Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 4 Air

HBSE 7th Class Geography Air Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is the atmosphere?
Answer:
A huge blanket of air that surrounds the earth is called the atmosphere.

(ii) Which two gases make the bulk of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Two gases that make the bulk of the atmosphere are nitrogen and oxygen.

(iii) Which gas creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide gas.creates greenhouse effect in the atmosphere.

(iv) What is weather?
Answer:
Weather is the sum total of atmospheric conditions of si specific place, at a specific time regarding temperature, humidity, air pressure, clouds, winds etc.

(v) Name three types of rainfall.
Answer:
Three types of rainfall are:
(a) Convectional rainfall
(b) Orographic rainfall
(c) Cyclonic or Frontal rainfall.

(vi) What is air pressure?
Answer:
Air has weight and exerts pressure. Hence, air pressure is an impact which occurs due to air weight.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) Which of the following gases protects us from harmful sun rays?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrogen
(c) Ozone
Answer:
(c) Ozone

(ii) The most important layer of the atmosphere is :
(a) troposphere
(b) thermosphere
(c) mesosphere
Answer:
(a) troposphere

(iii) Which of the following layers of the atmosphere is free from clouds?
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
Answer:
(b) Stratosphere

(iv) As we go up the layers of the atmosphere, the pressure ________.
(a) increases
(b) decreases
(c) remains the same
Answer:
(b) decreases

(v) When precipitation comes down to the earth in the liquid form, it is called ________.
(a) cloud
(b) rain
(c) snow
Answer:
(b) rain

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) Wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.
Answer:
On a humid day, evaporation from wet clothes takes place slowly in the atmosphere due to low temperature. Hence wet clothes take longer time to dry on a humid day.

(ii) Amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.
Answer:
Insolation comes through vertical rays on equator. As we go iip from equator towards poles, the sun rays become slanting. The slanting rays take up more space, the degree of hotness is felt less. Hence the amount of insolation decreases from equator towards poles.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Air Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is atomosphere?
Answer:
The huge blanket of air by which our earth is surrounded is called atmosphere.

Question 2.
Which two gases are found in the atmosphere in abundance?
Answer:

• Nitrogen
• Oxygen.

Question 3.
Name the gases which are found in the atmosphere in lesser quantities?
Answer:

• Carbon dioxide
• Helium
• Ozone
• Argona
• Hydrogen.

Question 4.
Write the percentages of different gases found in the atmosphere.
Answer:

• Nitrogen : 71%
• Oxygen : 21%
• Carbon dioxide : 0.3%
• Argon : 0.93%
• All others : 0.04%.

Question 5.
Why is stratosphere the most ideal for flying aeroplanes?
Answer:
Stratosphere is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon, making conditions most ideal for flying aeroplanes.

Question 6.
What is weather?
Answer:
Hour-to-hour, day-to-day condition of the atomosphere is called weather.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is atmosphere essential for human beings?
Answer:

• It provides us the air we breathe.
• It protects as from the harmful rays of the sun.
• It makes the temperature of the earth liveable.

Question 2.
Why is carbon dioxide called a greenhouse gas?
Answer:
Carbon dioxide traps the heat radiated from the earth arid creates a greenhouse effect. Therefore, it is called a greenhouse gas.

Question 3.
What is global warming?
Answer:
The quantity of carbon dioxide increases due to factory smoke or car funies and the heat retained increase the temperature of the earth. This called as global warming.

Question 4.
How is ozone gas important to us?
Answer:
Ozone gas forms a protective layer around the earth it absorbs the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.

Question 5.
Draw diagrams to show (i) Cyclonic rainfall
(ii) Relief rainfall
(iii) Convectional rainfall.
Answer:

Question 6.
Draw a diagram showing the layers of atmosphere.
Answer:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Explain about different layers of atmosphere.
Answer:
There are five different layers of atmosphere :

• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere
• Thermosphere
• Exosphere

Answer:
(i) Troposphere:
Height : Its average height is about 13 km.
Activities : This is the most important layer of the atmosphere. The air we breathe exists here. All weather phenomena like rainfall, fog and hailstorm occur in this layer.
Upper limit: Tropopause.
Temperature : Not beyond 45°C.

(ii) Stratosphere:
Height: It extends upto a height of 50 km.
Activities: This layer is almost free from clouds and associated weather phenomenon making conditions more ideal for flying aeroplanes. It has the ozone layer which protects us from the harmful affect of rays.
Upper limit: Stratopause.
Temperature : The temperature here keeps on rising.

(iii) Mesosphere:
Height : This is the third layer of the atmosphere. It lies above the height of 80 km.
Activities : Meteorites burn up in this layer on entering the space.
Upper limit: Mesopause.

(iv) Thermosphere : Height: 80-400 km.
Its upper limit satropause
Temperature: The temperature is rising.

Question 2.
Name the various gases in the atmosphere and their functions or uses.
Answer:
Nitrogen and oxygen are two gases which make up the bulk of the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, helium, ozone, argon and hydrogen are found in lesser quantities. Apart from these gases, tiny dust particles are also present in the air.

Their functions and uses are as follows:

• Nitrogen is the most plentiful gas in the air. When we inhale, we take some amount of nitrogen into our lungs and exhale it. But plants need nitrogen for their survival.
• Oxygen is the second most plentiful gas in the air. Humans and animals take oxygen from the air as they breathe.
• Carbon dioxide is another important gas. Green plants use carbon dioxide to make their food and release energy.

Question 3.
Which is the greenhouse gas and what affect does it have?
Answer:
(i) Carbon dixoide-released in the atmosphere creates a greenhouse effect by trapping the heat radiated from the earth. It is therefore called a green house gas and without it the earth would have been too cold to live in. However, when the level in the atmosphere increases due to factory smoke or car fumes, the heat retained increases the temperature of the earth. This is called global warming.

(ii) This rise in temperature causes the snow in the coldest parts of the world to melt.

(iii) As a result, the sea level rises, causing floods in the coastal areas.

(iv) There may be drastic changes in the climate of a place leading to extinction of some plants and animals.

Air Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Atmosphere : Thick blanket of air around the earth.
• Ozone : This thin layer of atmosphere which acts as a filter and absorbs ultra violet radiation.
• Smog: Combination of smoke and fog.
• Stratosphere : Above troposphere it is a cold but clean layer of air.
• Periodic Winds : Winds changing their direction periodically with change in the season.
• Loo : Hot and dry wind that blows over the plains.
• Evaporation : Change of liquid state of water into water vapour.
• Wind : Horizontally moving air near the surface of the earth is called a wind.
• Lapse Rate : The rate at which temperature decreases with altitude is called lapse rate.
• Radiation : Reflection of solar energy by clouds and particles are called radiation.
• Molecule : Smallest particles of a substance in free state.
• Humidity : The amount of water vapour present in the air.
• Insolation : The amount of solar radiations coming down to the earth.
• Terrestrial. Radiation : The heat given off by the earth.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Water

HBSE 7th Class Geography Water Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is precipitation?
Answer:
When the water vapour cools, it condenses and forms clouds. From there it may fall On the land or sea or rain, snow sleet. This is called precipitation.

(ii) What is the water cycle?
Answer:
The process by which water continually changes its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land is known as the water cycle.

(iii) What are the factors affecting the height of the waves?
Answer:
The factors affecting the height of the waves are:

• Winds
• Earthquakes, volcanic eruption and landslides on the bottom of the ocean.

(iv) Which factors effect the movement of waves?
Answer:
The factors which effect the movement of waves are :

• Temperature
• Winds
• Gravitational pull of the sun
• The earth
• The moon
• The warm and cold currents.

(v) What are tides and how are they caused?
Answer:
Tides are the rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water that occurs twice in a day. The strong gravitational pull exerted by the sun and the moon on the earth’s surface causes the tides.

(vi) What are ocean currents?
Answer:
Ocean currents are streams of water that flow constantly on the ocean surface in definite directions are called ocean currents.

Question 2.
Give reasons:
(i) Ocean water is salty.
Answer:
The water of the ocean is salty or saline as it contains large amount of dissolved salts. Most of the salt is sodium chloride or the common table salt.

(ii) The quality of water is deterior-ating.
Answer:
The quality of water is deteriorating day by day because of pollution of the rivers and also due to global warming, the fresh water stored in the ice caps is melting because of rising temperature. The water cycle is therefore disturbed and fresh water available for drinking is decreasing day by day.

Question 3.
Tick (√) the correct answer :
(i) The process by which water continually changes in its form and circulates between oceans, atmosphere and land.
(a) Water cycle
(b) Tides
(с) Ocean currents
Answer:
(a) Water cycle

(ii) Generally the warm ocean currents originate near ________.
(a) Poles
(b) Equator
(c) None of these
Answer:
(b) Equator

(iii) The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is called ________.
(a) Tide
(b) Ocean current
(c) Wave
Answer:
(a) Tide

Question 4.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (a)

Question 5.
For Fun :
Be a Detective
(i) The name of one river is hidden in each of the sentences below. Spot it.
Example : Mandra, Vijayalakshmi and Surinder are my best friends.
Answer:
Ravi.
(a) The snake charmer’s bustee, stables where horses are housed, and the piles of wood, all caught fire accidentally. (Hint: Another name for River Brahmaputra) Answer:
Teesta.

(b) The conference manager put pad, material for reading and a pencil for each participant. (Hint: A distributary on the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta)
Answer:
Padma.

(c) Either jealousy or anger cause a person’s fall (Hint: Name of a juicy fruit!)
Answer:
Orange.

(d) Bhavani germinated the seeds in a pot (Hint: Look for her in West Africa)

(e) “I am a zonal champion now” declared the excited atheletic. (Hint: The river that has he biggest basin in the world)
Answer:
Amazon.

(f) The tiffin box rolled down and all the food fell in dusty potholes. (Hint: Rises in India and journeys through Pakistan)
Answer:
Indus.

(g) Malini leaned against the pole when she felt that she was going to faint. (Hint: Her delta in Egypt is famous)
Answer:
Nile.

(h) Samantha mesmerised everybody with her magic tricks. (Hint: London is situated on her estuary)
Answer:
Thames.

(i) “In this neighbourhood, please don’t yell! Owners of these houses like to have peace”. Warned my father when we moved into our new flat”. (Hint: colour!)
Answer:
Yellow.

(j) ‘Write the following words, Marc!’ “On”, “go”, “in” said the teacher to the little boy in KG Class. (Hint: Rhymes with ‘bongo’)
Answer:
Congo.

Now make some morer on your own and ask your classmates to spot the hidden name. You can do this with any name: that of a lake, mountains, trees, fruits, school items etc.
Carry on Detective

(ii) With the help of an atlas, draw each river which you discoverd in For fun (t), on an outline map of the world.
Answer:
(a) Teesta
(b) Padma
(c) Orange
(d) Niger
(e) Amazon
(f) Indus
(g) Nile
(h) Thames
(i) Yellow
(j) Congo

HBSE 7th Class Geography Water Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What causes evaporation of water?
Answer:
The sun’s heat causes evaporation of water vapour.

Question 2.
Name the major sources of fresh water.
Answer:
Rivers, ponds, springs, glaciers.

Question 3.
Which salt is mainly found in the ocean water?
Answer:
Much of the salt found in the sea-water is sodium chloride or the common tablesalt.

Question 4.
Give reason : Swimmers can float in Dead Sea.
Answer:
Swimmers can float in Dead sea because it increases salt content and makes it dense.

Question 5.
What are the different ways in which movements of ocean water can be classified.
Answer:
The movements in the ocean water can be classified as : (a) waves, (b) tides, (c) currents.

Question 6.
What is the importance of World Water Day?
Answer:
The need to conserve water is reinforced in different ways on World Water Day.

Question 7.
What are waves?
Answer:
When the water on the surface of the ocean rises and falls alternatively, they are called waves.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the spring tides? When do they occur?
Answer:
High magnitude tides are called spring tides. These tides occur on the full moon and new moon nights when the sun, the moon and the earth are in the same line.

Question 2.
What are neap tides? When do they occur?
Answer:
Low magnitude tides are called neap tides. These tides occur when the moon is in its first and last quarter, and the ocean water get drawn in mutually perpendicular directions by the gravitational pull of the sun and the earth resulting in low tides.

Question 3.
Where do the warm and cold ocean currents originate?
Answer:

• The warm ocean currents originate near the equator and move towards the poles.
• The cold currents originate near polar or higher latitudes and move towards tropical or lower latitudes.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between Wave and Tide.
Answer:

Question 2.
Is all the water on earth available to us?
Answer:
No, all the water on earth is not available to us. Only 2.8% water is fresh, which we can utilize to fulfill our needs. Rest 97.2% water is saline.

Question 3.
If there is more water than land on this earth, why do so many countries face water scarcity?
Answer:

• About 97.2% water is saline.
• Only 2.8% water is fresh which can be utilised by the human beings.
• Uneven distribution of water also leads to water scarcity.
• Careless use and wastage of water by human beings is the main cause of water scarcity.

Question 4.
Write the effects of ocean currents.
Answer:

• The ocean current influences the temperature conditions of the area. Warm currents bring about warm temperatures over the land surface.
• The areas where the warm and cold currents meet provide the best fishing grounds in the world.
• The areas where warm and cold currents meet also experience foggy weather making it difficult to navigate.

Water Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Terraium : It is an artificial enclosure for keeping small house plants.
• Hydrosphere : Part of the earth’s surface covered with water.
• Tide : The regular rise and fall in seawater is called tide.
• High Tide : The regular rise of seawater is called high tide.
• Low Tide : The fall of seawater is called low tide.
• Ground Water : When the rainwater is soaked by the ground is called groundwater.
• Hydrological Cycle : The continuous circulation of water among the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere is called the hydrological cycle. Actually the cycle is of a very complex nature with a number of sub-cycles.
• Glacier : The moving mass of ice is known as glaciers.
• Salinity : Amount of salt in grams present in 1000 grams of seawater.
• Water Cycle : The movement of water from the sea to air and back to the sea.
• Water Conservation : The protection, preservation, and careful use of the water.
• Winds : The undulation on the surface of the water caused by wind blowing oversea.
• Evaporation : The process by which the water changes into water vapour and enters into the atmosphere.
• Condensation : The change of water vapour into droplets of water or snow is called condensation.
• Precipitation : The condensation of water vapour in the form of water droplets or ice crystals and falling on the earth’s surface.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Natural Vegetation and Wild Life

HBSE 7th Class Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Which are the two factors on which the growth of vegetation mostly depends?
Answer:
The growth of vegetation mostly depends on the following two factors:

• Temperature
• Moisture

(ii) Which are the three broad categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
Three broad categories of natural vegetation are as follow:

• Forests
• Grasslands
• Thorny shrubs.

(iii) Name the two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
The two hardwood trees commonly found in tropical evergreen forests are:

• Rosewood
• Ebony
• Mahogany (Any two)

(iv) In which part of the world, tropical deciduous forest is found?
Answer:
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia and in Central America. Teak, sal, neem and shisham are the main trees of these forests.

(v) In which cliiftatic condition, citrus fruits are cultivated?
Answer:
Hot dry summer and rainy mild winter season is good for the cultivation of citrus fruits.

(vi) Mention the uses of coniferous forests.
Answer:

• The wood of trees found in these forests is very soft which is used to make match box and packing boxes.
• The wood is very useful for making pulp.
• The wood is used for making news print.
• Tree helps to control soil erosion.
• Trees provide shelter to our wildlife.

(vii) In which part of the world seasonal grassland is found?
Answer:
The world seasonal grassland is found in is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior parts of the continents.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
(i) Mosses and Lichens are found in :
(a) Desertic vegetation
(b) Tropical evergreen forest
(c) Tundra vegetation
Answer:
(c) Tundra vegetation

(ii) Thorny bushes are found in :
(a) Hot and humid tropical climate
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate
(c) Cold polar climate
Answer:
(b) Hot and dry desertic climate

(iii) In tropical evergreen forest, one of the common animals is :
(a) Monkey
(b) Giraffe
(c) Camel
Answer:
(a) Monkey

(iv) One important variety of coniferous forest is :
(a) Rosewood
(b) Pine
(c) Teak
Answer:
(b) Pine

(v) Steppe grassland is found in :
(a) S. Africa
(b) Australia
(c) Central
Answer:
(c) Central

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:

Question 4.
Give reasons:
(i) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season.
(iii) The type and thinkness of vegetation changes from place to place.
Answer:
(i) The animals in polar region have thick fur and thick skin to protect themselves from the cold climatic conditions.
(ii) Tropical deciduous trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water.
(iii) The type and thickness of vegetation changes from place to place because of the variation in temperature and moisture.

Question 5.
Activity:
(i) Collect pictures and photographs of forests and grasslands of different parts of world. Write one sentence below each picture.
(ii) Make a college of rainforest grassland and coniferous forests.
Answer:
(i) (A)

Tropical evergreen forests occur in the regions near the equator and close to the Tropics.

(B)

Tropical deciduous forests are the monsoon forests which experience seasonal changes.

(C)

Temperate evergreen forests comprise both hard and soft wood trees like oak, pine, eucalyptus etc.

(D)

The trees of temperate deciduous forests shed their leaves in dry seasons.

(E)

Mediterranean vegetation is mostly found in the areas around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. Coniferous (Taiga) forests are found in the higher latitudes (50°-70°) of Northern hemisphere. Tropical grassland grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall.

Question 6.
For Fun

Answer:
Horizontally : Bamboo, Bear, Whale, Flora, Lichen, Hen, Pine, Seal, Fowl, Chir, Masses, Grass, Taiga, Praire, Fir, Ebony, Goat, Deciduous, Tundra, Zebra, Horse, Lianos, Pampas.

Vertically : Shrub, Ox, Pig, Cactus, Fauna, Lion, Downs, Tiger, Neem, Oak, Camel, Peepal, Oak, Deer, Savanaa, Yak.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why do the trees in tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves altogether?
Answer:
The trees in tropical evergreen forests do not shed their leaves’ altogether because there is no particular dry season.

Question 2.
Where are tropical deciduous forests found?
Answer:
Tropical deciduous forests are found in the large part of India, northern Australia, and in Central America.

Question 3.
What type of trees are found at higher latitudes?
Answer:
Temperate deciduous forests are found at higher latitudes.

Question 4.
What is the use of wood of coniferous trees?
Answer:
The wood of coniferous trees is used for manufacturing pulp which is used for manufacturing paper and newsprint.

Question 5.
What is the extent of tropical grasslands?
Answer:
The tropical grasslands occur on either side of the equator and extend till the Tropics.

Question 6.
What kind of grass is found in temperate grasslands?
Answer:
Short and nutritious grass is found in temperate grasslands.

Question 7.
Why is vegetation cover scarce in thorny bushes?
Answer:
Vegetation cover is scarce in thorny bushes because of scanty rain and scorching heat.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are the factors on which growth of vegetation depends?
Answer:
Following are the factors on which growth of vegetation depends :

• The change in height affects the character of vegetations. With the change in height, the climate changes and that changes natural vegetation.
• The growth of vegetation also depends on temperature and moisture.
• The growth of vegetation also depends on factors like slope and thickness of soil.

Question 2.
What are three categories of natural vegetation?
Answer:
The three categories of natural vegetations are :

• Forests : Forests grow where temperature and rainfall are plentiful to support a tree cover. The forests can be (i) dense forests, (ii) open forests.
• Grasslands : Grasslands include tropical and temperate grasslands. They grow in the region of moderate rain.
• Shrubs : Thorny shrubs and scrubs grow in the dry region.

Question 3.
Write a short note on temperate grasslands.
Answer:
Tropical grasslands occur oft either side of the equator and extend till the tropics. This vegetation grows in the areas of moderate’ to low amount of rainfall. The grass can grow very tall, about 3 to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer and leopards.

Question 4.
Write three major features of tropical evergreen forests.
Answer:
Major features of tropical evergreen forests are:
These forests are so dense that thick canopies are developed which do not allow the sunlight to penetrate inside the forest. As there is no particular dry season, the trees do not shed their leaves altogether. This keeps the forest evergreen. Hardwood trees such as rosewood, ebony and mahogany are found here.

Question 5.
Where is Tundra type of vegetation found? Why?
Answer:
Tundra type of vegetation includes mosses, lichens and very small shrubs. The main polar areas of Tundra type of vegetation are Europe, Asia and North America. This is found in polar regions. They grow during the very short summer. This is so because polar regions are extremely cold and the growth of natural vegetation is very limited here.

Question 6.
What are the main features of Highlands vegetation?
Answer:
The temperature falls with the rise in the height as in the mountainous area. The factors behind the variety in the types of vegetation in highlands are the climatic changes occurring in the higher altitude.

A succession of the vegetation from the tropical to alpine types in mountains can be notice. Generally, at the foothills, there is belt of deciduous trees. The pine forests are well grown at the height between 1500 metres to 2000 metres.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on the various’ types of grasslands.
Answer:
The various types of grasslands are:

• Tropical grasslands
• Temperate grasslands
• Thorny bushes

1. Tropical grasslands : This type of vegetation grows in the areas of moderate to low amount of rainfall. The grass here can grow very tall, about to 4 metres in height. Savannah grasslands of Africa are of this type. Common animals found here are elephants, zebras, giraffes, deer, leopards etc.

2. Temperate grasslands : This type of vegetation is found in the mid-latitudinal zones and in the interior part of the continents. Grass here is usually short and nutritious. Common animals found in this region are wild buffaloes, bisons, antilopes etc.

3. Thorny bushes : These are found in the dry desert like regions. Tropical deserts are located on the western margins of the continents, which are characterised by such vegetation. Vegetation in the polar regions is also limited. Only mosses, lichens and very small shrubs are found here. It grows during the very short summer. This is called Tundra type of vegetation. Polar animals have thick fur and thick skin which protect them from the cold climate conditions, for example, seal, walruses, musk-oxen, Arctic owl, etc.

Natural Vegetation and Wild Life Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Evergreen Vegetation : Forest with trees retaining the leaf cover across the year.
• Natural Vegetation : Original land cover of forest vegetation.
• Coniferous Trees : The forest in which trees have conical leaves and they don’t shed their leaves all at a time.
• Wildlife Sanctuary : An area, set aside for preserving its natural vegetation, natural beauty, wildlife etc.
• Biodiversity : Different species on the earth.
• Biome : A vast ecosystem with its group of plants and animals is recognised as biome.
• Eco-system : A system which comprises the physical environment and the’organisms with live therein.
• Food Chain : Food chain is the transfer of energy from one organism to another in ecological system.
• Food Web : It is complicated network of several food chains.
• Herbivores : Animals of those categories which lives on grass and plants.
• Carnivores : The animals which kill small animals for their food.
• Habitat: The physical environment in which the animals normally live.
• Forests : Extensive area covered with trees.
• Vegetation : The assemblage of plant species living in association with each other in a given environmental framework is known as vegetation.
• Fauna : Species of animals.
• Flora : Plants of a particular region.
• Conservation : Protection, preservation, and efficient utilization of resources gifted by nature.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 3 Our Changing Earth

HBSE 7th Class Geography Our Changing Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
Why do plates move?
Answer:
1. The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as Lithosphere plates.
2. These plates move around slowly a few millimeters each year.
3. It is because of the movement of molten magma inside the earth.

Question 2.
What are endogenic and exogenic forces?
Answer:
The earth movements are divided on the basis of the forces which causes them. The forces which act in the interior of the earth are called endogenic forces and the forces that work on the surface of earth are called exogenic forces.

Question 3.
What is erosion?
Answer:
Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind and ice.

Question 4.
How are flood plains formed?
Answer:
During floods, layers of fine soil and other material called sediments are deposited on the river bank. This leads to the formation of a flat fertile flood plains.

Question 5.
What are sand dunes?
Answer:
An active agent of erosion and deposition in the desert is wind. When the wind blows, it lifts and transports sand from one place to another. When it stops blowing, the sand falls and gets deposited in hill-like structure called sand-dunes.

Question 6.
How are beaches formed?
Answer:
The sea-waves deposit sediments, beaches.

Question 7.
What are ox-bow lakes?
Answer:
An ox-bow lake is a cut-off lake formed due to cut-off of a meander loop.

Question 2.
Tick (✓) the correct answer.
(i) Which is not an erosional feature of sea waves?
(a) Cliff
(b) Beach
(c) Sea cave
Answer:
(b) Beach

(ii) The depositional feature of a glacier is :
(a) Flood plain
(b) Beach
(c) Moraine
Answer:
(c) Moraine

(iii) Which is caused by the sudden movements of the earth?
(a) Volcano
(b) Folding
(c) Flood plain
Answer:
(a) Volcano

(iv) Mushroom rocks are found in :
(a) Deserts
(b) River valleys
(c) Glaciers
Answer:
(a) Deserts

(v) Ox bow lakes are found in :
(a) Glaciers
(b) River valleys
(c) Deserts
Answer:
(b) River valleys

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (c)
(ii) (b)
(iii) (a)
(iv) (f)
(v) (d)
(vi) (e)

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) Some rocks have shape of a mushroom.
Answer:
In deserts you can see the rocks in the shape of mushroom, commonly known as mushroom rocks because winds erode the lower sections of the rock more than the upper part. Therefore, such rocks have a narrower base and a wider top.

(ii) Flood plains are very fertile.
Answer:
At times the river overflows its banks this leads to the flooding of the neighbouring areas. As it floods, it deposits layer of fine soil and other material called sediments along its banks.

(iii) Sea caves are turned into stack.
Answer:
As the cavities of the sea caves become bigger and bigger only the roof of the caves remain thus forming arches. Erosion of sea arch breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like features are called stacks.

(iv) Buildings collapse due to earthquake.
Answer:
Buildings collapse because of the movement in tectonic plates under the surface of the earth which send out vibrations in all the direction causing an effect to anything built on the crust.

Question 5.
Activity:
Observe the photographs given below. These are various features made by a river. Identify them and also tell whether they are erosional or depositional or landforms formed by both.

Answer:

Question 6.
Solve the crossword puzzle with the help of clues given.

Answer:

Across:
2. Meander
4. Ice
7. Glacier
11. Cave
12. Cliff
13. Sea,
14. Desert
15. Sand-dune
16. Flood Plain.

Down:
1. Wave
3. River
5. Cliff
6. Hollows
8. Ox Bow Lake
10. Dunes
13. Beach
14. Delta.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Our Changing Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What are lithospheric plates?
Answer:
The lithosphere is broken into a number of plates known as the lithospheric plates.

Question 2.
What causes changes on the surface of the earth?
Answer:
The movement of the lithospheric plates causes changes on the surface of the earth.

Question 3.
What is a volcano?
Answer:
A volcano is a vent (opening) in the earth’s crust through which molten material erupts suddenly.

Question 4.
When does weathering and erosion take place?
Answer:
Weathering and erosion takes place everywhere and at all the time.

Question 5.
What are dunes?
Answer:
Wind-blowing materials deposited in deserts are known as dunes.

Question 6.
Who are mineralogists?
Answer:
The scientists who study minerals are called mineralogists.

Question 7.
Name five rivers of the world which form a delta.
Answer:
Nile, Zaire, Ganga-Brahmaputra, Amazon, Murray—Darling.

Question 8.
Name four coastal landforms.
Answer:
Sea caves, sea arches, stacks, sea cliff.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Draw a well-labelled diagram of a volcano.
Answer:

Question 2.
Complete the flow-chart given below:
Evolution of landforms

Answer:
Evolution of landforms

Question 3.
How is an earthquake measured?
Answer:
An earthquake is measured with a machine called seismography. The magnitude of the earthquake is measured on a Richter Scale. The following table explains the intensity of earthquake.

Question 4.
How do glaciers help in the formation of lakes?
Answer:
Glaciers erode the landscape by bulldozing soil and stones to expose the solid rock below. Glaciers carve out deep hollows. As the ice melts, they even get gilled up with water and become filled up with water and become beautiful lakes in the mountains.

Question 5.
Draw’ a diagram of a delta and mark its (a) main river (b) Distributary.
Answer:

Question 6.
Define river load.
Answer:
The agents of wind, running water, glaciers and sea waves are constantly engaged in eroding rocks and many land surfaces. The minerals in rocks are also dissolved in water. These rock pieces, organic materials and dissolved minerals are called river load.

Question 7.
Give an account of earthquake preparedness.
Answer:
Earthquakes cannot be accurately predicted. However, we can minimise the impact if we are-prepared before hand.
During an earthquake, we should:

• Take a shelter under a kitchen counter, table or desk against an inside corner or wall.
• Stay away from fire places, areas around chimneys, windows that shelter including mirrors and picture frames.
• Spread awareness amongst our friends and family members.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
(а) sea cave
(b) sea arch
(c) sea cliff
(d) stack.
Answer:

(a) Sea waves continuously strike at the rocks. Cracks develop. Over time they become larger and wider. Thus, hollow like caves are formed on the rocks. They are called sea caves.

(b) As the cavities of the sea cave, become bigger and bigger, only the roof of the cave remain, thus, forming sea arches.

(c) The steepy rocky coast rising almost vertically above sea water is called sea cliff.

(d) Erosion of sea arch breaks the roof and only walls are left. These wall like failures are called stacks.

Question 2.
Write about the work of a river. Explain with the help of a diagram.
Answer:
The following points explain the work of a river:
(a) The running water in the river erodes the landscape.

(b) When the river tumbles at steep angle over very hard rocks or down a deep valley side it forms a waterfall.

(c) While entering the plain the river twists and turn and forms large bends which are known as meanders.

(d) Due to continuous erosion and deposition along the sides of the meander, the ends of the meander loop come closer and closer.

(e) In the due source of time, the meander loop cuts-off from the river and forms a cut-off lake; which is also called ox-bow lake.

(f) Sometimes, the river overflows its banks causing flood in the neighbouring areas.

(g) As it floods, it deposits layers of fire, soil and other material called sediments along its banks.

(h) The fertile flood plain is formed. The raised banks are called leeves.

(i) As the river approaches the sea, the speed of the flowing water decreases and the river which begins to break up into several streams known as distributaries.

(j) As river becomes very slow and it begins to deposit its load.

(k) The collection of sediments from all the mouths formed a delta, which is a triangular landmass.

Our Changing Earth Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Weathering : Weathering is the breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface.
• Erosion : Erosion is the wearing away of the landscape by different agents like water, wind etc.
• Meanders : Large bends formed by twisting and turning of the river while entering the plain are called meanders.
• Ox-bow Lake : An ox-bow lake is a cut-off lake formed due to the cut-off of a meander loop.
• Leeves : The raised banks are called leaves.
• Glacial Moraines : The materials carried by the glacier such as rocks big and small, sand and silt get deposited, these deposits from glacial moraines.
• Waterfall : When the river tumbles at a steep angle over very hard rocks or down a steep valley side forms a waterfall.

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 2 Inside Our Earth

HBSE 7th Class Geography Inside Our Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions:

Question 1.
What are the three layers of the earth?
Answer:

(1) Crust:

• The upper most layer of the earth’s surface is called crust.
• It is the thinnest of all layers.
• It is about 35 km. on the continental masses and 5 km. on the ocean floors.
• The main mineral constituents of the continental masses are silica, aluminium and sial.

(2) Mantle:

• Just beneath the crust is the mantle which extends upto 2900 km. below the crust.
• The oceanic crust and mantle consists of silica and magnesium. Thus, Sima.

(3) Core:

• The innermost layer is the core of radius 3500 km.
• It is made up of nickel and ferrous, i.e., nife.

Question 2.
What is a rock?
Answer:
Any natural mass of mineral material that makes up the earth’s crust is called a rock. The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks. Rocks can be of different sizes, textures, shape, colour etc.

Question 3.
Name three types of rocks.
Answer:
Three types of rocks are as follows:

• Igneous Rocks
• Sedimentary Rocks
• Metamorphic Rocks.

Question 4.
How are extrusive and intrusive rocks formed?
Answer:
→ Extrusive Rocks : When the molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in such a way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. Example : basalt.

→ Intrusive Igneous Rocks : Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Example: granite.

Question 5.
What do you mean by a rock cycle?
Answer:
One type of rock changes into another type under certain conditions in a cyclic manner. This process of transformation of the rock from form one to another is known as rock cycle.
Example:
(a) When the molten magma cools, it solidifies to become igneous rock. These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles that are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks.

(b) When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subject to heat and pressure, they change to metamorphic rocks.

Question 6.
What are the uses of rocks?
Answer:
Rocks are very useful to us :

• The hard rocks are used for making roads, houses and buildings.
• We use stones for playing games such as pitthoo (seven stones).
• Hop scotch (stapu / kit-kat) and five stones (gitti).
• Rocks are made up,of different minerals which are important to mankind, e.g., coal, natural gas and petroleum.
• Rocks are also used in industries – aluminium, gold, uranium, etc., in medicines, fertilisers etc.

Question 7.
What are metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
The igneous and metamorphic rocks are subjected to heat and pressure they change into metamorphic rocks, e.g., clay changes into slate and limestone changes into marble.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer:
(i) The rock which is made up of molten magma is:
(a) Igneous
(b) Sedimentary
(c) Metamorphic
Answer:
(a) Igneous.

(ii) The innermost layer of the earth is:
(a) Crust
(b) Core
(c) Mantle
Answer:
(b) Core.

(iii) Gold, petroleum and coal are the examples of:
(a) Rocks
(b) Minerals
(c) Fossils
Answer:
(b) Minerals.

(iv) Rocks which contain fossils are :
(a) Sedimentary Rocks
(b) Metamorphic Rocks
(c) Igneous Rocks
Answer:
(a) Sedimentary Rocks.

(v) The thinnest layer of the earth
(a) Crust
(b) Mantle
(c) Core
Answer:
(a) Crust.

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (e)
(ii) (d)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (f)
(v) (c)

Question 4.
Give reasons :
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth.
(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments.
(iii) Limestone is changed into marble.
Answer:
(i) We cannot go to the centre of the earth because the central core has very high temperature and pressure.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks are formed from sediments. Rocks roll down, crack and hit each other and are broken down into small fragments. These smaller parts are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposits by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments then are compressed and hardened to form layers of rocks. These types of rocks are sedimentary rocks.

(iii) Limestone is changed into marble : Limetsone is a sedimentary rocks which due to excessive heat and pressure changes into marble after thousands of years and forms a metamorphic rock.

Question 5.
For fun :
(i) What are the minerals most commonly used in the following objects?
(ii) Identify some more objects made up of different minerals.

Answer:
These are made up of:

• Iron, stainless steel
• Brass and iron
• Gold and pearl
• Copper/Aluminium.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Inside Our Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why is the earth called a dynamic planet?
Answer:
The earth is called a dynamic planet because it is constantly undergoing changes inside and outside.

Question 2.
What is lava?
Answer:
Lava is fiery red molten magma coming out from the interior of the earth on its surface.

Question 3.
Name the constituents of the oceanic crust.
Answer:
Silica and Magnesium.

Question 4.
What is ‘nife’?
Answer:
‘Nife’ is the name given to the core of the earth which mainly constitutes nickel and iron.

Question 5.
What happens when igneous and sedimentary rocks go under heat and pressure?
Answer:
They changes into metamorphic rocks.

Question 6.
What is the thinkess of the outer layer of the earth?
Answer:
The thickness of the outer layer of the earth is 60 km.

Question 7.
What is volcano?
Answer:
When magma from deep below forces its way up to earth’s surface, it is called volcano.

Question 8.
Which rocks are called primary or parent rocks?
Answer:
Igneous rocks are called primary or parent rocks.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Answer:

Question 2.
Why are igneous rocks called primary or basic rocks?
Answer:
Our earth contains a hot molten material having high temperature and pressure deep below its lithosphere. On cooling and solidification of the matter igneous rocks are formed. They make up about two-thirds of the earth’s crust. Therefore, they are called basic or primary rocks.

Question 3.
Formation of rocks is a slow process. Why?
Answer:
Formation of rocks , is a slow process because:

• Climate breaks the parent rocks into many smaller pieces.
• Topography or elevation helps in weathering of the rocks.
• Plants and animals organism help in weathering of rocks.

For all these processes, time factor plays a major role.

Question 4.
What do the words igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic mean.
Answer:

• The word Igneous drives from Latin word Ignis meaning Fire.
• The word sedimentary is derived from a Latin sediments meaning settle down.
• The word metamorphic derives from a Greek word metamorphise meaning change of form.

Question 5.
Give two examples of each of the following :
(а) Igneous rocks
(b) Sedimentary rocks
(c) Metamorphic rocks.
Answer:
(a) Land and zinc
(b) Coal and limestone
(c) Graphite and marble:

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How are different kinds of rocks formed?
Answer:
(i) Igneous rocks : When the molten magma cools, it becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way are called igneous rocks. They are also called primary rocks. They are of two types- intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks.
(a) Extrusive rocks : When molten lava comes on the earth’s surface, it rapidly cools down and becomes solid. Rocks formed in this way on the crust are called extrusive igneous rocks. For example, basalt.

(b) Intrusive rocks : Sometimes the molten magma cools down deep inside the earth’s crust. Solid rocks so formed are called intrusive igneous rocks. Since they cool down slowly they form large grains. For example, granite.

(ii) Sedimentary rocks : Small fragments of rocks are called sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind, water, etc. These loose sediments are compressed and hardened to form sedimentary rocks. For example, sandstone is made from grains of sand.

(iii) Metamorphic rocks : When igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to great heat and pressure they changes into metamorphic rocks. For example,k clay changes into slate and limestone into marble.

Question 2.
Distinguish between rocks and minerals.
Answer:

Question 3.
Distinguish between crust and core.
Answer:

Question 4.
Distinguish between mantle and core.
Answer:

Inside Our Earth Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Core : The innermost layer of the earth.
• Crust: The topmost layer of the earth.
• Mantle : The layer of the earth that lies beneath the crust.
• Fossils : The remains of the dead plants and animals trapped in the layers of rocks are called fossils.
• Tectonic Activities : It is activities that affect the large-scale processes of the earth.
• Igneous rocks : Rocks which are formed by the solidification of magma are called igneous rocks.
• Sedimentary Rocks : The rocks which are formed by sediments laid down usually on the seafloor or lakes are known as sedimentary rocks.
• Metamorphic Rocks : The rocks which are formed due to changes in igneous and metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure.
• Graphite : A soft substance used for manufacturing pencils and crucibles.
• Rock Cycle : Movement of rocks in cyclic order whereby they are recycled and again formed

Haryana Board 7th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 1 Environment

HBSE 7th Class Geography Environment Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions:
(i) What is an ecosystem?
Answer:
An ecosystem is a system that is formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live. These are all linked by the transfer of energy and material.

(ii) What do you mean by natural environment?
Answer:
Land, water, air, plants, and animals comprise the natural environment.

(iii) What are the major components of the environment?
Answer:
The major components of the environment are:

• Natural Environment
• Human Environment
• Human-made Environment.

Natural Environment: Natural environment refers to both the biotic and abiotic conditions which us existing on the earth.
Biotic refers to the living elements, e.g., plants and animals.
Abiotic refers to the non-living elements, e.g., rocks, air, and water.
Human Environment : It reveals the activities, creations and interactions among human beings e.g., buildings, parks etc.

Human-made Environment: Human-made environment refers to the buildings, parks, bridges, rocks, industries which are made by humans.

(iv) Give four examples of human- made environment.
Answer:
Four examples of human-made environments are : Buildings, Parks, Bridges, Rocks.

(v) What is lithosphere?
Answer:
Lithosphere is the solid crust or hard top layer of the earth. It is made up of rocks and minerals and covered with a thin layer of soil.

(vi) What are the two major components of biotic environment?
Answer:
Plants and animals are the two major components of biotic enviornment.

(vii) What is biosphere?
Answer:
Plants and animals kingdom together make the biosphere. It is a narrow zone of the earth where the land, water and air interact with each other to support life.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(i) Which is not d natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert
(b) Aquarium
(c) Forest
Answer:
(b) Aquarium

(ii) Which is not a component of human environment?
(a) Land
(b) Religion
(c) Community
Answer:
(a) Land

(iii) What is a human made environment?
(a) Mountain
(b) Sea
(c) Road
Answer:
(c) Road

(iv) Which is threat to environment?
(a) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops.
Answer:
(b) Growing population

Question 3.
Match the following :

Answer:
(i) (d)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (b)
(iv) (c)

Question 4.
Give Reasons:
(i) Man modifies his environment.
Answer:
Man modifies his environment to meet various needs. For example, he clears forests for obtaining land, for agriculture and for making shelter. He even extracts minerals from the earth for making various things. He construct dams for producing electricity. These are some of the ways in which man modifies his environment.

(ii) Plants and animals depend on each other.
Answer:
Animals whether they are carnivores or herbivores, ultimately depend on plants for their food. Also, plants provide fresh oxygen to animals to breathe in. These keep the environment clean and provide shelter to a number of animals. On the other hand, animals provide carbon dioxide which plants use for making their food. Dead and decaying matter of animals provide nutrients to plants to help them grow.

Intext Questions

Question 1.
Look at your surroundings. Make a list of uses that the land in your neighbourhood is being put to.
Answer:

• Roads
• Industries
• Diary Farming
• Bakery
• Schools
• Banks
• Residential Buildings

Question 2.
Where does the water you use in your homes and school come from? Make a list of different uses of water in our daily life. Have you seen anyone wasting water? How?
Answer:
The water that are provided in our houses and schools. It is for comes from Delhi Jal Board.

• Drinking
• Food preparation
• Bathing
• Cleaning house
• Washing clothes
• Industrial use
• Sanitation.

Yes, most of the people waste water. For example, they leave the tap open while soaping hands or brushing their teeth. They even leave tap opened when they are busy Somewhere.

ACTIVITY:
Imagine an ideal environment where you would love to live. Draw the picture of your ideal environment.
Answer:
An ideal environment where I would love to live, would comprise of

• Green plants and trees
• Pollution-free environment
• Clean roads
• Water availability

Students are expected to draw on their own.

HBSE 7th Class Geography Environment Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is an environment?
Answer:
All things (place, people, nature, etc.) that surround us together constitute our environment.

Question 2.
Why is our environment changing?
Answer:
Our environment is changing due to the global warming. This was caused due to pollution caused by the waste dumps, vehicles etc.

Question 3.
What are the two types of environment?
Answer:
The two types of enviomment are:

• Natural environment
• Human made environment.

Question 4.
What is meant by natural enviornment?
Answer:
All those things which are existing naturally around us are together called natural environment.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Which two types of conditions make our natural environment? Give examples.
Answer:
The two types of conditions that constitute our natural environment are :

• Biotic conditions : All living organisms i.e. plants and animals.
• Abiotic conditions : All naturally existing non-living things e.g. water, air, soil, minerals, etc.

Question 2.
What do you mean by human environment?
Answer:
Human environment refers to all those activities, creatibns and interactions among human beings.

Question 3.
What are the components of environment?
Answer:
Following are the components of environment:

• Natural environment,
• Human-made environment,
• Activities and interactions of human beings.

Question 4.
Give examples of natural components of environment.
Answer:
Land (lithosphere), air (atmosphere), water (hydrosphere) and living things (biosphere) are examples of the natural components of environment.

Question 5.
Give examples of man-made components of environment.
Answer:
Buildings, parks, bridges, roads, industries, monuments, etc. are examples of man-made components of environment.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Why should we protect our environment?
Answer:
We should protect our environment because:

• Environment is our basic life support system. It provides the air we breath, water to drink, the food to eat and the land to live.
• It provides us natural resources like wood, fuel and minerals.
• Many parts of environment have already been badly damaged by overuse resources like forests, pastures and farms.
• Most of the human activities affect the environment in one way or the other.
• If we continue to do so the damage will be irrepairable and the consequences will be very serious.

Question 2.
What are the different domains of the environment?
Answer:
The different domains of environment are:

• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere

(а) Lithosphere : The lithosphere is composed of rocks. The major components of rocks are minerals. Lithosphere even provides the foundation of terrestrial life where water and air are held close to the surface.

(b) Atmosphere : The earth has an oxygen consists of rich blanket of air around it. The atmosphere is a mixture of various gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, argon, neon etc. Atmosphere also continues to sustain life different forms.

(c) Hydrosphere : Oceans were the first cradle of life on earth. It refers to various water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, oceans etc. that exist on the earth.

(d) Biosphere : Biosphere or the living world is composed of plant and animal kingdom. It is a narrow zone of the earth where land, water and air interact with each other to support life.

Environment Class 7 HBSE Notes

• Environment: Environment is our basic life support system. The place, people, thing and nature that surround any living organism is called environment.
• Biotic : It refers to the world of living organisms, such as plants and animals.
• Abiotic : It refers to the world of non-living elements such as land.
• Lithosphere : Lithosphere is the solid crust or the hard top layers of the earth.
• Hydrosphere : It refers to the water bodies like rivers, lakes, seas, oceans etc. on the earth.
• Atmosphere : It is the thin layer of air that surrounds the earth.
• Ecosystem : It is a system formed by the interaction of all living organisms with each other and with the physical and chemical factors of the environment in which they live. These are all linked by transfer of energy and material.
• Barter System : A trade in which goods are exchanged without the use of money.

HBSE 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 8 India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife

HBSE 6th Class Geography India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) Which winds bring rainfall in India? Why is it so important?
Answer:
South-west Monsoon winds bring rainfall to India. It is so important because agriculture mainly depends upon this rainfall.

(b) Name the different seasons in India.
Answer:
Different seasons:

• Cold weather (winter) season.
• Hot weather (summer) season.
• South west monsoon (rainy) season.
• Season of retreating monsoon.

(c) What is natural vegetation?
Answer:
Grasses, shrubs and trees which grow on their own without any interference or help from mankind constitute natural vegetation.

(d) What are different types of natural vegetation found in India?
Answer:
Different types of natural vegetation found in India are:

• Tropical Rain Forests
• Tropical Deciduous Forests
• Thorny Bushes
• Mountain Vegetation

(e) Differentiate between Evergreen Forests and Deciduous Forests.
Answer:

(i) Tropical rainforest is also called evergreen forest because many species of trees are shed their leaves at different times of the year. Therefore, they always appear green and are called evergreen forest.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answer :
(а) The world’s highest rainfall occurs in :
(i) Mumbai
(ii) Asansol
(iii) Mawsynram
Answer:
(iii) Mawsynram

(b) Mangrove forests can thrive in :
(i) Saline water
(ii) Fresh water
(iii) Polluted water
Answer:
(i) Saline water

(c) Mahogany and rosewood trees are found in:
(i) Mangrove forests
(ii) Tropical deciduous forests
(iii) Tropical evergreei, forests
Answer:
(iii) Tropical evergreei, forests

(d) Wild goat and snow leopards are found in :
(i) Himalayan region
(ii) Peninsular region
(iii) Gir forests
Answer:
(i) Himalayan region

(e) During the south west monsoon period the moisture laden winds blow from:
(i) Land to sea
(ii) Sea to land
(iii) Plateau to plains
Answer:
(ii) Sea to land

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

1. Hot and dry winds known as ________ blow during the day in the summers.
2. The state of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu receive a great amount of rainfall during the season of ________.
3. ________ forests in Gujarat is the house of ________
4. ________ is a well known species of mangrove forests.
5. ________ are also called monsoon forests.

Answer:

1. LOO or heat wave
2. winter
3. Gir, Hons
4. Sundari
5. Tropical Deciduous forests.

FOR FUN

• Make a list of trees in your surrounding and collect the pictures of plants, animals, birds and paste them in your copy.
• Plant a sapling near your home, nurture it and write down the changes you observe for a few months.
• Does any migratory bird come in your locality? Try to identify that, be watchful in winter season.
• Visit a zoo in your city or visit a nearby forest or sanctuary with your elders. Watch various types of wildlife there.

HBSE 6th Class Geography India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the duration of cold weather season?
Answer:
The duration of winter season is from December to February.

Question 2.
Why are the temperatures quite low in northern India in winter?
Answer:
The temperatures are quite low in northern India in winter because the sun rays do not fall directly in the region.

Question 3.
What is loo?
Answer:
Hot and dry winds are called loo.

Question 4.
Why is most of the rain in India is brought by monsoon winds?
Answer:
Most of the rain in India is brought by monsoon winds because India is located in the tropical region.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What type of forests are found in the Himalayas?
Answer:
Different types of forests are found in the Himalayas according to the altitude. The foot hills of the Himalayas are covered with sal. This is followed by evergreen forests, oaks, chestnuts and pine trees.

Question 2.
Write the characteristics of deciduous forests.
Answer:
The deciduous forests are also called broad-leaved forests. These forests shed their leaves in a particular time of a year. These trees are not tall. These forests are found in the areas of 100-200 cm rainfall.

Question 3.
Name four belts of vegetation found in India.
Answer:
The four major belts of vegetation are:

• Tropical rain forests
• Tropical deciduous forests
• Desert type of vegetation or thorn forests
• Mountainous vegetation or Himalayan forests.

Question 4.
Where do dry thorn forests occur?
Answer:
The dry thorn forests occur where very scanty rainfall, i.e, less than 50 cms is found. These areas are the arid regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the main features of wildlife of India.
Answer:
The main features of wildlife of India are :
(a) There are thousands of species of animals and a large variety of reptiles, amphibians, mammals, birds, insects and worms which live in the forest.

(b) The tiger is our national animal.

(c) Different animals are found in different areas as per list below:

• Gir forest in Gujarat – Asiatic Lions
• Assam – Elephants and one homed rhinocerous.
• Great Indian Desert – Camels
• Rann of Kuchchh – Wild Assets.
• Himalayan Region – Wild goats, snow leopards, bears.

(d) The peacock is our national bird.

(e) Other common birds are parrots, pigeons, mynah, geese, bulbul, ducks.

Question 2.
How are forests important for us?
Answer:
Forests are important for us because :

• Plants release oxygen that we breathe and absorb carbon dioxide.
• The roots of the plants bind the soil, thus, they control soil erosion.
• Forests provide us with timber for furniture, fuel, wood, fodder, medicinal plants and herbs, lac, honey, gum, etc.
• Forests are the natural habitat of wildlife.

India: Climate Vegetation and Wildlife Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Weather : Weather is about day to day changes in the atmosphere. It includes changes in temperature, rainfall and sunshine etc.
• Loo : It is a hot and dry wind that blows during, the day in Summer.
• Climate : Climate is the average weather condition which have been measured over many years.
• Monsoon : The word monsoon has been taken from the Arabic word ‘mausim’ which means seasons.
• Wildlife : All the wild animals and birds found in the forests, national parks and sanctuaries.
• Van Mahotsav : It is a special programme organized from time to time to promote people for planting more and more trees.
• Natural vegetation : The grasses, shrubs and trees that grow on their own without human interference or help are known as natural vegetation.
• Migratory birds : Birds that migrate to our country in the winter season every year. They arrive in December and stay till early March.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 7 Our Country India

HBSE 6th Class Geography Our Country India Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) Name major physical divisions of India.
Answer:
The major physical divisions of India are :

• The Himalayas
• The Northern Indian Plains
• The Great Indian Desert
• The Peninsular Plateau
• The Coastal Plains
• The two group of islands.

(b) India shares its land, boundaries with seven countries. Name them.
Answer:

• Pakistan
• Nepal
• Bhutan
• Bangladesh
• China
• Myanmar
• Sri Lanka.

(c) Which two major rivers fall into the Arabian Sea?
Answer:

• Narmada river
• Tapi river.

(d) Name the delta formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
Answer:
Sunderban delta is formed by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

(e) How many States and Union Territories are there in India? Which states have a common capital?
Answer:
There are 29 states and 7 union territories in India. Haryana and Punjab have a common capital. Telangana is the new state included in India.

(f) Why do large number of people live in the Northern Plains.
Answer:
Large number of people live in the Northern plains of India due to the following reasons:

• These plains are generally levelled and flat.
• These are formed by alluvial deposits brought by the rivers.
• They provide fertile land for cultivation.

(g) Why is Lakshadweep known as coral islands?
Answer:
Lakshadweep islands are located in Arabian Sea. These islands are formed when the living polyps die and their skeletons are left. Other polyps grow on top the hard skeletons which grow higher and higher thus coral islands are formed.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) The southernmost Himalayas are known as:
(i) Shiwaliks
(ii) Himadri
(iii) Himachal
Answer:
(i) Shiwaliks

(b) Sahyadris is also known as:
(i) Aravali
(ii) Western Ghats
(iii) Himadri
Answer:
(ii) Western Ghats

(c) The Palk Straight lies between the countries:
(i) Sri Lanka and Maldives
(ii) India and Sri Lanka
(iii) India and Maldives
Answer:
(ii) India and Sri Lanka

(d) The Indian islands in the Arabian sea are known as:
(i) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
(ii) Lakshadweep Islands
(iii) Maldives.
Answer:
(ii) Lakshadweep Islands

(e) The oldest mountain range in India is the:
(i) Aravali hills
(ii) Western Ghats
(iii) Himalayas
Answer:
(i) Aravali hills

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. India has an area of about __________.
2. The Greater Himalayas are also known as __________.
3. The largest state in India in terms of area is __________.
4. The river Narmada falls into the __________ sea.
5. The latitude that runs almost halfway through India is __________.

Answer:

1. 3.28 million sq. km
2. Himadri
3. Rajasthan
4. Arabian
5. The Tropic of Cancer

MAP SKILLS

On the outline map of India, mark the following:
(a) Tropic of Cancer
(b) Standard Meridian of India
(c) State in which you live
(d) Andaman Islands and Lakshadweep Islands
(e) Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats.
Answer:

HBSE 6th Class Geography Our Country India Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the north-south extent of India?
Answer:
The north-south extent of India from Kashmir to Kanyakumari is about 3200 km.

Question 2.
What is the east-west extent of India?
Answer:
The east-west extent of India from Arunachal Pradesh to Kuchchh is about 2900 km.

Question 3.
What is extent of mainland of India?
Answer:
The mainland of India extends between 8°4′ and 37° 6′ N latitudes.

Question 4.
Why are there wide differences in local times of places located at two extreme points of India?
Answer:
There are wide differences in local time of places located at two extreme points of India because of great longitudinal deference.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Describe the locational settings of India.
Answer:

• India is located in the Northern hemisphere in respect of latitudes and the Eastern hemisphere in respect of longitudes.
• The Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N) passes almost halfway through the country.
• From south to north mainland of India extends between 8°4’N and 37°6’N latitudes.

Question 2.
Describe the political and administrative divisions of India.
Answer:

• For administrative purposes, the vast country of India is divided into 29 states and 7 Union Territories.
• The formation of states have been made on the basis of languages.
• New Delhi is the capital of India.
• The states have further been divided into districts.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
How does the east-west extent of India affect time?
Answer:
The west to east extent leads to difference in local time from meridian to meridian. The local time changes by four minutes for every degree of longitude. The sun rises two hours earlier in the east, ie, Arunachal Pradesh than in the west, i.e., Gujarat. The local time of longitude of 82°30’E has been taken as the Indian Standard Time. This longitude is also known as the Standard Meridian of India. Its time is taken as the standard throughout the country.

Question 2.
What are the major physical divisions of India?
Answer:
The main physical divisions of India are:
Mountains:
(A) The Himalayas : The snow capped Himalayas lie are standing as sentiments is the north.
The three main ranges of Himalayas are :

• Great Himalayas (Himadri).
• Middle Himalayas (Himachal).
• Southernmost Range (Shiwalik).

(B) The Northern Indian Plains : They are formed by the alluvial deposits laid down by the rivers – the Indus, the Ganga, the Brahmaputra and their distributaries. These plains provide fertile land for cultivation.

(C) The Great Indian Desert : The Great Indian Desert lie in the western part of India. It is dry, hot and sandy stretch of land. It has very little vegetation.

(D) The Peninsular Plateau: The Peninsular plateau lies to the south of northern plains. It is triangular in shape. This is a region with numerous hill ranges and valleys.

Our Country India Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Alluvial deposits : These are very fine soils brought by rivers and deposited in the river basins.
• Tributary: A river or stream which contributes its water to the main river by discharging it into the main river.
• Peninsula : A peninsula is a piece of land that is surrounded by water on three sides.
• Island : A piece of land that is surrounded by water on all sides.
• Delta : An area of land formed at the mouth of the river. It is usually triangular in shape.
• Corals : Skeletons of tiny marine animals called polyps.
• Strait: A narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies like seas and oceans.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 6 Major Landforms of the Earth

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Landforms of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(а) What are the major land reforms?
Answer:
The major land reforms are the mountains, plateaus, and plains.

(b) What is the difference between a mountain and a plateau?
Answer:

(c) What are the different types of mountains?
Answer:
The different types of mountains are :

• Fold mountains
• Block mountains
• Volcanic mountains.

(d) How are mountains useful to man?
Answer:
Mountains are very useful to man as under:

• The mountains are storehouse of water.
• Many rivers have source in the glaciers.
• Reservoirs are made and the water is harnessed for the use of people.
• Water from mountains is also used for irrigation and generation of hydro electricity.
• Mountains have a rich variety of flora and fauna.
• Forests are found on mountains also.
• Mountains provide an idyllic site for tourists.
• Several sports are popular in mountains.

(e) How are plains formed?
Answer:
Plains are formed by the rivers and their tributaries. The rivers eroded the slopes of mountains and carry forward the eroded material. Then they deposit their load consisting of stones and sand along their coarses and in valleys. In this way the plains are formed.

(f) Why are river plains thickly populated?
Answer:
The thickly populated due to the following factors:

• The plains are very fertile.
• Construction of transport network is easy.
• They are suitable for human habitation.
• More flat land is available for the building, houses, and cultivation.

(g) Why are the mountain thinly populated?
Answer:
The mountains are thinly populated because life is very difficult in mountain areas because of harsh climate. It is quite difficult to grow crops, build houses or roads in a mountain. Hence, people do not prefer to live here.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) The mountain differ from the hills in terms of:
(i) elevation
(ii) slope
(iii) aspect
Answer:
(i) elevation

(b) Glaciers are found in:
(i) the mountains
(ii) the plains
(iii) the plateaus
Answer:
(i) the mountains

(c) The Deccan Plateau is located in:
(i) Kenya
(ii) Australia
(iii) India
Answer:
(iii) India

(d) The river Yangtze flows in:
(i) South America
(ii) Australia
(iii) China
Answer:
(iii) China

(e) An important mountain range of Europe is :
(i) the Andes
(ii) the Alps
(iii) the Rockies
Answer:
(iii) the Rockies

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:

1. A ________ is an unbroken flat or a low level land.
2. The Himalayas and the Alps are examples of ________ types of mountains.
3. ________ areas are rich in mineral deposits.
4. The ________ is a line of mountains.
5. The ________ areas are most productive for farming.

Answer:

1. plain
2. young fold
3. Plateau
4. range
5. plain.

THINGS TO DO

Question 1.
What kind of landforms are found in your state? Based on the reading of this chapter, say how they are of use to the people.
Answer:
In my state, plains are found. They are of use to people as:

• They are generally fertile. People can easily engage themselves in farming activities and get high produce.
• Construction of transport network is easy.
• Construction of houses is also carried on large scale.

MAP SKILLS

On the outline map of the world, mark the following :
(a) Mountain ranges : Himalayan, Rockies and Alps. (b) Plateau : Tibet

Map of the world.

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Landforms of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What does the internal process in the earth lead to?
Answer:
The internal process in the earth leads to upliftment and sinking of the earth’s surface at several places.

Question 2.
What do you understand by the external process in the earth?
Answer:
The external process in the earth refers to the continuous wearing down and rebuilding of the land surface.

Question 3.
How does the erosion and deposition affect the surface of the earth?
Answer:
The surface of the earth is being lowered by the process of erosion and rebuilt by the process of deposition.

Question 4.
Why can’t we see all the mountains?
Answer:
We can’t see all the mountains because some of the mountains are under the sea.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Write any four features of mountains.
Answer:

• The mountains may have a small summit and a broad base.
• Some mountains are even higher than clouds.
• Many mountain systems consist of a series of parallel ranges extending over hundreds of kilometres.
• Mountains vary in their heights and shape.

Question 2.
How are block mountains created?
Answer:
Block mountains are created when large areas are broken and displaced, vertically. The uplifted blocks are termed as horsts and the lowered blocks are called graben example – The Rhine Valley and the Vosges mountain.

Question 3.
How are plateaus useful to man?
Answer:
Plateaus are very useful for man because they have rich mineral deposits. Many of the mining areas in the world are located in the plateau regions. For example, the African, plateau is famous for gold and diamond mining. The Chhotanagpur plateau in India has huge reserves of iron, coal and manganese. In the plateau regions, one can find several waterfalls. Many plateaus have scenic spots which attract tourist on large scale.

Question 4.
What are mountain ranges? Give the name of mountain ranges in Asia, Europe, South America, North America.
Answer:
Mountains arranged in a line are called mountain range. The names of mountain ranges are:

• Asia – The Himalayas.
• Europe – The Alps.
• South America – The Andes.
• North America – The Rockies.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
What is the relationship between landforms and the lives of the people?
Answer:
Landforms determine the lives of people in India.
For example:
(i) Plains are fertile. So people in the plains are engaged in agriculture.
→ It is difficult to live in mountains.
→ In mountains, disasters can occur more frequently and can cause huge damage to life and property.
People, sometimes, use landforms for their own benefit. They misuse them and throw garbage on land and in water making them polluted. It is our special duty to save landforms for future generations.

Major Landforms of the Earth Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Hill s It is a land surface higher than the local area.
• Mountain : A steep hill with an elevation of more than 600 metres is called mountain.
• Glacier : Permanently frozen river of ice is called glacier.
• Horst: The uplifted blocks of the land surface are called a horst.
• Graben : The lowered blocks are called graben.
• Plateau: An elevated flat land is called a plateau.
• Plains: These are large stretches of flat land.
• Erosion : The wearing away of the earth’s surface is known as erosion.
• Flora and Fauna : The plants and animals of a particular area.

Haryana Board 6th Class Social Science Solutions Geography Chapter 5 Major Domains of the Earth

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Domains of the Earth Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Answer the following questions briefly:
(a) What are the four major domains of the earth?
Answer:
The four major domains of the earth are:

• Lithosphere
• Atmosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Biosphere.

(b) Name the major continents of the earth.
Answer:
The major continents of the earth are:

• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Europe
• Australia

(c) Name the two continents that lie entirely in the southern hemisphere.
Answer:

• Australia
• Antarctica.

(d) Name the different layers of atmosphere.
Answer:
The different layers of atmosphere.

• Triphosphate
• Stratosphere
• Mesophere
• Thermosphere
• Erosphere

(e) Why is earth called the blue planet?
Answer:
Earth is called the blue planet because 71 percent of the earth is covered with water only.

(f) Why is Northern Hemisphere called the Land Hemisphere?
Answer:
Northern hemisphere is called the land hemisphere because the greater part of the land lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

(g) Why is Biosphere important for living organisms?
Answer:
Biosphere is the zone where the life exists. It is the narrow zone where we find land, water and air together, which contains all forms of life.

Question 2.
Tick the correct answers:
(a) The mountain range that separates Europe from Asia is:
(i) the Andes
(ii) the Himalayas
(iii) the Urals
Answer:
(iii) the Urals

(b) The continent of North America is linked to South America by:
(i) an Isthmus
(ii) a Strait
(iii) a Canal
Answer:
(i) an Isthmus

(c) The major constituent of atmosphere by percent is:
(i) Nitrogen
(ii) Oxygen
(iii) Carbon dioxide
Answer:
(i) Nitrogen

(d) The domain to the earth consisting of solid rocks is:
(i) the Atmosphere
(ii) the Hydrosphere
(iii) the Lithosphere
Answer:
(iii) the Lithosphere

(e) Which is the largest continent?
(i) Africa
(ii) Asia
(iii) Australia
Answer:
(ii) Asia

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks :

1. The deepest point of earth is _________ in the Pacific Ocean,
2. The _________ Ocean is named after a country.
3. The _________ is a narrow contact zone of land, water and air that supports life.
4. The continents of Europe and Asia are known as _________.
5. The highest mountain peak on earth is _________.

Answer:

1. Mariana Trench
2. Indian
3. Biosphere
4. Eurasia
5. Everest.

THINGS TO DO

1. Cut the outline of the continents from an outline map of world and arrange them according to their decreasing sizes.
2. Cut the outline of the continents from an outline map of the world and try to fit them together as a Jig-saw puzzle.
3. Collect pictures of expeditions to the Himalayas. Write about the kind of equipment carried by the climbers for protection against sunshine, temperature and the lack of air.

MAP SKILLS

Question 4.
Map skills :
On the outline map of the world, mark the following:
Europe, Asia, Antarctica, South America, Australia, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Ural Mountains and Isthmus of Panamas.

HBSE 6th Class Geography Major Domains of the Earth Important Questions and Answers

Very Short Answer Type questions

Question 1.
Where is the greatest depth recorded?
Answer:
The greatest depth is recorded at Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 2.
Which continents surrounded the Pacific Ocean?
Answer:
Asia, Australia, North America, South America.

Question 3.
What is the shape of the Indian Ocean?
Answer:
The shape of Indian Ocean is almost triangular.

Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Give reason: though earth is a ‘blue planet’, we face shortage of water.
Answer:
More than 97% of Earth’s water is found in the oceans and is too salty for human use. A large proportion of the rest of water is in the form of ice-sheets and glaciers or under the ground and a very small percentage is available.

Question 2.
What is lithosphere? State its condition.
Answer:
The outer layer of the earth is called the crust. Crust is like the skin of the earth. The hard crust forms the outer solid surface of the earth. It is called lithosphere where the word ‘litho’ means stone or rock. About one third of the earth surface is occupied by land while the rest is covered with water.

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.
Name the seven continents of the world. Write three important features of each of them.
Answer:
The seven continents are :

• Asia
• Europe
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Australia
• Antarctica.

(i) Asia:

• Asia is the largest continent. The Tropic of Cancer passes through Asia.
• Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains on the west.

(ii) Europe:

• Europe is much smaller than Asia.
• Europe lies to the west of Asia.
• It is bounded by water bodies on three sides.

(iii) Africa:

• Africa is the second largest continent after Asia.
• The equator or 0° latitude runs almost through the middle of the continent.
• It is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass.

(iv) North America:

• North America is the third largest continent of the world.
• The continent lies completely in the Northern and Western hemisphere.
• Three oceans namely Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean surround this continent.

(v) South America :

• South America lies mostly in the Southern Hemisphere.
• The Andes, world’s longest mountain range, runs through its length from north to south.
• The world’s largest river, Amazoh lies in this continent.

(vi) Australia:

• Australia is the smallest continent.
• Australia lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Australia is an island continent because it is surrounded on all sides by the oceans and seas.

(vii) Antarctica:

• Antarctica lies completely in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Antarctica is permanently covered with thick ice-sheets, there are no permanent human settlements.
• Many countries have research stations in Antarctica. For example: Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri are research stations of India in Antarctica.

Major Domains of the Earth Class 6 HBSE Notes

• Lithosphere : The uppermost solid layer of our earth.
• Hydrosphere: The water-mass of the earth including oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, underground water, ice sheets and water vapour in the atmosphere.
• Atmosphere : The layer of various gases which surround the earth.
• Biosphere : The narrow zone where the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere are in contact with each other and in which life exists.
• Continent: A large mass of land.
• Ocean : A vast area of water surrounding landmasses.
• Mountain : A mountain is a conical mass of land rising too much greater heights than the surrounding areas.
• Plateau : A plateau is a large area of fairly level land rising much above the surrounding areas.
• Plains: Low-lying flat surfaces with very gentle slopes are called plains.
• Eurasia: The combined landmass of Asia and Europe is called Eurasia.
• Coastal plains: Plains located along the coasts are called coastal plains.