Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Landforms of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) What are the major land reforms?
Answer:
The major land reforms are the mountains, plateaus, and plains.

(b) What is the difference between a mountain and a plateau?
Answer:

(c) What are the different types of mountains?
Answer:
The different types of mountains are :

• Fold mountains
• Block mountains
• Volcanic mountains.

(d) How are mountains useful to man?
Answer:
Mountains are very useful to man as under:

• The mountains are storehouse of water.
• Many rivers have source in the glaciers.
• Reservoirs are made and the water is harnessed for the use of people.
• Water from mountains is also used for irrigation and generation of hydro electricity.
• Mountains have a rich variety of flora and fauna.
• Forests are found on mountains also.
• Mountains provide an idyllic site for tourists.
• Several sports are popular in mountains.

(e) How are plains formed?
Answer:
Plains are formed by the rivers and their tributaries. The rivers eroded the slopes of mountains and carry forward the eroded material. Then they deposit their load consisting of stones and sand along their coarses and in valleys. In this way the plains are formed.

(f) Why are river plains thickly populated?
Answer:
The thickly populated due to the following factors:

• The plains are very fertile.
• Construction of transport network is easy.
• They are suitable for human habitation.
• More flat land is available for the building, houses, and cultivation.

(g) Why are the mountain thinly populated?
Answer:
The mountains are thinly populated because life is very difficult in mountain areas because of harsh climate. It is quite difficult to grow crops, build houses or roads in a mountain. Hence, people do not prefer to live here.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) The mountain differ from the hills in terms of:
(i) elevation
(ii) slope
(iii) aspect
Answer:
(i) elevation

(b) Glaciers are found in:
(i) the mountains
(ii) the plains
(iii) the plateaus
Answer:
(i) the mountains

(c) The Deccan Plateau is located in:
(i) Kenya
(ii) Australia
(iii) India
Answer:
(iii) India

(d) The river Yangtze flows in:
(i) South America
(ii) Australia
(iii) China
Answer:
(iii) China

(e) An important mountain range of Europe is :
(i) the Andes
(ii) the Alps
(iii) the Rockies
Answer:
(iii) the Rockies

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. A ________ is an unbroken flat or a low level land.
2. The Himalayas and the Alps are examples of ________ types of mountains.
3. ________ areas are rich in mineral deposits.
4. The ________ is a line of mountains.
5. The ________ areas are most productive for farming.

Answer:

1. plain
2. young fold
3. Plateau
4. range
5. plain.

THINGS TO DO

Question 1.
What kind of landforms are found in your state? Based on the reading of this chapter, say how they are of use to the people.
Answer:
In my state, plains are found. They are of use to people as:

• They are generally fertile. People can easily engage themselves in farming activities and get high produce.
• Construction of transport network is easy.
• Construction of houses is also carried on large scale.

MAP SKILLS

On the outline map of the world, mark the following :
(a) Mountain ranges : Himalayan, Rockies and Alps. (b) Plateau : Tibet

Map of the world.

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Landforms of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the internal process in the earth lead to?
Answer:
The internal process in the earth leads to upliftment and sinking of the earth’s surface at several places.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the external process in the earth?
Answer:
The external process in the earth refers to the continuous wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface.

Question 3.
How does the erosion and deposition affect the surface of the earth?
Answer:
The surface of the earth is being lowered by the process of erosion and rebuilt by the process of deposition.

Question 4.
Why can’t we see all the mountains?
Answer:
We can’t see all the mountains because some of the mountains are under the sea.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any four features of mountains.
Answer:

• The mountains may have a small summit and a broad base.
• Some mountains are even higher than clouds.
• Many mountain systems consist of a series of parallel ranges extending over hundreds of kilometres.
• Mountains vary in their heights and shape.

Question 2.
How are block mountains created?
Answer:
Block mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced, vertically. The uplifted blocks are termed as horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben example – The Rhine Valley and the Vosges mountain.

Question 3.
How are plateaus useful to man?
Answer:
Plateaus are very useful for man because they have rich mineral deposits. Many of the mining areas in the world are located in the plateau regions. For example, the African, plateau is famous for gold and diamond mining. The Chhotanagpur plateau in India has huge reserves of iron, coal and manganese. In the plateau regions, one can find several waterfalls. Many plateaus have scenic spots which attract tourist on large scale.

Question 4.
What are mountain ranges? Give the name of mountain ranges in Asia, Europe, South America, North America.
Answer:
Mountains arranged in a line are called mountain range. The names of mountain ranges are:

• Asia – The Himalayas.
• Europe – The Alps.
• South America – The Andes.
• North America – The Rockies.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the relationship between landforms and the lives of the people?
Answer:
Landforms determine the lives of people in India.
For example:
(i) Plains are fertile. So people in the plains are engaged in agriculture.
→ It is difficult to live in mountains.
→ In mountains, disasters can occur more frequently and can cause huge damage to life and property.
People, sometimes, use landforms for their own benefit. They misuse them and throw garbage on land and in water making them polluted. It is our special duty to save landforms for future generations.

Major Landforms of the Earth Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Hill s It is a land surface higher than the local area.
• Mountain : A steep hill with an elevation of more than 600 metres is called mountain.
• Glacier : Permanently frozen river of ice is called glacier.
• Horst: The uplifted blocks of the land surface are called a horst.
• Graben : The lowered blocks are called graben.
• Plateau: An elevated flat land is called a plateau.
• Plains: These are large stretches of flat land.
• Erosion : The wearing away of the earth’s surface is known as erosion.
• Flora and Fauna : The plants and animals of a particular area.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Domains of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the four major domains of the earth?
Answer:
The four major domains of the earth are:

• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere.

(b) Name the major continents of the earth.
Answer:
The major continents of the earth are:

• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Europe
• Australia

(c) Name the two continents that lie entirely in the southern hemisphere.
Answer:

• Australia
• Antarctica.

(d) Name the different layers of atmosphere.
Answer:
The different layers of atmosphere.

• Triphosphate
• Stratosphere
• Mesophere
• Thermosphere
• Erosphere

(e) Why is earth called the blue planet?
Answer:
Earth is called the blue planet because 71 percent of the earth is covered with water only.

(f) Why is Northern Hemisphere called the Land Hemisphere?
Answer:
Northern hemisphere is called the land hemisphere because the greater part of the land lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

(g) Why is Biosphere important for living organisms?
Answer:
Biosphere is the zone where the life exists. It is the narrow zone where we find land, water and air together, which contains all forms of life.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) The mountain range that separates Europe from Asia is:
(i) the Andes
(ii) the Himalayas
(iii) the Urals
Answer:
(iii) the Urals

(b) The continent of North America is linked to South America by:
(i) an Isthmus
(ii) a Strait
(iii) a Canal
Answer:
(i) an Isthmus

(c) The major constituent of atmosphere by percent is:
(i) Nitrogen
(ii) Oxygen
(iii) Carbon dioxide
Answer:
(i) Nitrogen

(d) The domain to the earth consisting of solid rocks is:
(i) the Atmosphere
(ii) the Hydrosphere
(iii) the Lithosphere
Answer:
(iii) the Lithosphere

(e) Which is the largest continent?
(i) Africa
(ii) Asia
(iii) Australia
Answer:
(ii) Asia

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

1. The deepest point of earth is _________ in the Pacific Ocean,
2. The _________ Ocean is named after a country.
3. The _________ is a narrow contact zone of land, water and air that supports life.
4. The continents of Europe and Asia are known as _________.
5. The highest mountain peak on earth is _________.

Answer:

1. Mariana Trench
2. Indian
3. Biosphere
4. Eurasia
5. Everest.

THINGS TO DO

1. Cut the outline of the continents from an outline map of world and arrange them according to their decreasing sizes.
2. Cut the outline of the continents from an outline map of the world and try to fit them together as a Jig-saw puzzle.
3. Collect pictures of expeditions to the Himalayas. Write about the kind of equipment carried by the climbers for protection against sunshine, temperature and the lack of air.

MAP SKILLS

Question 4.
Map skills :
On the outline map of the world, mark the following:
Europe, Asia, Antarctica, South America, Australia, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ural Mountains and Isthmus of Panamas.

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Domains of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type questions

Question 1.
Where is the greatest depth recorded?
Answer:
The greatest depth is recorded at Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 2.
Which continents surrounded the Pacific Ocean?
Answer:
Asia, Australia, North America, South America.

Question 3.
What is the shape of the Indian Ocean?
Answer:
The shape of Indian Ocean is almost triangular.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give reason: though earth is a ‘blue planet’, we face shortage of water.
Answer:
More than 97% of Earth’s water is found in the oceans and is too salty for human use. A large proportion of the rest of water is in the form of ice-sheets and glaciers or under the ground and a very small percentage is available.

Question 2.
What is lithosphere? State its condition.
Answer:
The outer layer of the earth is called the crust. Crust is like the skin of the earth. The hard crust forms the outer solid surface of the earth. It is called lithosphere where the word ‘litho’ means stone or rock. About one third of the earth surface is occupied by land while the rest is covered with water.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the seven continents of the world. Write three important features of each of them.
Answer:
The seven continents are :

• Asia
• Europe
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Australia
• Antarctica.

(i) Asia:

• Asia is the largest continent. The Tropic of Cancer passes through Asia.
• Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains on the west.

(ii) Europe:

• Europe is much smaller than Asia.
• Europe lies to the west of Asia.
• It is bounded by water bodies on three sides.

(iii) Africa:

• Africa is the second largest continent after Asia.
• The equator or 0° latitude runs almost through the middle of the continent.
• It is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass.

(iv) North America:

• North America is the third largest continent of the world.
• The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western hemisphere.
• Three oceans namely Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean surround this continent.

(v) South America :

• South America lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
• The Andes, world’s longest mountain range, runs through its length from north to south.
• The world’s largest river, Amazoh lies in this continent.

(vi) Australia:

• Australia is the smallest continent.
• Australia lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Australia is an island continent because it is surrounded on all sides by the oceans and seas.

(vii) Antarctica:

• Antarctica lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Antarctica is permanently covered with thick ice-sheets, there are no permanent human settlements.
• Many countries have research stations in Antarctica. For example: Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri are research stations of India in Antarctica.

Major Domains of the Earth Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Lithosphere : The uppermost solid layer of our earth.
• Hydrosphere: The water-mass of the earth including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, underground water, ice sheets and water vapour in the atmosphere.
• Atmosphere : The layer of various gases which surround the earth.
• Biosphere : The narrow zone where the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere are in contact with each other and in which life exists.
• Continent: A large mass of land.
• Ocean : A vast area of water surrounding landmasses.
• Mountain : A mountain is a conical mass of land rising too much greater heights than the surrounding areas.
• Plateau : A plateau is a large area of fairly level land rising much above the surrounding areas.
• Plains: Low-lying flat surfaces with very gentle slopes are called plains.
• Eurasia: The combined landmass of Asia and Europe is called Eurasia.
• Coastal plains: Plains located along the coasts are called coastal plains.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Maps

HBSE 6th Class Geography Maps Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) What are the three components of a map?
Answer:
The three components of a map are distance, direction, and symbol.

(b) What are the four cardinal directions?
Answer:
The four cardinal directions are:

• North
• East
• South
• West

(c) What do you mean by the term ‘the scale of the map’?
Answer:
The scale is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distances show on the map.

(d) How are maps more useful than a globe?
Answer:
The maps are more useful than a globe because:

• Maps show more details than a globe.
• Maps are easier to carry and can be folded and put into pocket.
• When we want to study only a part of the earth, as about a country or a state; globe can be of little help. Maps can be more useful.
• Maps are also more useful when information about some specific field is to discussed; e.g., rainfall, forests, industries of that area.

(e) Distinguish between a map and a plan.
Answer:

(f) Which map provides detailed information?
Answer:
A thematic map provides detailed information.

(g) How do symbols help in reading maps?
Answer:
Due to the limitation of space, it is not possible to draw the map with its actual shape and size of different features such as buildings, roads, trees, railway lines or wells. So, they are shown with various symbols. So, symbols give much information and maps can be drawn easily and are simple to read.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) Maps showing distribution of forests are:
(i) Physical map
(ii) Thematic map
(iii) Political map
Answer:
(ii) Thematic map

(b) The blue colour is used for showing:
(i) Waterbodies
(ii) Mountains
(iii) Plains
Answer:
(i) Waterbodies

(c) A compass is used :
(i) To show symbols
(ii) To find the main direction
(iii) To measure distance
Answer:
(ii) To find the main direction

(d) A scale is necessary:
(i) For a map
(ii) For a sketch
(iii) For a symbols
Answer:
(i) For a map

HBSE 6th Class Geography Maps Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are political maps?
Answer:
Maps showing cities, towns and villages, and different countries and states of the world with their boundaries are called political maps.

Question 2.
What are thematic maps?
Answer:
Maps which focus on specific information such as road maps, rainfall maps, mass showing distribution of forests, industries, etc., are known as thematic maps.

Question 3.
What are cardinal points?
Answer:
Cardinal points are the four directions: North, South, East and West.

Question 4.
What is a compass?
Answer:
Compass is an instrument used to find out main directions.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Define scale.
Answer:
Scale is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. For example, the distance between your home and school is 10 km; if this distance is shown by 2 cm on a map; it means 1 cm on the map will show 5 km on the ground. The scale of your drawing will be 1 cm = 5 km.

Question 2.
What are the distribution maps and why are they drawn?
Answer:
Those maps which show the distribution of important crops, minerals, industries, forests and population etc., are called distribution maps. They are drawn to show the distribution of commodities and other things on the map where actually they are found or produced.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are different measures of distances shown on the map? Explain two types of the maps.
Answer:
Maps are drawn to reduce scales. Scale is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. For example, the distance between the school and your home is 10 km. If this 10 km distance is shown by 2 cm on a map; it means 1 cm on the map represents 5 km on the ground.

On the basis of scale there can be two type of maps :
Small-scale Maps : When large areas like continents or countries are to be shown on a paper, then we use a small scale. For example 5 cm on the map shows 500 km on the ground. It is called a small-scale map.

Large-scale Maps: When a small area like your village or town is to be shown on a paper, then we use a large scale. That is 5 cm on the map shows 500 meters only on the ground. It is called a large-scale map.

Maps Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Map : A representation of the curved surface of the whole earth or part of it on a flat sheet of paper according to the chosen scale.
• Scale : The relation between the distance on the map and the corresponding distance on the ground.
• Sketch : A rough drawing showing only some features of an area drawn without using any scale.
• Plan : A drawing of a very small area showing details drawn using a very large scale.
• North Line : The vertical line with an arrow at the top marked with ‘N’ indicating the north direction.
• Conventional symbols : The symbols used to represent various features on maps.
• Physical Maps : Maps showing natural features of the earth such as mountains, plateaus, plains, rivers, oceans, etc. are called physical maps.
• Small scale Map: When large areas are shown on a small map, it is called a small scale map.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Motions of the Earth

HBSE 6th Class Geography Motions of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the questions briefly:
(а) What is the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with its orbital plane?
Answer:
The angle of inclination of the earth’s axis with its orbital plane is 661/2°.

(b) Define rotation and revolution:
Answer:
Rotation : The movement of the earth with axis is called rotation.
Revolution : The movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed path or orbit is known as revolution.

(c) What is a leap year?
Answer:
The time taken by the earth to complete one revolution is 365 1/4 days. For convenience, we have 365 days in a year. We have fraction 1/4 and every fourth year we add one day to the year. The year to which one day is added has 366 days and it is called a leap year.

(d) Differentiate between the summer solstice and winter solstice.
Answer:

(e) What is an equinox?
Answer:
On 21st March and September 23rd, direct rays of the sun falls on the equator. At this position, neither of the poles is tilted towards the sun. Therefore, the entire earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This phenomenon is called an equinox.

(f) Why does the Southern Hemisphere experience Winter and Summer Solstice in different times then that of the Northern Hemisphere?
Answer:
On 21st June, the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun and the places beyond the Arctic Circle experience daylight for about six months is summer in the regions north of the equator. This position is summer solstice. However, the reverse conditions prevail in the Southern Hemisphere. When it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.

(g) Why do the poles experience about six months ‘day and six months’ night?
Answer:
When Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, the sun rays fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. As a result, it receives more heat. The areas near the Pole receives less heat as the rays of sun are slanting. The North Pole is inclined towards the sun experience continuous day light. Since the large portion of the Northern Hemisphere is getting light from the sun, therefore it is summer in regions north of equator. Hence it experiences six-months day. In the same way it repeats in Southern Hemisphere when the sun-rays fall directly on Tropic of Capricorn and the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. It experiences six-months day and six-months night and vice versa.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers.
(a) The movement of the earth around the sun is known as:
(i) Rotation
(ii) Revolution
(iii) Inclination
Answer:
(ii) Revolution

(b) Direct rays of the sun fall on the equator on:
(i) 21st March
(ii) 21st June
(iii) 22nd December
Answer:
(i) 21st March

(c) Christmas is celebrated in summer in :
(i) Japan
(ii) India
(iii) Australia
Answer:
(iii) Australia

(d) Cycle of the seasons is caused due to :
(i) Rotation
(ii) Revolution
(iii) Gravitation
Answer:
(ii) Revolution

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

1. A leap year has _________ number of days.
2. The daily motion of the earth is _________.
3. The earth travels around the sun in _________ orbit.
4. The sun’s rays vertically on the Tropic of on 21st June.
5. Days are shorter during _________ season.

Answer:

1. 366
2. rotation
3. elliptical
4. Cancer
5. winter.

THINGS TO DO

Question 1.
Make a drawing to show the inclination of the earth.
Answer:

Inclination of the Earth’s axis and unequal length of days and nights

HBSE 6th Class Geography Motions of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the two motion of the earth.
Answer:
Rotation, Revolution.

Question 2.
In which hemisphere does Australia lie?
Answer:
Australia lies in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 3.
Why do the areas near the poles receive less heat?
Answer:
It is because the rays of the sun are slanting on the poles.

Question 5.
Name the four seasons.
Answer:
The four seasons are:

• The Summer
• The Winter
• The Autumn
• The Spring.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why does not the whole earth get day at the same time?
Answer:
Since the earth is spherical in nature, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time. The portion facing the sun experiences day while the other half away from the sun experiences night.

Question 2.
What would happen if the earth did not rotate?
Answer:
The portion of the earth facing the sun would always experience day, thus bringing continuous warmth to the region. The other half would remain in darkness and be freezing cold all the time. Life would not have been possible in such extreme conditions.

Question 3.
Why is it hotter when the sun- rays are vertical at a place?
Answer:
The rays of the morning sun are hottest than, the evening. This is because the rays of the sun are almost vertical at noon. They fall over a small area and hence give a greater amount of heat. The rays of the sun are slanting in the morning and in the evening. They spread over a wider area and hence give less amount of heat. That is why it is hotter when the sun rays are vertical at a place.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate between rotation and revolution of the earth.
Answer:

Question 2.
Distinguish between Solstice and Equinox.
Answer:
Solstice : When the rays of the sun are falling vertically on Tropic of Cancer in Northern Hemisphere, the days are longer and nights are shorter. It receives more heat. Therefore, it is having the summer season. The day when the sun rays fall vertically on the Tropic of Cancer (21st June) is referred to as summer solstice. The day of 22nd December in South Hemisphere is known as winter solstice as the rays of the sun fall vertically on Tropic of Capricorn in Southern Hemisphere.

Equinox: On 23rd September and 21st March, the rays of the sun fall vertically on equator at noon. Both the poles receive slanting rays of the sun. 23rd September is autumn season in Northern Hemisphere. It is called autumn equinox in Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere it is referred to as spring equinox. It is summer in the Southern Hemisphere.

Motions of the Earth Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Circle of Illumination : It is the circle that divides the day from night on the globe.
• Axis of the Earth : It is an imaginary line that makes an angle of 661/2° with its orbit plane.
• Dawn : The period of diffused light before sunrise.
• Dusk : The period of diffused light after the sunset.
• Revolution : Annual motion of the earth around the sun along a fixed path.
• Rotation : The daily motion of the earth about its imaginary axis.
• Inclination of the Earth’s axis: The earth remains tilted to one side while it revolves around the sun. This tilt is called the inclination of the earth’s axis.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes

HBSE 6th Class Geography Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) What is the true shape of the earth?
Answer:
The true shape of the earth is a sphere flattened at the poles such a shape is called a geoid.

(b) What is a globe?
Answer:
Globe is a true model (miniature form) of the earth.

(c) What is the latitudinal value of the Tropic of Cancer?
Answer:
The latitudinal value of the Tropic of Cancer is 231/4° N.

(d) What are the three heat zones of the Earth?
Answer:
The three heat zones of the earth are :

• Torrid zone
• Temperate zone
• Frigid zone.

(e) What are parallels of latitude and meridians of latitude?
Answer:
Parallels of latitude: All parallel circles from the equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitude.
Meridians of latitude : The lines of reference running from the North Pole to South Pole are called meridians of longitude.

(f) Why does the torrid zone receive maximum amount of heat?
Answer:
Torrid zone receives the maximum amount of heat because this is located between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn in 231/2° N to 23(4° S. The rays of the sun fall vertically on this region.

(g) Why is it 5.30 p.m in India and 12:00 noon in London?
Answer:
The Earth rotates about 360° in 24 hours, i.e., 1° in 4 minutes. Each degree of longitudes corresponds to a difference of four minutes. The standard meridian of India is 82° 30’E, and that of London is 0°. This means a difference of 4 minutes x 82.5 = 330= minutes = 5.5 hours. So when it is 12:00 noon in London, it is 5.30 p.m in India.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(а) The value of the prime meridian is:
(i) 90°
(ii) 0°
(iii) 60°
Answer:
(ii) 0°

(b) The frigid zone lies near:
(i) the Poles
(ii) the Equator
(iii) the Tropic of Cancer
Answer:
(i) the Poles

(c) The total number of longitudes are:
(i) 360°
(ii) 180°
(iii) 90°
Answer:
(i) 360°

(d) The Antarctic circle is located in:
(i) the Northern hemisphere
(ii) the Southern hemisphere
(iii) the Eastern hemisphere
Answer:
(ii) the Southern hemisphere

(e) Grid is a network of:
(i) parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes
(ii) the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn
(iii) the North Pole and the South Pole
Answer:
(i) parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. The Tropic of Capricorn is located at _________.
2. The Standard Meridian of India is _________.
3. The 0° Meridian is also known as _________.
4. The distance between the longitudes decreases towards _________.
5. The Arctic Circle is located in the _________ hemisphere.

Answer:

1. 23 1/2° S
2. 821/2°E
3. Prime Meridian
4. Poles
5. Northern.

THINGS TO DO

Question 4.
Draw a diagram of the globe showing the earth’s axis, the Equator, Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle.
Answer:

HBSE 6th Class Geography Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the two halves of the earth known as?
Answer:
The northern half of the earth is known as northern hemisphere and the southern half of the sun is known as southern hemisphere.

Question 2.
Why is equator considered as an important reference point to locate places to the earth?
Answer:
The equator is considered as an important reference point to locate places on the earth because equator divides the earth into equal halves.

Question 3.
Give reason : Torrid Zone receives the maximum heat.
Answer:
Torrid Zone receives the maximum heat because the mid-day sun is exactly overhead at least once a year on all latitudes in between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.

Question 4.
Which imaginary line divides the earth into two halves?
Answer:
The equator divides the earth into two equal halves.

Question 5.
Where does the Temperate Zone lie?
Answer:
The Temperate Zone lies between Tropic of Cancer and Arctic Circle in Northern Hemisphere and Tropic of Capricorn and Antarctic Circle in Southern Hemisphere.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are meridians numbered?
Answer:
The meridian which passes through Greenwich, i.e., Prime Meridian is valued as 0° longitude and from it we count 180° eastward as well as 180° westward.

Question 2.
A day and night cricket match between India and England had started at 2 p.m in London. At what time would the match begin in India? How would you calculate?
Answer:
The match would begin in India at 7:30 p.m. India located east of Greenwich at 82°30′ E is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. So it will be 7:30 p.m in India when it is 2:00 p.m in London.

Question 3.
What are heat zones?
Answer:
Heat zones are the different zones of the earth, where the sun’s rays fall differently, this causing different climate patterns these zones are called the Torrid Zone, the two Temperate Zones, and the two Frigid Zones. The Torrid Zone in very hot since the sun shines overhead here. The Temperate Zones maintain a moderate climate and the Frigid Zones are extremely cold.

Question 4.
Write four features of globe?
Answer:

• Globe is a true model (miniature form) of the earth.
• Globes may be of varying size and type – big ones, which cannot be carried easily, small pocket globes, and globe- like balloons which can be inflated and are handy and carried with ease.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the difference between the local time and the standard time?
Answer:
When the sun reaches the highest point in the sky, while crossing the meridian of any places it is noon (12.00). At some places watches are adjusted according to this time. It will be known as local time. Places having the same meridian of longitude have the same local time.

Standard Time : In countries with a large east-west extent, the variation in local time is very great. It creates confusion over train timings, flight timings etc. To solve this problem, the local time of a particular meridian is taken as the standard time for entire region of the country.

Question 2.
Which are the important parallels of latitude?
Answer:
Besides the equator, there are four other important parallels of latitude which have been given special names :
1. Tropic of Cancer : It is an important parallel in the Northern Hemisphere. It is an angular distance of 231/2° N (23° 30′ N) from the equator. It is important because it makes the northernmost limit of overhead sun.

2. Tropic of Capricorn : It makes the southernmost of overhead sun. Its angular distance is 23° 30′ S from the equator.

3. Arctic Circle (66V6°N) : It lies at a distance of 66°30′ N of the equator. It is also important because on this parallel we have 24 hours daylight on 21st June.

4. Antarctic Circle (66°30’S) : It is also an important parallel because on this we have 24 hours daylight on 22nd December.

Question 3.
What is Standard Time? What is the need for the Standard time?
Answer:
The local time of standard meridian of a country is called standard time. The different meridians have different local times. This is bound to create problems for people to function. For example, train time, flight schedules which cross several longitudes will be difficult to prepare. For example, There will be a difference of about 1 hour and 45 minutes in the local times Dwarka in Gujarat and Dibrugarh in Assam. To maintain uniformity in time throughout the country the standard time is needed. In India 82° 30′ E meridian is considered for the purpose of standard time. The local times as per this meridian is followed all over the country.

Globe: Latitudes and Longitudes Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Latitude : The angular distance of a place north or south of the equator.
• Longitude : The angular distance of a place east or west of the Prime Meridian.
• Globe : Globe is a man-made model of the earth.
• Equator : The imaginary line of 0° latitude encircling the earth and passing the half way between the North and South Pole.
• Tropic of Capricorn : It is the parallel of 231/2° S in Southern Hemisphere. .
• Tropic of Cancer : It is the parallel of 231/2° N in the Northern Hemisphere.
• Torrid Zone : The region that receives the maximum amount of heat throughout the year is Torrid Zone.
• Prime Meridian: The longitude running through the Greenwich near London was first chosen as Prime Meridian.
• Local Time : It is the time by the position of the sun at noon of a place.
• Standard Time : Time fixed at the Central Meridian which is considered the Standard Time of that country.
• Heat Zones: Heat zones are the different zones of the earth, where the sun’s rays fall differently, thus causing different climate patterns.
• Standard Time : Standard time of a country or region is the time regarded as a standard for that place, despite the fact that there exists time difference geographically across that region.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 7 New Questions and Ideas

HBSE 6th Class History New Questions and Ideas Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Describe the ways in which the Buddha tried to spread his message to the people.
Answer:
Buddha tried to spread his message of being kind and respecting the lives of people in the following ways:

• Buddha taught the people Prakrit, which was the language of the ordinary people so that it was understood by ordinary people.
• He also encouraged people to think for themselves rather to simply accept what he said.
• Buddha moved from place to place to give his message to all the people.
• Buddha himself led a simple life so that people could follow him.

Question 2.
Write whether true or false :

• The Buddha encouraged animal sacrifices.
• Sarnath is important because it was the place where Buddha taught for the first time.
• The Buddha taught that Karma has no effect on our lives.
• The Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya.
• Upanishadic thinkers believe that raja ‘ and brahmin were ultimately one.

Answer:

• False
• True
• False
• True
• True

Question 3.
What were the questions that upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer?
Answer:
The questions which upanishadic thinkers wanted to answer were :

• They wanted to know about life after death.
• They wanted to know why sacrifices should be performed.
• They believed that there was something permanent in the universe that would last even after death. They described this as ‘atman’ or individual soul.
• They believed that ultimately both the atman and the brahman were one.

Question 4.
What were the main teachings of the Mahavira?
Answer:
The main teachings of Mahavira were:

• Men and women who wished to know the truth must leave their homes.
• Men and women must follow very strictly the rules of ahimsa, i.e., not hurting or killing living beings.
• All beings long to live. To all things life is dear.

Let’s Discuss

Question 5.
Why do you think Anagha’s mother wanted her to know the story of Buddha?
Answer:
Anagha’s mother wanted her to know about the story of the Buddha because she was going on a school trip to Varanasi. Varanasi has many places like Sarnath, which are closely related to the life of Buddha. It would have enriched her knowledge about one of the greatest teacher and preacher of ancient times.

Question 6.
Do you think it would have been easy for slaves to join the ‘sangha’ ? Give reasons for your answers.
Answer:
Yes, slaves can join ‘Sangha’. Buddhism doesn’t believe in casteism. Any person who was ready to act on Buddhist Rule can join Sangha. Slaves can only join Sanghas, when he got the permission of his master and debtors that of his creditors.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
Make a list of at least five ideas and questions mentioned in this lesson.
Choose three from the list and discuss why you think they are important even today.
Answer:
The list of five ideas and questions mention in this lesson is given below:

• What was the languages used to compose Vedas?
• What was Buddha trying to teach the sorrowing Kisagotami?
• How did the beggar convince the sages to share their food?
• What are the varnas mentioned here? Were all four varnas allowed to participate in the ashrams?
• What does the Buddhist texts tell us?

Discussion:

• Sanskrit was the language used to compose Vedas. She is the mother of all ancient languages.
• He was trying to teach the sorrowing Kisagotami that death is the part of life and there is life after death.
• The Buddhist texts tells us that the varnas and ranks system will vanish if the followers of Buddha join the order of monk.

Question 8.
Find out more about men and women who renounce the world today. Where do they live, what kind of clothes do they wear, what do they eat ? Why do they renounce the world ?
Answer:
Make the chart with the help of your class teacher and hang it on the wall of your class room. You can write about any person who renounce the society, the country and the whole world. For your help some clues are given below:

Renounce: One who gives worldly pleasure. Try to find out the man/woman who does that work. Write his standard of living, where does he live and what he eats. In the end conclude that whatever they were capable to renounce the world or they are doing so.

HBSE 6th Class History New Questions and Ideas War Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who were the supporters of traders. It spread to different parts of north India Jainism? Where did it spread in India? and to Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.
Answer:
Jainism was mainly supported by traders. It spread to different parts of north India and to Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Karnataka.

Question 2.
Who later developed the upanishadic ideas?
Answer:
Upanishadic ideas were later developed by the famous thinker Shankaracharya.

Question 3.
What are Upanishads?
Answer:
‘Upanishad’ literally means approaching and sitting near and the text of Upanishads contains conversations between teachers and students.

Question 4.
Who were the upanishadic thinkers and teachers?
Answer:
Most upanishadic thinkers and teachers were men, especially brahmins and rajas. Some women thinkers like Gargi, Who was famous for learning, also participated in debates held in the royal court. Poor people did not take part in the discussions. One such exception was Satyakama Jabala, the son of the slave mother Jabala.

Question 5.
Why did farmers find it difficult to follow the rule of Jainism?
Answer:
Farmers found it difficult to follow the rules of Jainism because they had to kill insects to protect their crops.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where were the changes in the lives of people about 2500 years ago?
Answer:

• Some kings in the Mahajanapadas were growing more powerful.
• New cities were developing.
• Life was changing in the cities as well.

Question 2.
How did Buddha become enlightened?
Answer:
When Buddha was young, he wanted to gain knowledge and for that purpose, he left the comforts of his home. He wandered for several years meeting and holding discussions with other thinkers. He, then mediated for days under a peepal tree at Bodh Gaya in Bihar. There he became enlightened.

Question 3.
What did Buddha tell why is life full of suffering and unhappiness?
Answer:
According to Buddha life is full of suffering and unhappiness because we have carings and desires. Sometimes even if we get what we want, we are not satisfied.

Question 4.
What kind of life did the followers of Mahavira have to live?
Answer:

• The followers of Mahavira had to lead very simple lives, begging for food.
• They had to be absolutely honest.
• They were especially asked not to steal.
• They had to observe celibacy.
• Men had to give up everything, including their clothes.

Question 5.
Who could join Sangha?
Answer:

• All men could join the Sangha.
• Children had to take permission of their parents and slaves that of their masters.
• The king’s workers and the debtors had to take permission of the king and the creditors respectively.
• Women had to take the permission of their husbands.

Question 6.
Why were monasteries built?
Answer:
To begin with, both Jaina and Buddhist monks went from place to place throughout the year, teaching people about their religions. The only time they stayed in one place was during the rainy season, when it was very difficult to travel.

As time passed on, the supporters of the monks built temporary shelters for them in gardens or they lived in natural caves in hilly areas. Then, several supporters of monks and nuns and they themselves, felt the need for more permanent shelters. So, monasteries were built.

Question 7.
What were the four ashrams prescribed ? How did the system of ashrams help men and women?
Answer:
The four ashrams were :

• Brahmacharya : The early years of life when Brahmin, Kshatriya and Vaishya were supposed to lead simple life.
• Grihastha : They had to marry and live as householders.
• Vanaprastha : They had to live in the forest and mediate.
• Sanyasins : They had to give up everything.

The system of ashrams allowed men to spend some part of their lives in mediation. Women had to follow the ashrams chosen by their husbands.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Compare and contrast Buddhism and Jainism.
Answer:
Compare:

• Both ignored the ideas of God and laid great stress upon a pure and moral life.
• Both laid stress on the effects of good and bad deeds upon a man’s future birth and ultimate salvation.
• Both opposed the caste system and inequalities among men.
• Both preached Ahimsa or non-violence.
• Both the Buddha and Mahavira were Kshatriya princess, who founded Buddhism and Jainism.
• Both preached their religions in the simple languages of the people.

Contrast:

• Jainism laid greatest stress upon asceticism and practised it in a very vigorous manner, whereas Buddhism discarded it and asked his followers to follow the middle path.
• The Jains see life even in stones and plants while the Buddhists care only for men and animals who should not be injured or killed.
• Both differ in fundamental conceptions about salvation. The Jain’s conception of soul is radically different from the Buddhist.
• The Buddha kept silent about God, while Mahavira denied the existence of the creator.
• Both have separate scriptures. The Jain scripture is called ‘Angas’ while the Buddhists have ‘Tripitikas’.

Question 2.
What are the basic differences between the principles of Buddhistic sects of  Mahayana and Hinayana?
Answer:

Question 3.
What were the rules made for the Buddhist sangha?
Answer:
The rules made for the Buddhist sangha are written down in a book cabled Vinaya Pi taka. From this we know that there were separate branches for men and women. All men could join the sangha. However, children had to take the permission of their parents, women of their husbands and slaves of their masters. Men and women who joined the sangha had to lead a simple life. They meditated for most of the time and wyent to cities to beg for food during fixed hours. That is why, they were known as bhikkhus (beggars) and bhikkunis. They taught others and helped one another. They held meetings to settle any quarrels within the sangha. Most of them wrote down the teachings of Buddha and composed poems describing the life of the sangha.

New Questions and Ideas Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Tanha : Thirst or trishna is called tanha. It is lust, to have more and more in life.
• Prakrit: It was the language of the ordinary people. The Buddha taught his disciples and- other people through this language so that everybody could understand his message.
• Upanishad : These are the philosophical books of the Hindus. These were part of the later Vedic texts.
• Upanishad literally means ‘approaching and sitting near’ and the texts contain conversations between teachers and students.
• Atman : It means soul or individual soul. It is something permanent in the universe. It would last even after the death.
• Brahman : It means the universal soul. Individual’s soul is part of Brahma. Indian thinkers believe that ultimately, both the atman and the Brahman are one.
• Ahimsa: The Jain rule of ahimsa means not hurting or killing living beings.
• Viharas: The monasteries where monks lived were called Viharas.
• Buddhism: The religion founded by the Buddha (Gautama/Siddhartha) was Buddhism.
• Chaitya: A shrine of Buddhism is called Chaitya.
• Jina: A person who has true knowledge or one who has gained true knowledge.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 8 Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War

HBSE 6th Class History Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Make a list of the occupations of the people who lived within the Mauryan empire.
Answer:
The list of the occupations of the people who lived within Mauryan empire is given below:
Main occupations:

• Agriculture
• Artisans
• Herdsmen
• Carpenters
• Many people employed in royal army
• Government officials
• Stone cutting.

Question 2.
Complete the following sentences:

1. Officials collected _________ from the area under the direct control of the ruler.
2. Royal princes often went to the provinces as _________.
3. The Mauryan rulers tried to control _________ and _________ which were important for transport.
4. People in forested regions provided the Mauryan officials with _________.

Answer:

1. taxes
2. Governors
3. roads, rivers
4. tribute.

Question 3.
State whether true or false :

1. Ujjain was the gateway to the north-west.
2. Chandragupta’s ideas were written down in Arthashastra.
3. Kalinga was the ancient name of Bengal.
4. Most Ashokan inscription are in the Brahmi script.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. True

Let’s Discuss

Question 4.
What were the problems that Ashoka wanted to solve by introducing dhamma?
Answer:
The problems that Ashoka tried to solve by introducing dhamma were:

• The different religions followed by people led to conflicts.
• Sacrifice of animals for religion.
• Ill-treatment given to slaves and servants.
• Quarrels in families and amongst neighbours.

Question 5.
What were the means adopted by Ashoka to spread the message of dhamma?
Answer:

• Ashoka appointed officials known as the dhamma mahamatta who went from place 1 to place teaching people about dhamma.
• Ashoka got his messages inscribed on rocks and pillars, instructing his officials to read his message to those who could not read it themselves.
• Ashoka sent messengers to spread ideas about dhamma to other lands such as Syria, Egypt, Greece and Sri Lanka.

Question 6.
Why do you think that slaves and servants were ill-treated ? Do you think the orders of the emperor would have improved their condition ? Give reasons for your answer.
Answer:
We think that the slaves and the servants were ill-treated in the society because their masters felt superior to them. The masters treated them as animals. It was because of the old ‘varna’ system. The emperor’s orders might have helped to some extent. Ashoka was a king who was loved by his subjects. Moreover his ‘dhamma’ was a realistic innovation.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
Write a short paragraph explaining Roshan why the lions are shown on our currency notes? List at least one other object on which you see them.
Answer:
If you look at the Ashokan pillar at Samath (or a picture of it) you will find the capital of the pillar that has 4 lions sitting back to back. The lion represents the attainment ofBuddhahood. The four lions suimountiugthe capital symbolize the kingship of the Buddha and his roar over the four directions.

There is also a non-religious interpretation to the symbol, describing the four lions as the symbol of Ashoka’s rule in the four directions. Just as Buddha and his follower Ashoka , wanted to spread the message of peace and friendship, Similarly India after she gained independence wanted to spread the same message. So India adopted the emblem of 4 lions after she gained independence.

We can find this emblems on the cars of the President of India, Prime Minister and the others Indian dignitaries. It can also be seen on the s epaulette.

Question 8.
Suppose you had the power to inscribe your orders, what four commands would you like to issue?
Answer:
I would like to issue the following four commands :

• Slavery be abolished.
• Animal sacrifice be banned.
• Respect and regard the others’ religions.
• Respect the elders and love the youngsters.

HBSE 6th Class History Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Who was Megasthenese?
Answer:
Megasthenese was a Greek ambassador who was sent to the court of Chandragupta by the Greek ruler of West Asia named Seleucus Nikator. He left an interesting account about what he saw in the country.

Question 2.
What is a dynasty?
Answer:
When members of the same family become rulers one after another, the family is often called a dynasty.

Question 3.
Who were the dharam mahamatras?
Answer:
Dharam mahamatras were the officials appointed by Ashoka, who went from place to place to teach people about Dhamma.

Question 4.
What was unique about Maury an ruler, Ashoka?
Answer:
Maury an ruler Ashoka was the first ruler who tried to take his message to the people through inscriptions.

Question 5.
Name the only war fought by Ashoka. WTiy did he give up warfare?
Answer:
The only war fought by Ashoka was with Kalinga. It is the ancient name of Coastal Orissa. He won the war after lots ofbloodshed. However, he was so horrified when he saw bloodshed, violence and carnage, that he decided not to fight any more wars. He is the only king in the history of the world to give up warfare after winning the battle.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are empires different from kingdoms?
Answer:

• Emperors need more resources than kings because empires are larger than kingdoms, and need to be protected by big armies.
• Empires need a larger number of officials who collect taxes.

Question 2.
How was ‘tribute’ different from regular taxes?
Answer:

• Taxes – Taxes were collected on a regular basis.
• Tribute – Tribute was collected as. and when it was possible from people who gave a variety of things, more or less willingly.

Question 3.
How were the provinces governed during the rule of the Mauryas?
Answer:
Each province was rules from the provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain. The royal princes were sent as governors, and local customs and rules were observed. There was overall control from Pataliputra.

Question 4.
Write about any three big or promi-nent .cities of the Mauryan empire. Why were these cities popular (or famous)?
Answer:

• Pataliputra, the capital town of the Mauryan empire. It was main centre of all political activities and administration.
• Taxila, (now-a-days in modern Pakistan) was a gateway to the northwest, including central Asia.
• Ujjain, lay on the route from north (India) to south India. Merchants, officials and crafts persons probably lived in all the above mentioned three cities.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where did Megasthenes come from? What did he write bout Chandragupta – his capital, his court, the people and their occupations?
Answer:
Megasthenes was Ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, the ruler of the eastern parts of Alexander’s empire. He was sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.

His account: Megasthenes has written that Chandragupta’s court was very magnificient. The king lived in great pomp and show. He personally listened to the grievances of people. He had a very large army too.

According to Megasthenes, Pataliputra was a grand city surrounded by four walls. Most of the buildings were made of wood. The royal : palace was made of stone.

Most of the people were farmers who lived happily in villages. Shepherds and cowherds lived in villages, too. The artisans – weavers, carpenters, ironsmiths and potters live in towns. The trade was quite brisk.

Question 2.
Describe the administration of Mauryan empire.
Answer:

• The area around Pataliputra was under the direct control of the emperor. The officials were appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders, crafts persons and traders.
• Officials punished those who disobeyed ruler’s orders.
• Messengers went to and fro, and spies kept a watch on the officials.
• The emperor supervised the officials with the help of members the royal family, and senior ministers.
• Some areas or provinces were ruled from a provincial capital such as Taxila or Ujjain.
• In some other vast areas, Mauryas tried to control roads and rivers which were important for transport and to collect whatever resources were available as tax and tribute.

Ashoka, The Emperor Who Gave Up War Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Provinces : A state of an empire or a part of the vast empire.
• Dynasty : A series of ruler belonging to the same ruler-class (family).
• Capital: A city state if an empire is known as capital of the empire.
• Cavalry : Group of soldiers who fought in battlefield on horseback.
• Infantry : Soldiers who fought on foot on the battlefield.
• Dhamma Mahamatyas: Ashoka’s officers travelled around the country and persuaded the people to follow the Dhamma.
• Edicts : Orders proclaimed by an authority decrees.
• Dhamma : A code of morality enacted by Ashoka for his people to lead a peaceful and virtuous life.
• Brahmi : A script used in ancient times in India.
• Prakrit: A language spoken by the common people in ancient times.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 9 Vital Villages, Thriving Towns

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

1. ________ was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
2. The grama-bhojaka often got his land cultivated by the ________.
3. Ploughmen were known as ________ in Tamil.
4. Most grihapatis were ________ landowners.

Answer:

1. Vellalar
2. Slaves/hired labourers
3. Uzhavar
4. Smaller.

Question 2.
Describe the functions of the Grama-Bhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
Answer:
Functions of the Grama-Bhojaka:
The village headman was known as grama- bhojaka and he was the largest land-owner. He had slaves or hired workers to cultivate his land.

• The king often used him to collect taxes from the village.
• He also functioned as a judge and also as a policeman.

He was powerful because :

• he had a close association with the king.
• he had a strong control over the village.
• he had the largest land which means he was quite rich and hence had financial power.

Question 3.
List the crafts person who would have been present in both villages and cities.
Answer:
Carpenters, weavers, potters, black-smiths, goldsmiths etc.

Question 4.
Choose the correct answer:
(а) Ring wells were used for:
1. bathing
2. washing clothes
3. irrigation
4. drainage.
Answer:
4. drainage.

(b) Punch marked coins were made of:
1. silver
2. gold
3. tin
4. ivory.
Answer:
1. silver

(c) Mathura was an important:
1. village
2. port
3. religious centre
4. forested area.
Answer:
3. religious centre

(d) Shrenis were associations of:
1. rulers
2. craftspersons
3. farmers
4. herders.
Answer:
2. craftspersons

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Which of the iron tool shown on page 87 your NCERT Text Book would have been important for agriculture? What would the other tools have been used for?

Answer:
Ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. The other tools used were sickles and axes. The other tools like tongs, nails and hammers were used for carpentry and also by ironsmiths.

Question 6.
Compare the drainage system in your locality with that of the cities mentioned in the lesson.
Answer:
Similarities:

• Both the cities and our localities have a good drainage system in each house.
• Even today, there is hardly any cleanlines and people use them carelessely. People in ancient times used them as drains, garbage dumps and even as toilets.

Differences:
Today drainage system has been systematically planned as compared to ancient times.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
If you have seen crafts persons at work, describe what they do in a short paragraph. (Hint : how do they get the raw materials, what kind of equipment do they use, how do they work, what happens to the finished products)
Answer:

• The craftsperson buys raw material from different parts of the city or the village.
• He works in a part of the house, with the help of the family members.
• He works with simple tools like looms, spindles and needles.
• The finished product is sent either to the cities for selling or the merchants come to the houses of the craftsperson to buy goods.

Question 8.
List the functions performed by men and women who live in your city or village. In what ways are these similar to those performed by the people who lived in Mathura? In what ways are they different?
Answer:
Similarities : The people in Mathura worked as goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket makers, garland makers, perfumers. In present times, people in cities are goldsmiths and others are present in the villages.

Differences: In present times, we can find people who work in offices, banks, schools, colleges, etc., but they were not present in those days.

HBSE 6th Class History Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What were the Jataka tales?
Answer:
Jataka tales were the stories that were probably composed by ordinary people and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks.

Question 2.
Why do the kings demand taxes from farmers or revenues? How does it also benefit the farmers?
Answer:
The kings demand taxes as they need money for armies, palaces and forts. Since for increasing production. The king provides money and plans irrigation works and also the labour is provided by people, the probability of quality production increases.

Question 3.
Bring out the division in Tamil region in the agricultural sector.
Answer:
Vellalar
(large landowners)
↓
Uzhavar
0ordinary ploughmen)
↓                     ↓
Kadaisiyar adimadi
(slaves) (slave)

Question 4.
Who were grihapatis?
Answer:
Grihapatis were independent farmers with smaller lands.

Question 5.
Who were dasa Karamkaras?
Answer:
Dasa karamkaras were people who did not own land and had to earn a living working on the field owned by others.

Question 6.
What are punch marked coins?
Answer:
Punch marked coins have been given this name because the designs were punched on to the metal-silver or copper. Archaeologists have found thousands of these coins. They were in use about 500 years back.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How can we find about the life of the people in early times? (Give three evidences)
Answer:
We can find more about the life of the people in early times from:

• Archaeological evidences, i.e., things found after digging certain sites and old historical buildings.
• From tales of the early people and other literary sources.
• From sculptures: Sculptors carved scenes depicting people’s lives in towns and villages, as well as in the forest. Many of. these sculptors were used for decorating railings, pillars and gateways of buildings.

Question 2.
What are ring wells and their functions?
Answer:
In many cities, archaeologists have found rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one top of the other. These are known as ring wells. They function as :

• toilets
• arains
• garbage dumps.

Question 3.
Why can’t much be explored about common people’s lives?
Answer:

• There are hardly any remains of places, markets or of homes of ordinary people.
• Some are yet to be discovered by archaeologists.
• Others made of wood, mudbrick and thatch may not have survived.

Question 4.
How do travellers play an important role in finding about cities?
Answer:

• One way of finding about cities is from the accounts of sailors and traveller who visited them.
• One of the most detailed accounts has been given by an unknown Greek sailor. He described all potas he visited.

Question 5.
Give reason :
(a) Mathura emerged and has been an important settlement for more than 2500 years.
OR
How can we say that Mathura is multi-functional town?
Answer:
It was important because it was located at the cross roads of two major routes of travel and trade – from the northwest to the east and from north to south. There were fortifications around the city, and several shines. Farmers and herders from adjoining areas provided food for people in the city. Mathura was also a centre where some extremely fine sculpture was produced.

Question 6.
Give evidence that Mathura was a religious centre.
Answer:
Mathura was a religious site as:

• There were Buddhist monastries.
• Jaina shrines.
• It is an important centre for Krishna.

Question 7.
What archaeological evidences give us insights into the town of Mathura?
Answer:
Several inscriptions on surface such as stone slabs and statues have been found in Mathura. Generally, these are short inscriptions, recording gifts made by men (and sometimes women) to monasteries and shrines. These were made by kings and queens, officers, merchants and crafts persons who lived in the city. For instance, inscriptions from Mathura mention goldsmiths, blacksmiths, weavers, basket ; markers, garland makers, perfumers.

Question 8.
Besides the use of coins, what were the other methods to buy and sell goods? How do we know about it?
Answer:
The merchants exchanged their goods , with the goods of other merchants. We come to know about this method of exchange from a poem in the Sangam literature. The poem mentions the exchange of paddy and salt.

Question 9.
What were shrenis? How did they function?
Answer:
Many craftspersons and merchants formed associations known as shrenis. They provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished goods. The shrenis of the merchants organised the trade. Shrenis also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions and monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are shrenis? What are its functions many craftspersons and merchants now formed associations known as Shrenis.
Answer:

• These Shrenis of craftspersons provided training procured raw material and distributes the finished products.
• The Shrenis of merchants organised the trade.
• Shrenis also served as banks where rich men and women deposited money.

This was invested and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions such as monastries.

Question 2.
What are the findings in Arikamedu?
OR
Write a short note on Arikamedu.
Answer:
Arikamedu was a coastal settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands. A massive brick structure, which may have been a warehouse, was found at the site. Other finds include pottery from the Mediterranean region, such as amphorae (tall double-handled jars contained liquids such as wine or oil) and stamped red-glazed pottery, known as Arretine Ware, which was named after a city in Italy. This was made by pressing wet clay into a stamped mould. There was yet another kind of pottery which was made locally, though Roman designs were used. Roman lamps, glassware and gems have also been found at the site. Small tanks have been found that were probably dyeing vats, used to dye cloth. There is plenty of evidence for the making of beads from semi-precious stones and glass.

Question 3.
How do we learn about the city of Bharuch ? Write about the port city.
Answer:
A Greek sailor has left a detailed account about all the ports that he visited. He wrote about the city of Bharuch, which he called Barygaza. He mentions :

• The gulf was very narrow at Barygaza and was very hard to navigate for those coming from the sea.
• Ships had to be steered in by skilful and experienced local fisherman, who were employed by the king.
• The main imports at Barygaza were wine, copper, tin, lead, coral, topaz, cloth, gold and silver coins.
• The main exports were plants from the Himalayas, ivory, agate, cotton, silk and perfumes.
• Special gifts were brought by the merchants for the king, which included vessels of silver, fine wines and fine cloth.

The two things that were not in use during Harappan times were wine and coral.

Vital Villages, Thriving Towns Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Shreni : A group of merchants and craftsmen following the same trade.
• Punch Marked Coins: Coins that were punched by the government. They were crude in shape and made of copper.
• Sangam : An assembly or gathering of literary persons.
• Satraps : They were the military commander under Sakas.
• Ring-Well: Rows of pots or ceramic rings arranged one on the top of the others, is known as ring-well.
• Vellalar : They were big land owners in Tamil Nadu.
• Kadaisiyar and Adimai : Landless labourers which also includes slaves were called Kadaisiyar and adimai in the Tamil region.
• Grama-bhojaka : In northern part of India, the headman of the village is known by the name of Grama-bhojaka.
• Dakshinapatha : Route towards the south.
• Irrigation : To water the crops by means of canals, wells, or tanks.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions History Chapter 10 Traders, Kings and Pilgrims

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Textbook Questions and Answers

Let’s Recall

Question 1.
Match the following:

Answer:

Question 2.
Why did the kings want to control the Silk Route?
Answer:
The kings wanted to control the silk route so that they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route.

Question 3.
What kinds of evidence do historians use to find out about trade and trade routes?
Answer:
The remains of the merchandise like pottery, especially bowls and plates have been found at various places. They were taken by the traders. South India was famous for gold, spices and previous stones. Traders carried these goods to Rome in ships across the sea and by land in caravans. Gold coins have been found at the trading posts.

Question 4.
What were the main features of Bhakti?
Answer:

• Bhakti refers to a person’s devotions to his or her chosen deity.
• Anybody, whether rich or poor, belonging to the so-called ‘high’ or ‘low’ castes, man or woman, could follow the path of Bhakti.
• The followers of bhakti emphasised devotion and individual worship of a god or goddess, rather than the performance of elaborate sacrifices.
• ‘Bhakti’ literally means to divided or share.
• Bhakti suggests an intimate two-way relationship between the deity and the devotee.

Let’s discuss

Question 5.
Discuss the reasons why the Chinese pilgrims came to India.
Answer:
The Chinese pilgrims who came to India were Fa Xian, Xuan Zang, I-Qing. They were Buddhist pilgrims. They came to visit the places associated with the life of Buddha. They visited famous monastries and collected statues of Buddha.

Question 6.
Why do you think ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti?
Answer:
Ordinary people were attracted to Bhakti because it was a devotion to a particular deity, e.g., Shiva, Vishnu, etc. The people did not need to perform elaborate temple or religious ceremonies.

Let’s Do

Question 7.
List five things that you buy from the market. Which of these are made in the city / villages in which you live and which are brought by traders from other areas ?
Answer:
I buy following things from the market:

• Food grains – grown in the villages.
• Vegetables – in the nearby areas and also from villages.
• Readymade garments – made in the cities.
• Exercise notebooks and stationery goods – made in the cities.
• Electronic toys and mobile phones – made in the city.

Question 8.
There are several major pilgrimages performed by people in India today. Find out about any one of them, and write a short description. (Hint: who can go on the pilgrimage – men, women or children? How long does it take? How do people travel? What do they take with them? What do they do when they reach the holy place? Do they bring anything back with them?)
Answer:
India is the land of religions. Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism and Christianity are the main religions found in India. Major pilgrims performed by the people in India are :

• Hajj
• Visit to shrine place on foot
• Rathyatra (Puri in Odisha)
• Visit to Kailash Mansaraver etc.

Hajj : Hajj is done by the Muslim people in their holy place Mecca. Men, women and children belong to muslim sect can go to this pilgrim. From India if they go for Hajj, it will take 10-20 days for up and down. They go to Mecca by air, When they reach their holy place, they offer ‘Namaz’ there. When they come back they bring some things useful for them and gifts from Mecca for their near and dear ones.

HBSE 6th Class History Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the most famous Buddhist centre of learning.
Answer:
The most famous centre of Buddhist learning was Nalanda in Bihar.

Question 2.
Why was pepper known as black gold in the Roman Empire?
Answer:
Pepper was known as black gold in the Roman Empire because it is particularly valued.

Question 3.
What does ‘Muvendar’ refer to?
Answer:
‘Muvendar’ is a Tamil word refers to three chiefs, used for the heads of three ruling families, the cholas, cheras and Pandyas.

Question 4.
What route came to be known as silk route?
Answer:
The path followed by some people for China who went to distant lands on foot, horsebacks and on camels, carrying silk with them came to be known as the Silk Route.

Question 5.
Which rulers are best-known for controlling the Silk Route?
Answer:
Kushanas are best known for controlling the Silk Route.

Question 6.
Who were Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
Bodhisattvas were persons who had attained enlightenment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How did the monsoon winds help the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal?
Answer:
The monsoon winds helped the sailors across the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal to cross the seas more quickly. So, if they wanted to reach the western coast of the subcontinent from East Africa or Arabia, they choose to sail south-west monsoon.

Question 2.
Why were Satavahana rulers called Dakshinapathas?
Answer:
Satavahana rulers were known as Dakshinapathas (lords of the south). Literally it means the route leading to the south, which was also the name for the entire southern region. Gautamiputra Shri Satkarni sent his army to the eastern, western and southern coasts.

Question 3.
What is meant by Bodhisattvas?
Answer:
The holy persons whom the Buddhists respected are called Bodhisattvas. The Bodhisattvas were holy persons who lived on the earth before the Buddha. There are many stories about the Bodhisattvas in the Jataka tales.

Question 4.
Who was Kanishka? What religion did he preach?
Answer:
Kanishka was a Kushana king who worked hard to make his kingdom strong in North India. The Kushana came into conflict with the Chinese armies of Hun empire in the Central Asia. Kanishka was a great supporter of Buddhism. He gave money for building monasteries.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by silk-route? What was its importance?
Answer:
Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to rulers in Iran and west Asia and from there, the knowledge of silk spread further west. The dangerous roads along which the silk was brought was called the silk route.

The silk route was important because the kings who controlled silk route could benefit from taxes tributes and gifts that were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they protected the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attack by robbers.

The Kushana extended the Silk Route from Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire.

Question 2.
Describe the development of Buddhism during the route of Kushanas.
Answer:
The development of Buddhism was as follows:

• A new form of Buddhism, known as Mahayana Buddhism developed.
• The statues of the Buddha were made. The statues were made in Mathura and in Taxila.
• The belief in Bodhisattvas was encouraged. Bodhisattvas remained in the world to teach and help other people. The worship of Bodhisattvas became very popular.
• Buddhism also spread to western and southern India, where dozens of caves were hollowed out of hills for monks to live in.
• The caves were made on the orders of kings and queen, others by merchants and farmers.
• Traders probably halted in cave monasteries during their travels.
• Buddhism spread south eastwards to Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand and other parts of South east Asia including Indonesia.

Question 3.
What was Bhakti movement? Why did it become more popular?
Answer:
Bhakti movement was a new way of worship. Bhakti means devotion to a particular deity. During the post vedic era some deities like Shiva, Vishnu and Durga became popular among the devotees. This inclination towards deities came to be known as Bhakti movement.

It became popular because in this, there was no discrimination among the worshippers or devotees. There was no difference whether one was rich or poor, high or low, man or woman. Everyone was allowed to worship the deities of his/her own choice. Bhakti movement discarded the performance of elaborated sacrifices.

Traders, Kings and Pilgrims Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Silk Route : The trade route between China and Western Asia ran through Central Asia.
• Pliny : A Roman historian who wrote ‘Natural History of Latin’.
• Indo-China : Siam, Loas and Malaya represent the territories of Indo-China.
• Muvendar : It is a ‘Tamil’ word for representing the heads of three ruling families i.e. Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
• Mahayanas and Hinayans : The two prominent Buddhist sects.
• Diagambara and Svetambara : The two prominent sects of Jainism.
• Buddhism : Buddhism was the most popular religion in ancient India. It was founded by Gautam Buddha.
• Bodhisattava : These were supposed to be the persons who had attained enlightenment through meditation.
• Bhakti : Single-minded devotion to one god.
• Pilgrim: The men and the women undertake their journey to holy places in order to praise god/goddess.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 The Earth in the Solar System

HBSE 6th Class Geography The Earth in the Solar System Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) How does a planet differ from a star?
Answer:

(b) What is meant by ‘The Solar System’?
Answer:
The solar system refers to the solar family. The sun, the eight planets, satellites and other heavenly bodies make up the solar system.

(c) Name all the planets according to their distances from the sun.
Answer:
The names of planets in order of their distance from the Sun is as follows :

• Mercury
• Venus
• Earth
• Mars
• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune

(d) Why in the Earth called a unique planet?
Answer:
The Earth is called a unique planet in the solar system because it is the only planet that supports life.
These conditions are :

• Suitable temperature (neither too hot nor too cold)
• Availability of water.
• Breathable atmosphere with life-giving oxygen and ozone layer.

(e) Why do we see only one side of the moon always?
Answer:
One revolution of the moon around the earth takes about 27 days. It also takes exactly the same time to complete one spin. So we can see only one side of the moon always.

(f) What is the Universe?
Answer:
The universe is the collection of millions of galaxies. It is the largest unit in which we live.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer.
(а) The planet known as the “Earth’s Twin” is :
(i) Jupiter
(ii) Saturn
(iii) Venus
Answer:
(iii) Venus

(b) Which is the third nearest planet to the sun?
(i) Venus
(ii) Earth
(iii) Mercury
Answer:
(ii) Earth

(c) All the planets move around the sun in a:
(i) Circular path
(ii) Rectangular path
(iii) Elongated path
Answer:
(iii) Elongated path

(d) The Pole Star indicates the direction to the:
(i) South
(ii) North
(iii) East
Answer:
(ii) North

(e) Asteroids are found between the orbits of:
(i) Saturn and Jupiter
(ii) Mars and Jupiter
(iii) The Earth and Mars.
Answer:
(ii) Mars and Jupiter

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. A group of ________ forming various patterns is called a ________.
2. A huge system of stars is called ________.
3. ________ is the closest celestial body to our earth.
4. ________ is the third nearest planet to the sun.
5. Planets do not have their own ________ and ________.

Answer:

1. stars, constellation
2. galaxy
3. The moon
4. The earth
5. heat, light.

HBSE 6th Class Geography The Earth in the Solar System Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which is the largest planet?
Answer:
Jupiter is the largest planet. It is 140 times larger than our earth.

Question 2.
What is a satellite?
Answer:
A satellite is a smaller body which goes around the planet.

Question 3.
Which are the inner planets?
Answer:
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are called the inner planets.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Where does the word ‘planet’ come from? What are planets?
Answer:
The word ‘planet’ comes, from the Greek word ‘Planetai’ which means ‘wanderers’. The planets are the celestial bodies which revolve around the sufi and they do not have their own heat and light.

Question 2.
Write a note on ‘Pole Star*.
Answer:
The Pole star (North star) indicates the north direction. It always remains in the same position in the sky. We can locate the position of the Pole Star with the help of the Saptarishi.

Question 3.
Why is the earth called a blue planet?
Answer:
The earth is the only planet which has two-third of its area covered with water. Presence of water makes up the earth a blue planet.

Question 4.
Name the planets according to their size in the solar system.
Answer:
The names of the planets according to their size in the solar system are:

• Jupiter
• Saturn
• Uranus
• Neptune
• Earth
• Venus
• Mercury
• Mars

Question 5.
What are shooting stars?
Answer:
Meteors are known as shooting stars. At night, some stars suddenly leave their place and move away very fast like a flash having streak of light behind them very often these appear to come very near to the earth.

Question 6.
Why is there no life on the Moon?
Answer:
There is no life on the moon because the moon does not have conditions favourable for life. It has neither water nor air. It has mountains, plains and depressions on its surface.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Planets and Satellites.
Answer:

Question 2.
Distinguish between comets and asteroids.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is a human-made satellite? How does it work?
Answer:
A human-made satellite is designed by scientists to gather information about the universe or for communication. For example : INSAT, IRS, EDUSAT. It is carried by a rocket and placed in the orbit around the earth.

Question 4.
Distinguish between Comets and Meteors.
Answer:

Question 5.
Why is Pluto no longer considered a planet?
Answer:
Pluto is no longer considered a planet because in a meeting of the international Astronomical Union, adecision was taken that Pluto like other celestial bodies (Ceres, 2003, UB313) discovered in recent past may be called dwarf planets.

The Earth in the Solar System Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Universe : The vast unlimited space consisting of millions of galaxies.
• Constellation : A group of stars forming a particular pattern or design is called constellation.
• Satellite : Small celestial bodies revolving around a planet.
• Solar System : The sun and the celestial bodies revolving around it.
• Comet: Object that moves around the sun in a long elliptical orbit.
• Light Year: The distance that light travels in a year at a speed of 3,00,000 kilometres per second.
• Man-made Satellites: These are carried by rocket and placed in the orbit of the earth.
• Asteroids: The tiny heavenly bodies which revolve around the sun are called asteroids.
• Metroid: Small pieces of rock and dust that burn when they enter the earth’s atmosphere.
• Orbit: The particular and definite elliptical path in which a planet (or satellite) always remains, is called the orbit of that planet (or satellite).