?
Answer:
Mughals could extend their influence over many kings and chieftains by keeping a careful balance between defeating but not humiliating their opponents.

Question 3.
What were the main features of Sulh-i-kul?
Answer:
(a) The idea of Sulh-i-kul was introduced by Akbar, the Great.
(b) Sulh-i-kul meant universal peace.
(c) Sulh-i-kul was based on the idea of tolerance which did not differentiate between the people of different religions in Akbar’s realm.
(d) This system focused on a system of ethics, justice which were universally applicable.

Question 4.
What did Akbar realise when he had discussion with people of different faiths?
Answer:
On his discussion, with different faiths, Akbar realised that religious scholars: who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst his subjects.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Akbar’s revenue minister? Comment on the revenue system introduced by him.
Answer:
Akbar’s revenue rriinister was Todar Mai. The main feajAibesof the revenue system introduced by him were as follows:
(a) Todar Mai carried out a careful survey
(b) Tax was fixed on each crop in cash.
(c) Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue; rates for individual crops.
(d) This revenue system was known as zabt.
(e) This system was prevalent in those areas where Mughal administrators could survey the land and keep careful accounts.
(f) This system was not possible in provinces such as Gujarat and Bengal.

Question 2.
Write about the main administrative policies of Akbar.
Answer:
The third-volume of Akbarnama Ain-i-Akbari contains a detailed account of Akbar’s administration. The main features were:
(a) The empire was divided into provinces called subas: governed by a subedar
who carried out both political and military functions.
(b) Each province also had a financial officer or diwan.
(c) The subedar was supported by other officers such as the military paymaster, the minister in change of religious and charitable patronage, military commander and the town police commander.
(d) Akbar gave utmost importance to the idea of tolerance.
Ce) After his discussion with people like Ulama, Brahmanas and priests etc., he decided to introduce idea of Sulh-i-kul, universal peace.

MAP TIME

On the given river map, mark the following areas of military campaigns under Akbar and Aurangzed.
(i) Malwa (1561)
(ii) Gujarat (1572)
(iii) Bengal (1574)
(iv) Bijapur (1685)
Answer:

The Mughal Empire Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Genealogy: History of generations of one’s family in sequence.
• Confederacy: A group of state (or a union of state) for mutual support.,
• Regent: A person appointed to govern on the behalf of the samrat (king).
• Jazia: A tax paid by the non-Muslims.
• Zabt: Each province during Mughals was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. This revenue system was called as Zabt.
• Suba: The empire was divided into provinces. These provinces were called subas.
• Subedar: Subedar was the person who carried both political and military functions.
• Diwan: The financial officer of a suba was called as Diwan.
• Sulh-i-kul: Literally Sulh-i-Kul means universal peace. It is the idea of tolerance where there is no discrimination between people of different religions in the realm of Akbar.
• Primogeniture: It is a rule of inheritance in which the eldest son is the heir to the throne of his emperor father.
• Bigot: A bigot is an individual who is intolerant of another person’s religious belief or
• Dogma: It is a statement or an interpretation declared as authoritative with the expectation that it would be followed without question.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Air

HBSE 7th Class Geography Air Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is the atmosphere?
Answer:
A huge blanket of air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.

(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Two gases that make the bulk of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen.

(iii) Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas.creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.

(iv) What is weather?
Answer:
Weather is the sum total of atmospheric conditions of si specific place, at a specific time regarding temperature, humidity, air pressure, clouds, winds etc.

(v) Name three types of rainfall.
Answer:
Three types of rainfall are:
(a) Convectional rainfall
(b) Orographic rainfall
(c) Cyclonic or Frontal rainfall.

(vi) What is air pressure?
Answer:
Air has weight and exerts pressure. Hence, air pressure is an impact which occurs due to air weight.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Ozone
Answer:
(c) Ozone

(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is :
(a) troposphere
(b) thermosphere
(c) mesosphere
Answer:
(a) troposphere

(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer:
(b) Stratosphere

(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure ________.
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains the same
Answer:
(b) decreases

(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called ________.
(a) cloud
(b) rain
(c) snow
Answer:
(b) rain

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.
Answer:
On a humid day, evaporation from wet clothes takes place slowly in the atmosphere due to low temperature. Hence wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.

(ii) Amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.
Answer:
Insolation comes through vertical rays on equator. As we go iip from equator towards poles, the sun rays become slanting. The slanting rays take up more space, the degree of hotness is felt less. Hence the amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Air Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is atomosphere?
Answer:
The huge blanket of air by which our earth is surrounded is called atmosphere.

Question 2.
Which two gases are found in the atmosphere in abundance?
Answer:

• Nitrogen
• Oxygen.

Question 3.
Name the gases which are found in the atmosphere in lesser quantities?
Answer:

• Carbon dioxide
• Helium
• Ozone
• Argona
• Hydrogen.

Question 4.
Write the percentages of different gases found in the atmosphere.
Answer:

• Nitrogen : 71%
• Oxygen : 21%
• Carbon dioxide : 0.3%
• Argon : 0.93%
• All others : 0.04%.

Question 5.
Why is stratosphere the most ideal for flying aeroplanes?
Answer:
Stratosphere is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes.

Question 6.
What is weather?
Answer:
Hour-to-hour, day-to-day condition of the atomosphere is called weather.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is atmosphere essential for human beings?
Answer:

• It provides us the air we breathe.
• It protects as from the harmful rays of the sun.
• It makes the temperature of the earth liveable.

Question 2.
Why is carbon dioxide called a greenhouse gas?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide traps the heat radiated from the earth arid creates a greenhouse effect. Therefore, it is called a greenhouse gas.

Question 3.
What is global warming?
Answer:
The quantity of carbon dioxide increases due to factory smoke or car funies and the heat retained increase the temperature of the earth. This called as global warming.

Question 4.
How is ozone gas important to us?
Answer:
Ozone gas forms a protective layer around the earth it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.

Question 5.
Draw diagrams to show (i) Cyclonic rainfall
(ii) Relief rainfall
(iii) Convectional rainfall.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw a diagram showing the layers of atmosphere.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain about different layers of atmosphere.
Answer:
There are five different layers of atmosphere :

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

Answer:
(i) Troposphere:
Height : Its average height is about 13 km.
Activities : This is the most important layer of the atmosphere. The air we breathe exists here. All weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.
Upper limit: Tropopause.
Temperature : Not beyond 45°C.

(ii) Stratosphere:
Height: It extends upto a height of 50 km.
Activities: This layer is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon making conditions more ideal for flying aeroplanes. It has the ozone layer which protects us from the harmful affect of rays.
Upper limit: Stratopause.
Temperature : The temperature here keeps on rising.

(iii) Mesosphere:
Height : This is the third layer of the atmosphere. It lies above the height of 80 km.
Activities : Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering the space.
Upper limit: Mesopause.

(iv) Thermosphere : Height: 80-400 km.
Its upper limit satropause
Temperature: The temperature is rising.

Question 2.
Name the various gases in the atmosphere and their functions or uses.
Answer:
Nitrogen and oxygen are two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities. Apart from these gases, tiny dust particles are also present in the air.

Their functions and uses are as follows:

• Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air. When we inhale, we take some amount of nitrogen into our lungs and exhale it. But plants need nitrogen for their survival.
• Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the air. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air as they breathe.
• Carbon dioxide is another important gas. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release energy.

Question 3.
Which is the greenhouse gas and what affect does it have?
Answer:
(i) Carbon dixoide-released in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect by trapping the heat radiated from the earth. It is therefore called a green house gas and without it the earth would have been too cold to live in. However, when the level in the atmosphere increases due to factory smoke or car fumes, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth. This is called global warming.

(ii) This rise in temperature causes the snow in the coldest parts of the world to melt.

(iii) As a result, the sea level rises, causing floods in the coastal areas.

(iv) There may be drastic changes in the climate of a place leading to extinction of some plants and animals.

Air Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Atmosphere : Thick blanket of air around the earth.
• Ozone : This thin layer of atmosphere which acts as a filter and absorbs ultra violet radiation.
• Smog: Combination of smoke and fog.
• Stratosphere : Above troposphere it is a cold but clean layer of air.
• Periodic Winds : Winds changing their direction periodically with change in the season.
• Loo : Hot and dry wind that blows over the plains.
• Evaporation : Change of liquid state of water into water vapour.
• Wind : Horizontally moving air near the surface of the earth is called a wind.
• Lapse Rate : The rate at which temperature decreases with altitude is called lapse rate.
• Radiation : Reflection of solar energy by clouds and particles are called radiation.
• Molecule : Smallest particles of a substance in free state.
• Humidity : The amount of water vapour present in the air.
• Insolation : The amount of solar radiations coming down to the earth.
• Terrestrial. Radiation : The heat given off by the earth.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Water

HBSE 7th Class Geography Water Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is precipitation?
Answer:
When the water vapour cools, it condenses and forms clouds. From there it may fall On the land or sea or rain, snow sleet. This is called precipitation.

(ii) What is the water cycle?
Answer:
The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

(iii) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
Answer:
The factors affecting the height of the waves are:

• Winds
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruption and landslides on the bottom of the ocean.

(iv) Which factors effect the movement of waves?
Answer:
The factors which effect the movement of waves are :

• Temperature
• Winds
• Gravitational pull of the sun
• The earth
• The moon
• The warm and cold currents.

(v) What are tides and how are they caused?
Answer:
Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water that occurs twice in a day. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.

(vi) What are ocean currents?
Answer:
Ocean currents are streams of water that flow constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions are called ocean currents.

Question 2.
Give reasons:
(i) Ocean water is salty.
Answer:
The water of the ocean is salty or saline as it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt.

(ii) The quality of water is deterior-ating.
Answer:
The quality of water is deteriorating day by day because of pollution of the rivers and also due to global warming, the fresh water stored in the ice caps is melting because of rising temperature. The water cycle is therefore disturbed and fresh water available for drinking is decreasing day by day.

Question 3.
Tick (√) the correct answer :
(i) The process by which water continually changes in its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land.
(a) Water cycle
(b) Tides
(с) Ocean currents
Answer:
(a) Water cycle

(ii) Generally the warm ocean currents originate near ________.
(a) Poles
(b) Equator
(c) None of these
Answer:
(b) Equator

(iii) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called ________.
(a) Tide
(b) Ocean current
(c) Wave
Answer:
(a) Tide

Question 4.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (a)

Question 5.
For Fun :
Be a Detective
(i) The name of one river is hidden in each of the sentences below. Spot it.
Example : Mandra, Vijayalakshmi and Surinder are my best friends.
Answer:
Ravi.
(a) The snake charmer’s bustee, stables where horses are housed, and the piles of wood, all caught fire accidentally. (Hint: Another name for River Brahmaputra) Answer:
Teesta.

(b) The conference manager put pad, material for reading and a pencil for each participant. (Hint: A distributary on the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta)
Answer:
Padma.

(c) Either jealousy or anger cause a person’s fall (Hint: Name of a juicy fruit!)
Answer:
Orange.

(d) Bhavani germinated the seeds in a pot (Hint: Look for her in West Africa)

(e) “I am a zonal champion now” declared the excited atheletic. (Hint: The river that has he biggest basin in the world)
Answer:
Amazon.

(f) The tiffin box rolled down and all the food fell in dusty potholes. (Hint: Rises in India and journeys through Pakistan)
Answer:
Indus.

(g) Malini leaned against the pole when she felt that she was going to faint. (Hint: Her delta in Egypt is famous)
Answer:
Nile.

(h) Samantha mesmerised everybody with her magic tricks. (Hint: London is situated on her estuary)
Answer:
Thames.

(i) “In this neighbourhood, please don’t yell! Owners of these houses like to have peace”. Warned my father when we moved into our new flat”. (Hint: colour!)
Answer:
Yellow.

(j) ‘Write the following words, Marc!’ “On”, “go”, “in” said the teacher to the little boy in KG Class. (Hint: Rhymes with ‘bongo’)
Answer:
Congo.

Now make some morer on your own and ask your classmates to spot the hidden name. You can do this with any name: that of a lake, mountains, trees, fruits, school items etc.
Carry on Detective

(ii) With the help of an atlas, draw each river which you discoverd in For fun (t), on an outline map of the world.
Answer:
(a) Teesta
(b) Padma
(c) Orange
(d) Niger
(e) Amazon
(f) Indus
(g) Nile
(h) Thames
(i) Yellow
(j) Congo

HBSE 7th Class Geography Water Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What causes evaporation of water?
Answer:
The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour.

Question 2.
Name the major sources of fresh water.
Answer:
Rivers, ponds, springs, glaciers.

Question 3.
Which salt is mainly found in the ocean water?
Answer:
Much of the salt found in the sea-water is sodium chloride or the common tablesalt.

Question 4.
Give reason : Swimmers can float in Dead Sea.
Answer:
Swimmers can float in Dead sea because it increases salt content and makes it dense.

Question 5.
What are the different ways in which movements of ocean water can be classified.
Answer:
The movements in the ocean water can be classified as : (a) waves, (b) tides, (c) currents.

Question 6.
What is the importance of World Water Day?
Answer:
The need to conserve water is reinforced in different ways on World Water Day.

Question 7.
What are waves?
Answer:
When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternatively, they are called waves.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the spring tides? When do they occur?
Answer:
High magnitude tides are called spring tides. These tides occur on the full moon and new moon nights when the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line.

Question 2.
What are neap tides? When do they occur?
Answer:
Low magnitude tides are called neap tides. These tides occur when the moon is in its first and last quarter, and the ocean water get drawn in mutually perpendicular directions by the gravitational pull of the sun and the earth resulting in low tides.

Question 3.
Where do the warm and cold ocean currents originate?
Answer:

• The warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles.
• The cold currents originate near polar or higher latitudes and move towards tropical or lower latitudes.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Wave and Tide.
Answer:

Question 2.
Is all the water on earth available to us?
Answer:
No, all the water on earth is not available to us. Only 2.8% water is fresh, which we can utilize to fulfill our needs. Rest 97.2% water is saline.

Question 3.
If there is more water than land on this earth, why do so many countries face water scarcity?
Answer:

• About 97.2% water is saline.
• Only 2.8% water is fresh which can be utilised by the human beings.
• Uneven distribution of water also leads to water scarcity.
• Careless use and wastage of water by human beings is the main cause of water scarcity.

Question 4.
Write the effects of ocean currents.
Answer:

• The ocean current influences the temperature conditions of the area. Warm currents bring about warm temperatures over the land surface.
• The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds in the world.
• The areas where warm and cold currents meet also experience foggy weather making it difficult to navigate.

Water Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Terraium : It is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.
• Hydrosphere : Part of the earth’s surface covered with water.
• Tide : The regular rise and fall in seawater is called tide.
• High Tide : The regular rise of seawater is called high tide.
• Low Tide : The fall of seawater is called low tide.
• Ground Water : When the rainwater is soaked by the ground is called groundwater.
• Hydrological Cycle : The continuous circulation of water among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere is called the hydrological cycle. Actually the cycle is of a very complex nature with a number of sub-cycles.
• Glacier : The moving mass of ice is known as glaciers.
• Salinity : Amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of seawater.
• Water Cycle : The movement of water from the sea to air and back to the sea.
• Water Conservation : The protection, preservation, and careful use of the water.
• Winds : The undulation on the surface of the water caused by wind blowing oversea.
• Evaporation : The process by which the water changes into water vapour and enters into the atmosphere.
• Condensation : The change of water vapour into droplets of water or snow is called condensation.
• Precipitation : The condensation of water vapour in the form of water droplets or ice crystals and falling on the earth’s surface.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

HBSE 7th Class Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Which are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends?
Answer:
The growth of vegetation mostly depends on the following two factors:

• Temperature
• Moisture

(ii) Which are the three broad categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
Three broad categories of natural vegetation are as follow:

• Forests
• Grasslands
• Thorny shrubs.

(iii) Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
The two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests are:

• Rosewood
• Ebony
• Mahogany (Any two)

(iv) In which part of the world, tropical deciduous forest is found?
Answer:
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in Central America. Teak, sal, neem and shisham are the main trees of these forests.

(v) In which cliiftatic condition, citrus fruits are cultivated?
Answer:
Hot dry summer and rainy mild winter season is good for the cultivation of citrus fruits.

(vi) Mention the uses of coniferous forests.
Answer:

• The wood of trees found in these forests is very soft which is used to make match box and packing boxes.
• The wood is very useful for making pulp.
• The wood is used for making news print.
• Tree helps to control soil erosion.
• Trees provide shelter to our wildlife.

(vii) In which part of the world seasonal grassland is found?
Answer:
The world seasonal grassland is found in is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior parts of the continents.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
(i) Mosses and Lichens are found in :
(a) Desertic vegetation
(b) Tropical evergreen forest
(c) Tundra vegetation
Answer:
(c) Tundra vegetation

(ii) Thorny bushes are found in :
(a) Hot and humid tropical climate
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate
(c) Cold polar climate
Answer:
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate

(iii) In tropical evergreen forest, one of the common animals is :
(a) Monkey
(b) Giraffe
(c) Camel
Answer:
(a) Monkey

(iv) One important variety of coniferous forest is :
(a) Rosewood
(b) Pine
(c) Teak
Answer:
(b) Pine

(v) Steppe grassland is found in :
(a) S. Africa
(b) Australia
(c) Central
Answer:
(c) Central

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season.
(iii) The type and thinkness of vegetation changes from place to place.
Answer:
(i) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin to protect themselves from the cold climatic conditions.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
(iii) The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place because of the variation in temperature and moisture.

Question 5.
Activity:
(i) Collect pictures and photographs of forests and grasslands of different parts of world. Write one sentence below each picture.
(ii) Make a college of rainforest grassland and coniferous forests.
Answer:
(i) (A)

Tropical evergreen forests occur in the regions near the equator and close to the Tropics.

(B)

Tropical deciduous forests are the monsoon forests which experience seasonal changes.

(C)

Temperate evergreen forests comprise both hard and soft wood trees like oak, pine, eucalyptus etc.

(D)

The trees of temperate deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry seasons.

(E)

Mediterranean vegetation is mostly found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Coniferous (Taiga) forests are found in the higher latitudes (50°-70°) of Northern hemisphere. Tropical grassland grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall.

Question 6.
For Fun

Answer:
Horizontally : Bamboo, Bear, Whale, Flora, Lichen, Hen, Pine, Seal, Fowl, Chir, Masses, Grass, Taiga, Praire, Fir, Ebony, Goat, Deciduous, Tundra, Zebra, Horse, Lianos, Pampas.

Vertically : Shrub, Ox, Pig, Cactus, Fauna, Lion, Downs, Tiger, Neem, Oak, Camel, Peepal, Oak, Deer, Savanaa, Yak.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do the trees in tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves altogether?
Answer:
The trees in tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves’ altogether because there is no particular dry season.

Question 2.
Where are tropical deciduous forests found?
Answer:
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia, and in Central America.

Question 3.
What type of trees are found at higher latitudes?
Answer:
Temperate deciduous forests are found at higher latitudes.

Question 4.
What is the use of wood of coniferous trees?
Answer:
The wood of coniferous trees is used for manufacturing pulp which is used for manufacturing paper and newsprint.

Question 5.
What is the extent of tropical grasslands?
Answer:
The tropical grasslands occur on either side of the equator and extend till the Tropics.

Question 6.
What kind of grass is found in temperate grasslands?
Answer:
Short and nutritious grass is found in temperate grasslands.

Question 7.
Why is vegetation cover scarce in thorny bushes?
Answer:
Vegetation cover is scarce in thorny bushes because of scanty rain and scorching heat.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the factors on which growth of vegetation depends?
Answer:
Following are the factors on which growth of vegetation depends :

• The change in height affects the character of vegetations. With the change in height, the climate changes and that changes natural vegetation.
• The growth of vegetation also depends on temperature and moisture.
• The growth of vegetation also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil.

Question 2.
What are three categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
The three categories of natural vegetations are :

• Forests : Forests grow where temperature and rainfall are plentiful to support a tree cover. The forests can be (i) dense forests, (ii) open forests.
• Grasslands : Grasslands include tropical and temperate grasslands. They grow in the region of moderate rain.
• Shrubs : Thorny shrubs and scrubs grow in the dry region.

Question 3.
Write a short note on temperate grasslands.
Answer:
Tropical grasslands occur oft either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate’ to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer and leopards.

Question 4.
Write three major features of tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
Major features of tropical evergreen forests are:
These forests are so dense that thick canopies are developed which do not allow the sunlight to penetrate inside the forest. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. This keeps the forest evergreen. Hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany are found here.

Question 5.
Where is Tundra type of vegetation found? Why?
Answer:
Tundra type of vegetation includes mosses, lichens and very small shrubs. The main polar areas of Tundra type of vegetation are Europe, Asia and North America. This is found in polar regions. They grow during the very short summer. This is so because polar regions are extremely cold and the growth of natural vegetation is very limited here.

Question 6.
What are the main features of Highlands vegetation?
Answer:
The temperature falls with the rise in the height as in the mountainous area. The factors behind the variety in the types of vegetation in highlands are the climatic changes occurring in the higher altitude.

A succession of the vegetation from the tropical to alpine types in mountains can be notice. Generally, at the foothills, there is belt of deciduous trees. The pine forests are well grown at the height between 1500 metres to 2000 metres.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on the various’ types of grasslands.
Answer:
The various types of grasslands are:

• Tropical grasslands
• Temperate grasslands
• Thorny bushes

1. Tropical grasslands : This type of vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass here can grow very tall, about to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards etc.

2. Temperate grasslands : This type of vegetation is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents. Grass here is usually short and nutritious. Common animals found in this region are wild buffaloes, bisons, antilopes etc.

3. Thorny bushes : These are found in the dry desert like regions. Tropical deserts are located on the western margins of the continents, which are characterised by such vegetation. Vegetation in the polar regions is also limited. Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here. It grows during the very short summer. This is called Tundra type of vegetation. Polar animals have thick fur and thick skin which protect them from the cold climate conditions, for example, seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, etc.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Evergreen Vegetation : Forest with trees retaining the leaf cover across the year.
• Natural Vegetation : Original land cover of forest vegetation.
• Coniferous Trees : The forest in which trees have conical leaves and they don’t shed their leaves all at a time.
• Wildlife Sanctuary : An area, set aside for preserving its natural vegetation, natural beauty, wildlife etc.
• Biodiversity : Different species on the earth.
• Biome : A vast ecosystem with its group of plants and animals is recognised as biome.
• Eco-system : A system which comprises the physical environment and the’organisms with live therein.
• Food Chain : Food chain is the transfer of energy from one organism to another in ecological system.
• Food Web : It is complicated network of several food chains.
• Herbivores : Animals of those categories which lives on grass and plants.
• Carnivores : The animals which kill small animals for their food.
• Habitat: The physical environment in which the animals normally live.
• Forests : Extensive area covered with trees.
• Vegetation : The assemblage of plant species living in association with each other in a given environmental framework is known as vegetation.
• Fauna : Species of animals.
• Flora : Plants of a particular region.
• Conservation : Protection, preservation, and efficient utilization of resources gifted by nature.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

HBSE 7th Class Geography Our Changing Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why do plates move?
Answer:
1. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as Lithosphere plates.
2. These plates move around slowly a few millimeters each year.
3. It is because of the movement of molten magma inside the earth.

Question 2.
What are endogenic and exogenic forces?
Answer:
The earth movements are divided on the basis of the forces which causes them. The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of earth are called exogenic forces.

Question 3.
What is erosion?
Answer:
Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.

Question 4.
How are flood plains formed?
Answer:
During floods, layers of fine soil and other material called sediments are deposited on the river bank. This leads to the formation of a flat fertile flood plains.

Question 5.
What are sand dunes?
Answer:
An active agent of erosion and deposition in the desert is wind. When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When it stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in hill-like structure called sand-dunes.

Question 6.
How are beaches formed?
Answer:
The sea-waves deposit sediments, beaches.

Question 7.
What are ox-bow lakes?
Answer:
An ox-bow lake is a cut-off lake formed due to cut-off of a meander loop.

Question 2.
Tick (✓) the correct answer.
(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?
(a) Cliff
(b) Beach
(c) Sea cave
Answer:
(b) Beach

(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is :
(a) Flood plain
(b) Beach
(c) Moraine
Answer:
(c) Moraine

(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?
(a) Volcano
(b) Folding
(c) Flood plain
Answer:
(a) Volcano

(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in :
(a) Deserts
(b) River valleys
(c) Glaciers
Answer:
(a) Deserts

(v) Ox bow lakes are found in :
(a) Glaciers
(b) River valleys
(c) Deserts
Answer:
(b) River valleys

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (b)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (f)
(v) (d)
(vi) (e)

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) Some rocks have shape of a mushroom.
Answer:
In deserts you can see the rocks in the shape of mushroom, commonly known as mushroom rocks because winds erode the lower sections of the rock more than the upper part. Therefore, such rocks have a narrower base and a wider top.

(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.
Answer:
At times the river overflows its banks this leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas. As it floods, it deposits layer of fine soil and other material called sediments along its banks.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stack.
Answer:
As the cavities of the sea caves become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remain thus forming arches. Erosion of sea arch breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like features are called stacks.

(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquake.
Answer:
Buildings collapse because of the movement in tectonic plates under the surface of the earth which send out vibrations in all the direction causing an effect to anything built on the crust.

Question 5.
Activity:
Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.

Answer:

Question 6.
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of clues given.

Answer:

Across:
2. Meander
4. Ice
7. Glacier
11. Cave
12. Cliff
13. Sea,
14. Desert
15. Sand-dune
16. Flood Plain.

Down:
1. Wave
3. River
5. Cliff
6. Hollows
8. Ox Bow Lake
10. Dunes
13. Beach
14. Delta.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Our Changing Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are lithospheric plates?
Answer:
The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the lithospheric plates.

Question 2.
What causes changes on the surface of the earth?
Answer:
The movement of the lithospheric plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
What is a volcano?
Answer:
A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.

Question 4.
When does weathering and erosion take place?
Answer:
Weathering and erosion takes place everywhere and at all the time.

Question 5.
What are dunes?
Answer:
Wind-blowing materials deposited in deserts are known as dunes.

Question 6.
Who are mineralogists?
Answer:
The scientists who study minerals are called mineralogists.

Question 7.
Name five rivers of the world which form a delta.
Answer:
Nile, Zaire, Ganga-Brahmaputra, Amazon, Murray—Darling.

Question 8.
Name four coastal landforms.
Answer:
Sea caves, sea arches, stacks, sea cliff.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw a well-labelled diagram of a volcano.
Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the flow-chart given below:
Evolution of landforms

Answer:
Evolution of landforms

Question 3.
How is an earthquake measured?
Answer:
An earthquake is measured with a machine called seismography. The magnitude of the earthquake is measured on a Richter Scale. The following table explains the intensity of earthquake.

Question 4.
How do glaciers help in the formation of lakes?
Answer:
Glaciers erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rock below. Glaciers carve out deep hollows. As the ice melts, they even get gilled up with water and become filled up with water and become beautiful lakes in the mountains.

Question 5.
Draw’ a diagram of a delta and mark its (a) main river (b) Distributary.
Answer:

Question 6.
Define river load.
Answer:
The agents of wind, running water, glaciers and sea waves are constantly engaged in eroding rocks and many land surfaces. The minerals in rocks are also dissolved in water. These rock pieces, organic materials and dissolved minerals are called river load.

Question 7.
Give an account of earthquake preparedness.
Answer:
Earthquakes cannot be accurately predicted. However, we can minimise the impact if we are-prepared before hand.
During an earthquake, we should:

• Take a shelter under a kitchen counter, table or desk against an inside corner or wall.
• Stay away from fire places, areas around chimneys, windows that shelter including mirrors and picture frames.
• Spread awareness amongst our friends and family members.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(а) sea cave
(b) sea arch
(c) sea cliff
(d) stack.
Answer:

(a) Sea waves continuously strike at the rocks. Cracks develop. Over time they become larger and wider. Thus, hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are called sea caves.

(b) As the cavities of the sea cave, become bigger and bigger, only the roof of the cave remain, thus, forming sea arches.

(c) The steepy rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water is called sea cliff.

(d) Erosion of sea arch breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like failures are called stacks.

Question 2.
Write about the work of a river. Explain with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
The following points explain the work of a river:
(a) The running water in the river erodes the landscape.

(b) When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a deep valley side it forms a waterfall.

(c) While entering the plain the river twists and turn and forms large bends which are known as meanders.

(d) Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.

(e) In the due source of time, the meander loop cuts-off from the river and forms a cut-off lake; which is also called ox-bow lake.

(f) Sometimes, the river overflows its banks causing flood in the neighbouring areas.

(g) As it floods, it deposits layers of fire, soil and other material called sediments along its banks.

(h) The fertile flood plain is formed. The raised banks are called leeves.

(i) As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river which begins to break up into several streams known as distributaries.

(j) As river becomes very slow and it begins to deposit its load.

(k) The collection of sediments from all the mouths formed a delta, which is a triangular landmass.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Weathering : Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface.
• Erosion : Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind etc.
• Meanders : Large bends formed by twisting and turning of the river while entering the plain are called meanders.
• Ox-bow Lake : An ox-bow lake is a cut-off lake formed due to the cut-off of a meander loop.
• Leeves : The raised banks are called leaves.
• Glacial Moraines : The materials carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt get deposited, these deposits from glacial moraines.
• Waterfall : When the river tumbles at a steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side forms a waterfall.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

HBSE 7th Class Geography Inside Our Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What are the three layers of the earth?
Answer:

(1) Crust:

• The upper most layer of the earth’s surface is called crust.
• It is the thinnest of all layers.
• It is about 35 km. on the continental masses and 5 km. on the ocean floors.
• The main mineral constituents of the continental masses are silica, aluminium and sial.

(2) Mantle:

• Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends upto 2900 km. below the crust.
• The oceanic crust and mantle consists of silica and magnesium. Thus, Sima.

(3) Core:

• The innermost layer is the core of radius 3500 km.
• It is made up of nickel and ferrous, i.e., nife.

Question 2.
What is a rock?
Answer:
Any natural mass of mineral material that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks. Rocks can be of different sizes, textures, shape, colour etc.

Question 3.
Name three types of rocks.
Answer:
Three types of rocks are as follows:

• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks.

Question 4.
How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
Answer:
→ Extrusive Rocks : When the molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in such a way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. Example : basalt.

→ Intrusive Igneous Rocks : Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Example: granite.

Question 5.
What do you mean by a rock cycle?
Answer:
One type of rock changes into another type under certain conditions in a cyclic manner. This process of transformation of the rock from form one to another is known as rock cycle.
Example:
(a) When the molten magma cools, it solidifies to become igneous rock. These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles that are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks.

(b) When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subject to heat and pressure, they change to metamorphic rocks.

Question 6.
What are the uses of rocks?
Answer:
Rocks are very useful to us :

• The hard rocks are used for making roads, houses and buildings.
• We use stones for playing games such as pitthoo (seven stones).
• Hop scotch (stapu / kit-kat) and five stones (gitti).
• Rocks are made up,of different minerals which are important to mankind, e.g., coal, natural gas and petroleum.
• Rocks are also used in industries – aluminium, gold, uranium, etc., in medicines, fertilisers etc.

Question 7.
What are metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
The igneous and metamorphic rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into metamorphic rocks, e.g., clay changes into slate and limestone changes into marble.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is:
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic
Answer:
(a) Igneous.

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is:
(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle
Answer:
(b) Core.

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are the examples of:
(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils
Answer:
(b) Minerals.

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are :
(a) Sedimentary Rocks
(b) Metamorphic Rocks
(c) Igneous Rocks
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary Rocks.

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core
Answer:
(a) Crust.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (e)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (f)
(v) (c)

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.
Answer:
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth because the central core has very high temperature and pressure.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments. Rocks roll down, crack and hit each other and are broken down into small fragments. These smaller parts are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposits by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments then are compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. These types of rocks are sedimentary rocks.

(iii) Limestone is changed into marble : Limetsone is a sedimentary rocks which due to excessive heat and pressure changes into marble after thousands of years and forms a metamorphic rock.

Question 5.
For fun :
(i) What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?
(ii) Identify some more objects made up of different minerals.

Answer:
These are made up of:

• Iron, stainless steel
• Brass and iron
• Gold and pearl
• Copper/Aluminium.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Inside Our Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the earth called a dynamic planet?
Answer:
The earth is called a dynamic planet because it is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside.

Question 2.
What is lava?
Answer:
Lava is fiery red molten magma coming out from the interior of the earth on its surface.

Question 3.
Name the constituents of the oceanic crust.
Answer:
Silica and Magnesium.

Question 4.
What is ‘nife’?
Answer:
‘Nife’ is the name given to the core of the earth which mainly constitutes nickel and iron.

Question 5.
What happens when igneous and sedimentary rocks go under heat and pressure?
Answer:
They changes into metamorphic rocks.

Question 6.
What is the thinkess of the outer layer of the earth?
Answer:
The thickness of the outer layer of the earth is 60 km.

Question 7.
What is volcano?
Answer:
When magma from deep below forces its way up to earth’s surface, it is called volcano.

Question 8.
Which rocks are called primary or parent rocks?
Answer:
Igneous rocks are called primary or parent rocks.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Answer:

Question 2.
Why are igneous rocks called primary or basic rocks?
Answer:
Our earth contains a hot molten material having high temperature and pressure deep below its lithosphere. On cooling and solidification of the matter igneous rocks are formed. They make up about two-thirds of the earth’s crust. Therefore, they are called basic or primary rocks.

Question 3.
Formation of rocks is a slow process. Why?
Answer:
Formation of rocks , is a slow process because:

• Climate breaks the parent rocks into many smaller pieces.
• Topography or elevation helps in weathering of the rocks.
• Plants and animals organism help in weathering of rocks.

For all these processes, time factor plays a major role.

Question 4.
What do the words igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic mean.
Answer:

• The word Igneous drives from Latin word Ignis meaning Fire.
• The word sedimentary is derived from a Latin sediments meaning settle down.
• The word metamorphic derives from a Greek word metamorphise meaning change of form.

Question 5.
Give two examples of each of the following :
(а) Igneous rocks
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Metamorphic rocks.
Answer:
(a) Land and zinc
(b) Coal and limestone
(c) Graphite and marble:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are different kinds of rocks formed?
Answer:
(i) Igneous rocks : When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks. They are also called primary rocks. They are of two types- intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks.
(a) Extrusive rocks : When molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. For example, basalt.

(b) Intrusive rocks : Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Since they cool down slowly they form large grains. For example, granite.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks : Small fragments of rocks are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone is made from grains of sand.

(iii) Metamorphic rocks : When igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to great heat and pressure they changes into metamorphic rocks. For example,k clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.

Question 2.
Distinguish between rocks and minerals.
Answer:

Question 3.
Distinguish between crust and core.
Answer:

Question 4.
Distinguish between mantle and core.
Answer:

Inside Our Earth Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Core : The innermost layer of the earth.
• Crust: The topmost layer of the earth.
• Mantle : The layer of the earth that lies beneath the crust.
• Fossils : The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are called fossils.
• Tectonic Activities : It is activities that affect the large-scale processes of the earth.
• Igneous rocks : Rocks which are formed by the solidification of magma are called igneous rocks.
• Sedimentary Rocks : The rocks which are formed by sediments laid down usually on the seafloor or lakes are known as sedimentary rocks.
• Metamorphic Rocks : The rocks which are formed due to changes in igneous and metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure.
• Graphite : A soft substance used for manufacturing pencils and crucibles.
• Rock Cycle : Movement of rocks in cyclic order whereby they are recycled and again formed